The Case For Reduction

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The Concept of Reduction

Author : Raphael van Riel
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3319041622
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis The Concept of Reduction by : Raphael van Riel

Download or read book The Concept of Reduction written by Raphael van Riel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-02-19 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume investigates the notion of reduction. Building on the idea that philosophers employ the term ‘reduction’ to reconcile diversity and directionality with unity, without relying on elimination, the book offers a powerful explication of an “ontological”, notion of reduction the extension of which is (primarily) formed by properties, kinds, individuals, or processes. It argues that related notions of reduction, such as theory-reduction and functional reduction, should be defined in terms of this explication. Thereby, the book offers a coherent framework, which sheds light on the history of the various reduction debates in the philosophy of science and in the philosophy of mind, and on related topics such as reduction and unification, the notion of a scientific level, and physicalism. The book takes its point of departure in the examination of a puzzle about reduction. To illustrate, the book takes as an example the reduction of water. If water reduces to H2O, then water is identical to H2O – thus we get unity. Unity does not come at the price of elimination – claiming that water reduces to H2O, we do not thereby claim that there is no water. But what about diversity and directionality? Intuitively, there should be a difference between water and H2O, such that we get diversity. This is required for there to be directionality: in a sense, if water reduces to H2O, then H2O is prior to, or more basic than water. At least, if water reduces to H2O, then H2O does not reduce to water. But how can this be, if water is identical to H2O? The book shows that the application of current models of reduction does not solve this puzzle, and proposes a new coherent definition, according to which unity is tied to identity, diversity is descriptive in nature, and directionality is the directionality of explanation.

Harm Reduction Psychotherapy

Author : Andrew Tatarsky
Publisher : Jason Aronson
ISBN 13 : 1461628709
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (616 download)

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Book Synopsis Harm Reduction Psychotherapy by : Andrew Tatarsky

Download or read book Harm Reduction Psychotherapy written by Andrew Tatarsky and published by Jason Aronson. This book was released on 2007-06-10 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This ground-breaking volume provides readers with both an overview of harm reduction therapy and a series of ten case studies, treated by different therapists, that vividly illustrate this treatment approach with a wide variety of clients. Harm reduction is a framework for helping drug and alcohol users who cannot or will not stop completely—the majority of users—reduce the harmful consequences of use. Harm reduction accepts that abstinence may be the best outcome for many but relaxes the emphasis on abstinence as the only acceptable goal and criterion of success. Instead, smaller incremental changes in the direction of reduced harmfulness of drug use are accepted. This book will show how these simple changes in emphasis and expectation have dramatic implications for improving the effectiveness of psychotherapy in many ways. From the Foreword by Alan Marlatt, Ph.D.: “This ground-breaking volume provides readers with both an overview of harm reduction therapy and a series of ten case studies, treated by different therapists, that vividly illustrate this treatment approach with a wide variety of clients. In his introduction, Andrew Tatarsky describes harm reduction as a new paradigm for treating drug and alcohol problems. Some would say that harm reduction embraces a paradigm shift in addiction treatment, as it has moved the field beyond the traditional abstinence-only focus typically associated with the disease model and the ideology of the twelve-step approach. Others may conclude that the move toward harm reduction represents an integration of what Dr. Tatarsky describes as the “basic principles of good clinical practice” into the treatment of addictive behaviors. “Changing addiction behavior is often a complex and complicated process for both client and therapist. What seems to work best is the development of a strong therapeutic alliance, the right fit between the client and treatment provider. The role of the harm reduction therapist is closer to that of a guide, someone who can provide support an

Traumatic Incident Reduction (TIR)

Author : Gerald D. French
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9781574442151
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (421 download)

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Book Synopsis Traumatic Incident Reduction (TIR) by : Gerald D. French

Download or read book Traumatic Incident Reduction (TIR) written by Gerald D. French and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1998-08-25 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traumatic Incident Reduction (TIR) explores a powerful regressive, repetitive, desensitization procedure becoming known in the therapeutic community as an extremely effective tool for use in the rapid resolution of virtually all trauma-related conditions. Replete with case histories and accounts of actual TIR sessions, this book provides a "camera-level" view of TIR by describing the experience of performing TIR.

Beyond Reduction

Author : Steven Horst
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198043155
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

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Book Synopsis Beyond Reduction by : Steven Horst

Download or read book Beyond Reduction written by Steven Horst and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007-08-30 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contemporary philosophers of mind tend to assume that the world of nature can be reduced to basic physics. Yet there are features of the mind consciousness, intentionality, normativity that do not seem to be reducible to physics or neuroscience. This explanatory gap between mind and brain has thus been a major cause of concern in recent philosophy of mind. Reductionists hold that, despite all appearances, the mind can be reduced to the brain. Eliminativists hold that it cannot, and that this implies that there is something illegitimate about the mentalistic vocabulary. Dualists hold that the mental is irreducible, and that this implies either a substance or a property dualism. Mysterian non-reductive physicalists hold that the mind is uniquely irreducible, perhaps due to some limitation of our self-understanding. In this book, Steven Horst argues that this whole conversation is based on assumptions left over from an outdated philosophy of science. While reductionism was part of the philosophical orthodoxy fifty years ago, it has been decisively rejected by philosophers of science over the past thirty years, and for good reason. True reductions are in fact exceedingly rare in the sciences, and the conviction that they were there to be found was an artifact of armchair assumptions of 17th century Rationalists and 20th century Logical Empiricists. The explanatory gaps between mind and brain are far from unique. In fact, in the sciences it is gaps all the way down.And if reductions are rare in even the physical sciences, there is little reason to expect them in the case of psychology. Horst argues that this calls for a complete re-thinking of the contemporary problematic in philosophy of mind. Reductionism, dualism, eliminativism and non-reductive materialism are each severely compromised by post-reductionist philosophy of science, and philosophy of mind is in need of a new paradigm. Horst suggests that such a paradigm might be found in Cognitive Pluralism: the view that human cognitive architecture constrains us to understand the world through a plurality of partial, idealized, and pragmatically-constrained models, each employing a particular representational system optimized for its own problem domain. Such an architecture can explain the disunities of knowledge, and is plausible on evolutionary grounds.

Preservation of Rate of Pay in Cases of Reduction in Grade

Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Post Office and Civil Service
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 60 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis Preservation of Rate of Pay in Cases of Reduction in Grade by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Post Office and Civil Service

Download or read book Preservation of Rate of Pay in Cases of Reduction in Grade written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Post Office and Civil Service and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Harm Reduction

Author : James A. Inciardi
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 9780761906889
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (68 download)

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Book Synopsis Harm Reduction by : James A. Inciardi

Download or read book Harm Reduction written by James A. Inciardi and published by SAGE. This book was released on 1999-10-11 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Harm reduction programmes accept the reality of drug use while attempting to reduce its harmful consequences to individuals and society. Here, contributors discuss the philosophical basis and history of such policies and examine their outcomes.

Clinical Journal

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Clinical Journal by :

Download or read book Clinical Journal written by and published by . This book was released on 1895 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Psychoneural Reduction

Author : John Bickle
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262024327
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (243 download)

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Book Synopsis Psychoneural Reduction by : John Bickle

Download or read book Psychoneural Reduction written by John Bickle and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: John Bickle presents a new type of reductionism, one that is stronger than one-way dependency yet sidesteps the arguments that sank classical reductionism.

Time, Chance, and Reduction

Author : Gerhard Ernst
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139485431
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)

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Book Synopsis Time, Chance, and Reduction by : Gerhard Ernst

Download or read book Time, Chance, and Reduction written by Gerhard Ernst and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-01-21 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Statistical mechanics attempts to explain the behaviour of macroscopic physical systems in terms of the mechanical properties of their constituents. Although it is one of the fundamental theories of physics, it has received little attention from philosophers of science. Nevertheless, it raises philosophical questions of fundamental importance on the nature of time, chance and reduction. Most philosophical issues in this domain relate to the question of the reduction of thermodynamics to statistical mechanics. This book addresses issues inherent in this reduction: the time-asymmetry of thermodynamics and its absence in statistical mechanics; the role and essential nature of chance and probability in this reduction when thermodynamics is non-probabilistic; and how, if at all, the reduction is possible. Compiling contributions on current research by experts in the field, this is an invaluable survey of the philosophy of statistical mechanics for academic researchers and graduate students interested in the foundations of physics.

Parliamentary Debates (Hansard).

Author : Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1472 pages
Book Rating : 4.X/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). by : Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons

Download or read book Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). written by Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons and published by . This book was released on 1917 with total page 1472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contains the 4th session of the 28th Parliament through the session of the Parliament.

Vowel Reduction in Optimality Theory

Author : Katherine Crosswhite
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 9780415937597
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (375 download)

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Book Synopsis Vowel Reduction in Optimality Theory by : Katherine Crosswhite

Download or read book Vowel Reduction in Optimality Theory written by Katherine Crosswhite and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First Published in 2002. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Sport and Crime Reduction

Author : Geoff Nichols
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317571576
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (175 download)

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Book Synopsis Sport and Crime Reduction by : Geoff Nichols

Download or read book Sport and Crime Reduction written by Geoff Nichols and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-10-14 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of sports-based activity programmes as a means of tackling crime has been explored in a number of countries worldwide, particularly in relation to the prevention of re-offending in the ten to eighteen age bracket. However, until now there has been no definitive and rigorous analysis of the rationale behind these programmes, and evidence of their successes and failures has been piecemeal, uncritical and without standardization. This book addresses this gap in the literature, bringing together empirical research from programmes in the UK, US and Australia with an explanation and evaluation of the results of these initiatives. Subjects covered include: assessment of programmes in a range of contexts the first evidence base of crime reduction sport programmes international comparisons and case studies conclusions for best practice advice for monitoring the effectiveness of programmes synergies with sport development and promotion of facility use. Examining a variety of realworld case studies set up with the aim of reducing levels of crime in the community, Sport and Crime Reduction should be read by students and professionals in local government, sports development, youth and community work, criminology, the youth justice system and leisure policy.

Meteorological Researches: Barometric hypsometry and reduction of the barometer to sea level. Appendix no. 10

Author : William Ferrel
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 58 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Meteorological Researches: Barometric hypsometry and reduction of the barometer to sea level. Appendix no. 10 by : William Ferrel

Download or read book Meteorological Researches: Barometric hypsometry and reduction of the barometer to sea level. Appendix no. 10 written by William Ferrel and published by . This book was released on 1882 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Poverty Reduction in a Changing Climate

Author : Hari Bansha Dulal
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 0739168010
Total Pages : 429 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis Poverty Reduction in a Changing Climate by : Hari Bansha Dulal

Download or read book Poverty Reduction in a Changing Climate written by Hari Bansha Dulal and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2013 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poverty reduction challenges in the twenty-first century are not the same as those from the previous century. The shift is due in no small part to climate change and climate-related weather disasters, such as extreme flood and drought. The magnitude and frequency of such events are only expected to increase in the coming decades, affecting more and more impoverished people across the globe. Poverty Reduction in a Changing Climate, edited by Hari Bansha Dulal, is a work which discusses the new innovations and funding mechanisms which have emerged in response to the rise of climate-related challenges in the twenty-first century. Dulal and the text's contributors explore the synergies and implications of those innovations with respect to poverty alleviation goals. This collection brings together a range of scholars from different backgrounds, ranging from political science, economics, public policy, and environmental science, all analyzing poverty reduction challenges and opportunities from different, forward-thinking perspectives.

Manual for Litigation Management and Cost and Delay Reduction

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (243 download)

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Book Synopsis Manual for Litigation Management and Cost and Delay Reduction by :

Download or read book Manual for Litigation Management and Cost and Delay Reduction written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Cost Reduction Analysis

Author : Steven M. Bragg
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470587261
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis Cost Reduction Analysis by : Steven M. Bragg

Download or read book Cost Reduction Analysis written by Steven M. Bragg and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-05-24 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover the tools for knowing the costs your company should cut, without impacting its ability to deliver goods and services New from Steve Bragg, this book provides the tools for determining which costs a company should cut, without impacting its ability to deliver goods and services. It explains how to use throughput analysis in order to locate bottleneck operations in a company, which in turn dictates where capital investments should (and should not) be made. Delves into process analysis, to determine where excess resources are being used in a business process Describes the total cost of ownership, showing how a single purchasing decision actually snowballs into a variety of ancillary costs Shows how to create and use a spend management system to reduce procurement costs Shows how just-in-time systems can be used to eliminate inventory costs Cost Reduction Analysis: Tools and Strategies provides examples to show how much cost can potentially be eliminated to avoid drastic action later that can imperil your corporation's direction and future.

Poverty Reduction that Works

Author : Paul Steele
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113655937X
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (365 download)

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Book Synopsis Poverty Reduction that Works by : Paul Steele

Download or read book Poverty Reduction that Works written by Paul Steele and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-05-04 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an excellent framework to analyse the experience of a wide variety of successful initiatives across the world and draws attention to critical issues that practitioners need to think about when designing poverty reduction interventions and scaling up. Bill Tod, Regional MDG Adviser, SNV Asia With its wide regional coverage, and frank discussions of issues and problems encountered in designing projects that directly tackle poverty, this will be a very useful reference book for NGOs, INGOs, and also for multilateral institutions. Johanna Boestel, Country Economist, Asian Development Bank, Sri Lanka Resident Mission We are now at the midpoint for achieving the Millennium Development Goals and the objective of halving poverty by 2015. Despite commendable efforts and much progress, up to 750 million people are still living in absolute poverty. To lift these people out of poverty, macro-economic policies must be complemented by targeted and local level poverty reduction. This book looks at twenty of the most innovative case studies of poverty reduction and Millennium Development Goal localization from fifteen countries - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, Paraguay, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam - covering diverse issues ranging from housing and tourism to socio-economic empowerment of women, health insurance and markets for livestock produce. Many of the cases started as small scale interventions by NGOs, donors or government pilots but now they are being scaled up to form part of national policy or replicated across their respective countries. Yet why do some work while others do not? What are the stumbling blocks and how can they be overcome? And what lessons and principles are there for replicating and scaling up poverty reduction initiatives worldwide? This book tackles these questions and more, and presents a wealth of knowledge, evidence and ideas for all practitioners and researchers working to reduce poverty at the local level while aiming to achieve a global impact. Published with UNDP