The Concept Of Reduction

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The Concept of Reduction

Author : Raphael van Riel
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3319041622
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis The Concept of Reduction by : Raphael van Riel

Download or read book The Concept of Reduction written by Raphael van Riel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-02-19 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume investigates the notion of reduction. Building on the idea that philosophers employ the term ‘reduction’ to reconcile diversity and directionality with unity, without relying on elimination, the book offers a powerful explication of an “ontological”, notion of reduction the extension of which is (primarily) formed by properties, kinds, individuals, or processes. It argues that related notions of reduction, such as theory-reduction and functional reduction, should be defined in terms of this explication. Thereby, the book offers a coherent framework, which sheds light on the history of the various reduction debates in the philosophy of science and in the philosophy of mind, and on related topics such as reduction and unification, the notion of a scientific level, and physicalism. The book takes its point of departure in the examination of a puzzle about reduction. To illustrate, the book takes as an example the reduction of water. If water reduces to H2O, then water is identical to H2O – thus we get unity. Unity does not come at the price of elimination – claiming that water reduces to H2O, we do not thereby claim that there is no water. But what about diversity and directionality? Intuitively, there should be a difference between water and H2O, such that we get diversity. This is required for there to be directionality: in a sense, if water reduces to H2O, then H2O is prior to, or more basic than water. At least, if water reduces to H2O, then H2O does not reduce to water. But how can this be, if water is identical to H2O? The book shows that the application of current models of reduction does not solve this puzzle, and proposes a new coherent definition, according to which unity is tied to identity, diversity is descriptive in nature, and directionality is the directionality of explanation.

Reduction and Emergence in Science and Philosophy

Author : Carl Gillett
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316776646
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (167 download)

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Book Synopsis Reduction and Emergence in Science and Philosophy by : Carl Gillett

Download or read book Reduction and Emergence in Science and Philosophy written by Carl Gillett and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-09-08 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grand debates over reduction and emergence are playing out across the sciences, but these debates have reached a stalemate, with both sides declaring victory on empirical grounds. In this book, Carl Gillett provides new theoretical frameworks with which to understand these debates, illuminating both the novel positions of scientific reductionists and emergentists and the recent empirical advances that drive these new views. Gillett also highlights the flaws in existing philosophical frameworks and reorients the discussion to reflect the new scientific advances and issues, including the nature of 'parts' and 'wholes', the character of aggregation, and thus the continuity of nature itself. Most importantly, Gillett shows how disputes about concrete scientific cases are empirically resolvable and hence how we can break the scientific stalemate. Including a detailed glossary of key terms, this volume will be valuable for researchers and advanced students of the philosophy of science and metaphysics, and scientific researchers working in the area.

Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Author : Steven D. Burke
Publisher : Handbook of Reagents for Organ
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 576 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (321 download)

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Book Synopsis Oxidizing and Reducing Agents by : Steven D. Burke

Download or read book Oxidizing and Reducing Agents written by Steven D. Burke and published by Handbook of Reagents for Organ. This book was released on 1999-07-09 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oxidizing and Reducing Agents S. D. Burke University of Wisconsin at Madison, USA R. L. Danheiser Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA Recognising the critical need for bringing a handy reference work that deals with the most popular reagents in synthesis to the laboratory of practising organic chemists, the Editors of the acclaimed Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (EROS) have selected the most important and useful reagents employed in contemporary organic synthesis. Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis: Oxidizing and Reducing Agents, provides the synthetic chemist with a convenient compendium of information concentrating on the most important and frequently employed reagents for the oxidation and reduction of organic compounds, extracted and updated from EROS. The inclusion of a bibliography of reviews and monographs, a compilation of Organic Syntheses procedures with tested experimental details and references to oxidizing and reducing agents will ensure that this handbook is both comprehensive and convenient.

Completeness and Reduction in Algebraic Complexity Theory

Author : Peter Bürgisser
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3662041790
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Completeness and Reduction in Algebraic Complexity Theory by : Peter Bürgisser

Download or read book Completeness and Reduction in Algebraic Complexity Theory written by Peter Bürgisser and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a thorough and comprehensive treatment of the theory of NP-completeness in the framework of algebraic complexity theory. Coverage includes Valiant's algebraic theory of NP-completeness; interrelations with the classical theory as well as the Blum-Shub-Smale model of computation, questions of structural complexity; fast evaluation of representations of general linear groups; and complexity of immanants.

Research on the Concept and Practice of Poverty Reduction in China

Author : Chengwei Huang
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811695199
Total Pages : 187 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Research on the Concept and Practice of Poverty Reduction in China by : Chengwei Huang

Download or read book Research on the Concept and Practice of Poverty Reduction in China written by Chengwei Huang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-03 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From both theoretical and practical perspectives, this book systematically expounds the important theories, key measures and major achievements in the field of poverty alleviation in China, and sums up the important experience of poverty alleviation, it answers the significant question why China has been able to lift itself out of poverty and build a moderately prosperous society in an all round way. China has accumulated experience for achieving the two centenary goals, and contributed Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to the global cause of poverty reduction.

Optimization and Variation Reduction in Quality

Author : Wayne A. Taylor
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780963512215
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis Optimization and Variation Reduction in Quality by : Wayne A. Taylor

Download or read book Optimization and Variation Reduction in Quality written by Wayne A. Taylor and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Model Order Reduction: Theory, Research Aspects and Applications

Author : Wilhelmus H. Schilders
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540788417
Total Pages : 471 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Model Order Reduction: Theory, Research Aspects and Applications by : Wilhelmus H. Schilders

Download or read book Model Order Reduction: Theory, Research Aspects and Applications written by Wilhelmus H. Schilders and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-08-27 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The idea for this book originated during the workshop “Model order reduction, coupled problems and optimization” held at the Lorentz Center in Leiden from S- tember 19–23, 2005. During one of the discussion sessions, it became clear that a book describing the state of the art in model order reduction, starting from the very basics and containing an overview of all relevant techniques, would be of great use for students, young researchers starting in the ?eld, and experienced researchers. The observation that most of the theory on model order reduction is scattered over many good papers, making it dif?cult to ?nd a good starting point, was supported by most of the participants. Moreover, most of the speakers at the workshop were willing to contribute to the book that is now in front of you. The goal of this book, as de?ned during the discussion sessions at the workshop, is three-fold: ?rst, it should describe the basics of model order reduction. Second, both general and more specialized model order reduction techniques for linear and nonlinear systems should be covered, including the use of several related numerical techniques. Third, the use of model order reduction techniques in practical appli- tions and current research aspects should be discussed. We have organized the book according to these goals. In Part I, the rationale behind model order reduction is explained, and an overview of the most common methods is described.

The Reduction of Physical Theories

Author : Erhard Scheibe
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3662650002
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (626 download)

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Book Synopsis The Reduction of Physical Theories by : Erhard Scheibe

Download or read book The Reduction of Physical Theories written by Erhard Scheibe and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-30 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using simple physical examples, this work by Erhard Scheibe presents an important and powerful approach to the reduction of physical theories. Novel to the approach is that it is not based, as usual, on a single reduction concept that is fixed once and for all, but on a series of recursively constructed reductions, with which all reductions appear as combinations of very specific elementary reductions. This leaves the general notion of theory reduction initially open and is beneficial for the treatment of the difficult cases of reduction from the fields of special and general relativity, thermodynamics, statistical mechanics,and quantum mechanics, which are treated in the second volume. The book is systematically organized and intended for readers interested in philosophy of science as well as physicists without deep philosophical knowledge.

Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction

Author : John A. Lee
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 038739351X
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (873 download)

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Book Synopsis Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction by : John A. Lee

Download or read book Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction written by John A. Lee and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-10-31 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes established and advanced methods for reducing the dimensionality of numerical databases. Each description starts from intuitive ideas, develops the necessary mathematical details, and ends by outlining the algorithmic implementation. The text provides a lucid summary of facts and concepts relating to well-known methods as well as recent developments in nonlinear dimensionality reduction. Methods are all described from a unifying point of view, which helps to highlight their respective strengths and shortcomings. The presentation will appeal to statisticians, computer scientists and data analysts, and other practitioners having a basic background in statistics or computational learning.

Harm Reduction

Author : James A. Inciardi
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 9780761906889
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (68 download)

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Book Synopsis Harm Reduction by : James A. Inciardi

Download or read book Harm Reduction written by James A. Inciardi and published by SAGE. This book was released on 1999-10-11 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Harm reduction programmes accept the reality of drug use while attempting to reduce its harmful consequences to individuals and society. Here, contributors discuss the philosophical basis and history of such policies and examine their outcomes.

The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique

Author : William Moy Stratton Russell
Publisher : Hyperion Books
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.U/5 (183 download)

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Book Synopsis The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique by : William Moy Stratton Russell

Download or read book The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique written by William Moy Stratton Russell and published by Hyperion Books. This book was released on 1992 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Smart Health Choices

Author : Les Irwig
Publisher : Judy Irwig
ISBN 13 : 1905140177
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis Smart Health Choices by : Les Irwig

Download or read book Smart Health Choices written by Les Irwig and published by Judy Irwig. This book was released on 2008 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every day we make decisions about our health - some big and some small. What we eat, how we live and even where we live can affect our health. But how can we be sure that the advice we are given about these important matters is right for us? This book will provide you with the right tools for assessing health advice.

Fixing Broken Windows

Author : George L. Kelling
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 0684837382
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (848 download)

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Book Synopsis Fixing Broken Windows by : George L. Kelling

Download or read book Fixing Broken Windows written by George L. Kelling and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 1997 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cites successful examples of community-based policing.

Resisting Reduction

Author : Nicky Case
Publisher : Mit Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262043144
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (431 download)

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Book Synopsis Resisting Reduction by : Nicky Case

Download or read book Resisting Reduction written by Nicky Case and published by Mit Press. This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provocative, hopeful essays imagine a future that is not reduced to algorithms. When Joi Ito published an essay, "Resisting Reduction: A Manifesto," about human flourishing in an age of machine intelligence, his argument against industrial optimizations in the pursuit of growth and for the importance of natural complexity and resilience received such an impassioned response that he invited writers to develop full-length essays continuing the conversation. Resisting Reduction is the result: Ito's manifesto and nine equally provocative responses, all imagining a future that is not limited by a worldview defined by algorithm. Rather than await our inevitable domination by machines, Ito and his respondents argue, we should work toward a future of interconnected complex systems. Ito blames Silicon Valley's "groupthink" and "cult of technology" for claiming that narrow technical solutions can resolve the world's complex problems. More computing power does not make us more "intelligent," he tells us, only more computationally powerful. In their responses, the other writers offer persuasive and compelling variations on Ito's argument. Among other things, they call for a "Human+AI Centaur" as the best way to augment intelligence; draw on indigenous epistemology to argue for an extended "circle of relationships" that includes the nonhuman and robotic; debunk the myth of the lone pioneer and propose instead a model of adaptive interconnectivity; cast "Snow White" as a tale of AI featuring a "smart mirror"; point out the "cisnormativity" of security protocol algorithms; and consider the limits of moral mathematics. Contributors Noelani Arista, Nicky Case, Sasha Costanza-Chock, Vafa Ghazavi, Kat Holmes, Joi Ito, Suzanne aka Kite, Cathryn Klusmeier, Jason Edward Lewis, Molly McCue, Archer Pechawis, Jaclyn Sawyer, Gary Zhexi Zhang, Snoweria Zhang

Reduction Theory and Arithmetic Groups

Author : Joachim Schwermer
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108832032
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Reduction Theory and Arithmetic Groups by : Joachim Schwermer

Download or read book Reduction Theory and Arithmetic Groups written by Joachim Schwermer and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-12-31 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Build a solid foundation in the area of arithmetic groups and explore its inherent geometric and number-theoretical components.

Assessment of Treatment Plant Performance and Water Quality Data: A Guide for Students, Researchers and Practitioners

Author : Marcos von Sperling
Publisher : IWA Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1780409311
Total Pages : 668 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessment of Treatment Plant Performance and Water Quality Data: A Guide for Students, Researchers and Practitioners by : Marcos von Sperling

Download or read book Assessment of Treatment Plant Performance and Water Quality Data: A Guide for Students, Researchers and Practitioners written by Marcos von Sperling and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2020-01-15 with total page 668 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the basic principles for evaluating water quality and treatment plant performance in a clear, innovative and didactic way, using a combined approach that involves the interpretation of monitoring data associated with (i) the basic processes that take place in water bodies and in water and wastewater treatment plants and (ii) data management and statistical calculations to allow a deep interpretation of the data. This book is problem-oriented and works from practice to theory, covering most of the information you will need, such as (a) obtaining flow data and working with the concept of loading, (b) organizing sampling programmes and measurements, (c) connecting laboratory analysis to data management, (e) using numerical and graphical methods for describing monitoring data (descriptive statistics), (f) understanding and reporting removal efficiencies, (g) recognizing symmetry and asymmetry in monitoring data (normal and log-normal distributions), (h) evaluating compliance with targets and regulatory standards for effluents and water bodies, (i) making comparisons with the monitoring data (tests of hypothesis), (j) understanding the relationship between monitoring variables (correlation and regression analysis), (k) making water and mass balances, (l) understanding the different loading rates applied to treatment units, (m) learning the principles of reaction kinetics and reactor hydraulics and (n) performing calibration and verification of models. The major concepts are illustrated by 92 fully worked-out examples, which are supported by 75 freely-downloadable Excel spreadsheets. Each chapter concludes with a checklist for your report. If you are a student, researcher or practitioner planning to use or already using treatment plant and water quality monitoring data, then this book is for you! 75 Excel spreadsheets are available to download.

The Messianic Reduction

Author : Peter Fenves
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0804777284
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis The Messianic Reduction by : Peter Fenves

Download or read book The Messianic Reduction written by Peter Fenves and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2010-12-14 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Messianic Reduction is a groundbreaking study of Walter Benjamin's thought. Fenves places Benjamin's early writings in the context of contemporaneous philosophy, with particular attention to the work of Bergson, Cohen, Husserl, Frege, and Heidegger. By concentrating on a neglected dimension of Benjamin's friendship with Gershom Scholem, who was a student of mathematics before he became a scholar of Jewish mysticism, Fenves shows how mathematical research informs Benjamin's reflections on the problem of historical time. In order to capture the character of Benjamin's "entrance" into the phenomenological school, the book includes a thorough analysis of two early texts he wrote under the title of "The Rainbow," translated here for the first time. In its final chapters, the book works out Benjamin's deep and abiding engagement with Kantian critique, including Benjamin's discovery of the political counterpart to the categorical imperative in the idea of "pure violence."