NOlympians

Download NOlympians PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Fernwood Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1773632779
Total Pages : 231 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (736 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis NOlympians by : Jules Boykoff

Download or read book NOlympians written by Jules Boykoff and published by Fernwood Publishing. This book was released on 2020-04-08T00:00:00Z with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NOlympians: Inside the Fight Against Capitalist Mega-Sports in Los Angeles, Tokyo and Beyond investigates the intersection of the global rise of anti-Olympics activism and the declining popularity of hosting of the Games. The Olympics were once buoyed by myths of luminous prosperity and upticks in tourism and jobs, but in recent years these assurances have been debunked. Now more than ever, it’s clear that the Olympics have transmogrified into a political-economic juggernaut that arrives with displacement, expanded policing, and anti-democratic backroom deals. Jules Boykoff – a former professional soccer player who represented the US Olympic soccer team – zooms in on Los Angeles, where the Democratic Socialists of America have launched the NOlympics LA campaign ahead of the 2028 Summer Games. Boykoff shows how DSA-LA’s anti-Olympics activism fits with the resurgence of socialism in the US and beyond. Boykoff’s research, based on more than 100 interviews with anti-Olympics activists, personal experiences at protests in Los Angeles, Rio de Janeiro, London, and Tokyo, academic research, mass- and alternative-media coverage, and Olympic archives, is the backbone for this story of activists fighting against the odds and embracing the transformative politics of democratic socialism.

Power Games

Download Power Games PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Verso Books
ISBN 13 : 178478074X
Total Pages : 386 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (847 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Power Games by : Jules Boykoff

Download or read book Power Games written by Jules Boykoff and published by Verso Books. This book was released on 2016-05-17 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Olympics have a checkered, sometimes scandalous, political history. Jules Boykoff, a former US Olympic team member, takes readers from the event's nineteenth-century origins, through the Games' flirtation with Fascism, and into the contemporary era of corporate control. Along the way he recounts vibrant alt-Olympic movements, such as the Workers' Games and Women's Games of the 1920s and 1930s as well as athlete-activists and political movements that stood up to challenge the Olympic machine.

Games of Discontent

Download Games of Discontent PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP
ISBN 13 : 0228006945
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (28 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Games of Discontent by : Harry Blutstein

Download or read book Games of Discontent written by Harry Blutstein and published by McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. This book was released on 2021-04-15 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The year 1968 was ablaze with passion and mayhem as protests erupted in Paris and Prague, throughout the United States, and in cities on all continents. The Summer Olympic Games in Mexico were to be a moment of respite from chaos. But the image of peace – a white dove – adopted by organizers was an illusion, as was obvious to a record six hundred million people watching worldwide on satellite television. Ten days before the opening ceremony, soldiers slaughtered hundreds of student protesters in the capital. In Games of Discontent Harry Blutstein presents vivid accounts of threatened boycotts to protest racism in the United States, South Africa, and Rhodesia. He describes demonstrations by Czechoslovak gold medal gymnast Věra Čáslavská against the Soviet-led invasion of her country. The most dramatic moment of the Olympic Games was Tommie Smith and John Carlos's black power salute from the podium. Blutstein furnishes new details behind their protest and examines how this iconic image seared itself into historical memory, inspiring Colin Kaepernick and a new generation of athlete-activists to take a knee against racism decades later. The 1968 Summer Games became a microcosm of the discord happening around the globe. Describing a range of protest activities preceding and surrounding the 1968 Olympics, Games of Discontent shines light on the world during a politically transformative moment when discontents were able, for the first time, to globalize their protests.

Celebration Capitalism and the Olympic Games

Download Celebration Capitalism and the Olympic Games PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135938334
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (359 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Celebration Capitalism and the Olympic Games by : Jules Boykoff

Download or read book Celebration Capitalism and the Olympic Games written by Jules Boykoff and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-08-15 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Olympic Games have become the world’s greatest media and marketing event—a global celebration of exceptional athletics gilded with corporate cash. Huge corporations vie for association with the "Olympic Image" in the hope of gaining a worldwide marketing audience of billions. In this provocative critical study of the contemporary Olympics, Jules Boykoff argues that the Games have become a massive planned economy designed to shield the rich from risk while providing them with a spectacle to treasure. Placing political economy at the center of the analysis, and drawing on interdisciplinary research in sociology, politics, geography, history, and economics, Boykoff develops an innovative theory of "celebration capitalism", the manipulation of state actors as partners that drives us towards public–private partnerships in which the public pays and the private profits. He argues that the Athens Games in 2004 marked the full emergence of celebration capitalism, with London 2012 representing its quintessential expression, characterized by a state of exception, unfettered commercialism, repression of dissent, questionable sustainability claims, and the complicity of the mainstream media. Controversial, challenging, and forthright, this book opens up a fascinating new avenue for understanding the contemporary Olympics in the context of global capitalist society. It is essential reading for anybody with an interest in the Olympic Games, the relationship between sport and society, or global politics and culture.

Listening to Grasshoppers

Download Listening to Grasshoppers PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penguin UK
ISBN 13 : 0141044098
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (41 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Listening to Grasshoppers by : Arundhati Roy

Download or read book Listening to Grasshoppers written by Arundhati Roy and published by Penguin UK. This book was released on 2010 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This series of essays examines the dark side of democracy in contemporary India. It looks closely at how religious majoritarianism, cultural nationalism and neo-fascism simmer just under the surface of a country that projects itself as the world's largest democracy. Beginning with the state-backed pogrom against Muslims in Gujarat in 2002, Arundhati Roy writes about how the combination of Hindu Nationalism and India's Neo-liberal economic reforms which began their journey together in the early 1990s are now turning India into a police state. She describes the systematic marginalization of religious and ethnic minorities � Muslim, Christian, Adivasi and Dalit, the rise of terrorism and the massive scale of displacement and dispossession of the poor by predatory corporations. The collection ends with an account of the of the August 2008 uprising of the people of Kashmir against India's military occupation and an analysis of the November 2008 attacks on Mumbai. The Dark Side of Democracy tracks the fault-lines that threaten to destroy India's precarious democracy and send shockwaves through the region and beyond.

Activism and the Olympics

Download Activism and the Olympics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rutgers University Press
ISBN 13 : 0813562031
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (135 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Activism and the Olympics by : Jules Boykoff

Download or read book Activism and the Olympics written by Jules Boykoff and published by Rutgers University Press. This book was released on 2014-07-27 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Olympics have developed into the world's premier sporting event. They are simultaneously a competitive exhibition and a grand display of cooperation that bring together global cultures on ski slopes, shooting ranges, swimming pools, and track ovals. Given their scale in the modern era, the Games are a useful window for better comprehending larger cultural, social, and historical processes, argues Jules Boykoff, an academic social scientist and a former Olympic athlete. In Activism and the Olympics, Boykoff provides a critical overview of the Olympic industry and its political opponents in the modern era. After presenting a brief history of Olympic activism, he turns his attention to on-the-ground activism through the lens of the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics and the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. Here we see how anti-Olympic activists deploy a range of approaches to challenge the Olympic machine, from direct action and the seizure of public space to humor-based and online tactics. Drawing on primary evidence from myriad personal interviews with activists, journalists, civil libertarians, and Olympics organizers, Boykoff angles in on the Games from numerous vantages and viewpoints. Although modern Olympic authorities have strived—even through the Cold War era—to appear apolitical, Boykoff notes, the Games have always been the site of hotly contested political actions and competing interests. During the last thirty years, as the Olympics became an economic juggernaut, they also generated numerous reactions from groups that have sought to challenge the event’s triumphalism and pageantry. The 21st century has seen an increased level of activism across the world, from the Occupy Movement in the United States to the Arab Spring in the Middle East. What does this spike in dissent mean for Olympic activists as they prepare for future Games?

Game Misconduct

Download Game Misconduct PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Fernwood Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1773630075
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (736 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Game Misconduct by : Nathan Kalman-Lamb

Download or read book Game Misconduct written by Nathan Kalman-Lamb and published by Fernwood Publishing. This book was released on 2018-07-04T00:00:00Z with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “‘You’re not a human being, you’re a number, a product, an asset as long as you can perform. If you can’t perform, then you’re a liability and they’ll drop you.’” Professional athletes suffer tremendous damage to their bodies over the course of their careers. Some literally lose years from their lives because of their injuries. Why do athletes sacrifice themselves? Is it the price of being a professional? Is it all for the fans, or the money? What’s clear is that the physical and emotional tolls of being a professional athlete may not be worthwhile. In Game Misconduct, Nathan Kalman-Lamb takes us into the world of professional hockey players to illustrate how money, consumerism and fandom contribute to the life-altering injuries of professional athletes. Unlike many critical takes on professional sports, Kalman-Lamb illustrates how the harm suffered by the athlete is a necessary part of what makes professional sport a desirable commodity for the consuming fan. In an economic system — capitalism — that deprives people of meaning because of its inherent drive to turn everyone into individuals and everything into commodities, sports fandom produces a feeling of community. But there is a cost to producing this meaning and community, and it is paid through the sacrifice of the athlete’s body. Drawing on extensive interviews with fans and former professional hockey players, Kalman-Lamb reveals the troubling dynamics and dangerous costs associated with the world of professional and semi-professional sport.

The Olympics that Never Happened

Download The Olympics that Never Happened PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 1477326472
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (773 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Olympics that Never Happened by : Adam Berg

Download or read book The Olympics that Never Happened written by Adam Berg and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2023-02-14 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A look back at how powerful politicians, business leaders, and a diverse cast of activists used a thwarted Olympics to shape the state of Colorado and the city of Denver. If you don’t recall the 1976 Denver Olympic Games, it’s because they never happened. The Mile-High City won the right to host the winter games and then was forced by Colorado citizens to back away from its successful Olympic bid through a statewide ballot initiative. Adam Berg details the powerful Colorado regime that gained the games for Denver and the grassroots activism that brought down its Olympic dreams, and he explores the legacy of this milestone moment for the games and politics in the United States. The ink was hardly dry on Denver’s host agreement when Mexican American and African American urbanites, white middle-class environmentalists, and fiscally concerned local politicians realized opposition to the Olympics provided them new political openings. The Olympics quickly became a platform for taking stands on a range of issues, from conservation to urban livability to the very idea of growth, which for decades had been unquestioned in Colorado. The Olympics That Never Happened argues that hostility to the Olympics galvanized and empowered diverse citizens in a major US city, with long-term ramifications for Colorado and political activism elsewhere. The Olympics themselves were changed forever, compelling organizers to take seriously competing interests from subgroups within their communities.

Olympic Games and Global Cities

Download Olympic Games and Global Cities PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 981999599X
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Olympic Games and Global Cities by : Alexandre Faure

Download or read book Olympic Games and Global Cities written by Alexandre Faure and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Contesting the Olympics in American Cities

Download Contesting the Olympics in American Cities PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811650942
Total Pages : 117 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Contesting the Olympics in American Cities by : Greg Andranovich

Download or read book Contesting the Olympics in American Cities written by Greg Andranovich and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-09-25 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the changing nature of opposition to bidding for and hosting the Olympic Games in contemporary American cities. It explores and critiques the process by which cities bid for the Olympics in the current context of the International Olympic Committee’s changing bid requirements and from the social justice perspectives of Olympics opponents. Using detailed case studies of the Olympic bids in Chicago, Boston, and Los Angeles, it shows how opposition to bidding for and hosting the Olympics has changed dramatically in American cities.

Olympic Laws

Download Olympic Laws PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000953149
Total Pages : 108 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Olympic Laws by : Mark James

Download or read book Olympic Laws written by Mark James and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-06-28 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Olympic Laws: Culture, Values, Tensions is the first book to analyse fully the Olympic legal framework and its application to the IOC and the Olympic Games through a socio-legal lens. It opens up a new window into understanding the Olympic Games across recent iterations of the Games and on to future Games. The book begins by defining the parameters of the emergent legal sub-fields of Sports Law, lex Olympica and Olympic Law, through the identification of the sources of these Olympic Laws and their underpinning norms. It then uses a series of case studies to demonstrate how lex Olympica has evolved as a means of defending the Olympic Movement from unwanted legal interventions, how Olympic Law has been created to protect the commercial rights vested in the Games, and how the legacies created by this unique category of law have a lasting impact on host cities and beyond. It concludes with a call that the IOC should recalibrate its relationships with prospective hosts and the participating athletes by requiring specific adherence to the Fundamental Principles of Olympism. This is essential reading for any student or researcher with an interest in Olympic studies, sports law, or socio-legal studies or any practising lawyer or events professional looking to better understand the impact and institutions of mega-events.

Political Economy of the Tokyo Olympics

Download Political Economy of the Tokyo Olympics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000897869
Total Pages : 163 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Political Economy of the Tokyo Olympics by : Miyo Aramata

Download or read book Political Economy of the Tokyo Olympics written by Miyo Aramata and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-06-16 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an analysis of both contemporary Tokyo and the contemporary Olympic Games, emphasizing the role of late-stage capitalism and political economy in shaping both. The 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games were mired in scandal from the beginning of the bidding process all the way through to the end of the games. This was further exacerbated by the emergency postponement to 2021 due to the coronavirus pandemic, with many public opinion polls supporting further postponement or cancelation in 2021. The contributors to this volume look at the Tokyo 2020 Games in the context of other modern games and the struggle to use the games as an economic stimulus. They reveal the reality of the Olympic development in Tokyo based on evidence and concrete policy analysis. This is a valuable resource for scholars both of contemporary Japan and of the Olympics and other mega-events.

What Are the Olympics For?

Download What Are the Olympics For? PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Policy Press
ISBN 13 : 1529230292
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (292 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis What Are the Olympics For? by : Jules Boykoff

Download or read book What Are the Olympics For? written by Jules Boykoff and published by Policy Press. This book was released on 2024-03-26 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ‘Athletes first’ is a slogan the International Olympic Committee often touts, but the reality is very different, as pre-eminent Olympics expert Jules Boykoff shows in this book. While the world’s attention is riveted by the triumphs and tribulations on their screens, there is much that goes on behind the scenes that is deeply troubling: athletes are increasingly voicing concerns over physical, mental, and sexual abuse, and they are collectively expressing grievances around equity and human rights. Outside the stadiums, problems range from the democratic deficit and corruption surrounding the awarding of the Games, to displacement of people and gentrification of neighbourhoods to make way for Olympic venues, to the environmental damage that Olympic construction inflicts and then tries to greenwash away. Boykoff tells us that radical steps are required if the Games are to be fixed and only then will they be truly ‘athletes first’.

Action Sports and the Olympic Games

Download Action Sports and the Olympic Games PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351029525
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Action Sports and the Olympic Games by : Belinda Wheaton

Download or read book Action Sports and the Olympic Games written by Belinda Wheaton and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-11-04 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on a decade of research by two leading action sports scholars, this book maps the relationship between action sports and the Olympic Movement, from the inclusion of the first action sports to those featuring for the first time in the Tokyo Olympic Games and beyond. In an effort to remain relevant to younger audiences, four new action sports, surfing, skateboarding, sport climbing, and BMX freestyle were included in the Tokyo Olympic program. Drawing upon interviews with Olympic insiders, as well as leaders, athletes, and participants in these action sports communities, the book details the impacts on the action sports industry and cultures, and offers national comparisons to show the uneven effects resulting from Olympic inclusion. It reveals the intricate workings of power and politics in contemporary sports organisations, and maps key trends in this changing sporting landscape. Action Sports and the Olympic Games is a fascinating read for anybody studying the Olympics, the sociology of sport, action sports, or sport policy.

The 1936 Berlin Olympics: Race, Power, and Sportswashing

Download The 1936 Berlin Olympics: Race, Power, and Sportswashing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Common Ground Research Networks
ISBN 13 : 1957792256
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (577 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The 1936 Berlin Olympics: Race, Power, and Sportswashing by : Jules Boykoff

Download or read book The 1936 Berlin Olympics: Race, Power, and Sportswashing written by Jules Boykoff and published by Common Ground Research Networks. This book was released on 2023-01-06 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When Adolf Hitler hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, he used the Games to rally political support in Germany and abroad for his white supremacist worldview. In doing so, Hitler not only ruptured the myth that politics and sports do not mix, but he also initiated the first major instance of sportswashing: hosting a sports mega-event to launder one’s stained reputation on the world stage. The 1936 Berlin Olympics: Race, Power, and Sportswashing situates these controversial Games in the longer political history of the Olympics and examines the behind-the-scenes machinations that led to the International Olympic Committee handing these Games to Germany in the first place. In the United States, the Berlin Olympics catalyzed a raucous, if ultimately unsuccessful, boycott campaign that raised serious concerns about racialized repression in the host country. The Berlin Games furnished a high-profile testing ground for racial theories rooted in white supremacy—the marrow in the Nazis’ ideological bones—where Black athletes like Jesse Owens thrived. The Games also brought innovations—like the Olympic Torch Relay—that were subsequently woven into Olympic tradition. Sportswashing is a significant concern in modern-day sports studies; this book demonstrates how the Olympic Games have long been both a potential pedestal for autocrats to boost their unsavory regimes and a flashpoint for human-rights criticism. Although history does not gift the present moment with crisp facsimiles from the past, thinking through history illuminates patterns and possibilities that can help make sense of the whirling swirl of today.

Olympic Cities

Download Olympic Cities PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1040021425
Total Pages : 594 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Olympic Cities by : John Gold

Download or read book Olympic Cities written by John Gold and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-04-09 with total page 594 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first edition of Olympic Cities, published in 2007, provided a pioneering overview of the changing relationship between cities and the modern Olympic Games. This substantially revised and much enlarged fourth edition builds on the success of its predecessors. The first of its three parts provides overviews of the urban legacy of the four component Olympic festivals: the Summer Games; Winter Games; Cultural Olympiads; and the Paralympics. The second part comprises systematic surveys of six key aspects of activity involved in staging the Olympics and Paralympics: finance; sustainability; the creation of Olympic Villages; security; urban regeneration; and tourism. The final part consists of ten chronologically arranged portraits of host cities from 1960 to 2032, with complete coverage of the Summer Games of the twenty-first century. As controversy over the growing size and expense of the Olympics, with associated issues of democratic accountability and legacy, continues unabated, this book’s incisive and timely assessment of the Games’ development and the complex agendas that host cities attach to the event will be essential reading for a wide audience. This will include not just urban and sports historians, urban geographers, event managers, and city planners, but also anyone with an interest in the staging of mega-events and concerned with building a better understanding of the relationship between cities, sport, and culture.

The Oxford Handbook of Sport and Society

Download The Oxford Handbook of Sport and Society PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197519016
Total Pages : 1201 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (975 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Sport and Society by : Lawrence A. Wenner

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Sport and Society written by Lawrence A. Wenner and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022-10-11 with total page 1201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Oxford Handbook of Sport and Society features leading international scholars' assessments of scholarly inquiry about sport and society. Divided into six sections, chapters consider dominant issues within key areas, approaches (theory and method) featured in inquiry, and debates needing resolution. Part I: Society and Values considers matters of character, ideology, power, politics, policy, nationalism, diplomacy, militarism, law, ethics, and religion. Part II: Enterprise and Capital considers globalization, spectacle, mega-events, Olympism, corruption, impacts on cities, communities, and the environment, and the press of leadership cultures, economic imperatives, and marketing. Part III: Participation and Cultures considers questions of health and well-being, violence, the medicalization of injury, influences of science and technology, substance use and abuse, the roles of coaching and emotion, challenges of child maltreatment, climates for scandal and athlete activism, and questions over animals in sporting competition. Part IV: Lifespan and Careers considers child socialization, youth and elite athlete development, the roles of sport in education and social mobility, migratory sport labor practices, arcs defining athletic careers, aging, and retirement, and emergent lifestyle sport cultures. Part V: Inclusion and Exclusion considers sport's role in social inclusion and exclusion, development and discrimination, and features treatments of race and ethnicity, indigenous experiences, the intersection of bodily ideals, obesity, and disability, and the gendered impacts on masculinities, femininities, and non-binary experience. Part VI: Spectator Engagement and Media considers sporting heroism and celebrity, fandom and hooliganism, gambling and match-fixing, and the influences of sport journalism, television and film treatments, advertising, and new media"--