Virus Receptors

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Virus Receptors

Author : K. Longberg-Holm
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401180229
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Virus Receptors by : K. Longberg-Holm

Download or read book Virus Receptors written by K. Longberg-Holm and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is hardly necessary to define the concept of receptors to readers of this series, but it should be borne in mind that in several instances receptors are undefined entities, whose molecular details remain to be established. On the other hand the ligand, which recognizes the receptors, has been identified and characterized in most cases. The current interest in the structure and function of biological membranes gives great expectations that we may understand in the near future the details of ligand-receptor interaction. This interaction involves two defined steps: the first, usually referred to as recognition, is followed by the second step, transduction, in which the ligand-receptor interaction is translated by the cell into a biochemical action. The present two volumes which cover prokaryotic and eukaryotic virus receptors, have been published together in order to illustrate the specificity of virus receptor recognition which appears to be a guiding principle for both bacteria and higher cells. The identification and characterization of the receptors for phages of gram-negative bacteria has to a large extent relied on the genetic tech niques available for these organisms. In a similar way the availability of genetic systems has also clarified the interrelationship between animal retrovirus receptors even if the molecular structure remains to be determined. The paucity of defined genetic systems may therefore explain part of our ignorance concerning the mole cular details of virus receptors on human cells and possibly also on gram-positive bacteria.

Virus Receptors—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition

Author :
Publisher : ScholarlyEditions
ISBN 13 : 1481628828
Total Pages : 27 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (816 download)

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Book Synopsis Virus Receptors—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition by :

Download or read book Virus Receptors—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-12-26 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Virus Receptors—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition is a ScholarlyPaper™ that delivers timely, authoritative, and intensively focused information about Virus Receptors in a compact format. The editors have built Virus Receptors—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Virus Receptors in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Virus Receptors—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Virus Receptors: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition

Author :
Publisher : ScholarlyEditions
ISBN 13 : 1464937311
Total Pages : 56 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (649 download)

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Book Synopsis Virus Receptors: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition by :

Download or read book Virus Receptors: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Virus Receptors: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyBrief™ that delivers timely, authoritative, comprehensive, and specialized information about Virus Receptors in a concise format. The editors have built Virus Receptors: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Virus Receptors in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Virus Receptors: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Virus Receptors—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition

Author :
Publisher : ScholarlyEditions
ISBN 13 : 1481693433
Total Pages : 59 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (816 download)

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Book Synopsis Virus Receptors—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition by :

Download or read book Virus Receptors—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2013-06-21 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Virus Receptors—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition is a ScholarlyBrief™ that delivers timely, authoritative, comprehensive, and specialized information about ZZZAdditional Research in a concise format. The editors have built Virus Receptors—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about ZZZAdditional Research in this book to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Virus Receptors—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Virus Receptors

Author : K. Longberg-Holm
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401169187
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Virus Receptors by : K. Longberg-Holm

Download or read book Virus Receptors written by K. Longberg-Holm and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is hardly necessary to define the concept of receptors to readers of this series, but it should be born in mind that in several instances receptors are undefined entities, whose molecular details remain to be established. On the other hand the ligand, which reco~izes the receptors, has been identified and characterized in most cases. The current interest in the structure and function of biological membranes gives great expectations that in the near future we may understand the details of ligand-receptor interaction. This interaction involves two defined steps: the first, usually referred to as recognition, is followed by the second step, transduction, in which the ligand-receptor interaction is translated by the cell into a biochemical action. The present two volumes which cover prokaryotic and eukaryotic virus receptors, have been published together in order to illustrate the specificity of virus receptor recognition which appears to be a guiding principle for both bacteria and higher cells. The identification and characterization of the receptors for phages of gram-negative bacteria has to a large extent relied on the genetic techniques available for these organisms. In a similar way the availability of genetic systems has also clarified the interrelationship between animal retrovirus receptors even if the molecular structure remains to be determined. The paucity of defined genetic systems may therefore explain part of our ignorance concerning the molecular details of virus receptors on human cells and possibly also on gram positive bacteria.

Receptor usage and pathogenesis in acute and chronic viral infection

Author : Yasuko Tsunetsugu-Yokota
Publisher : Frontiers E-books
ISBN 13 : 2889190668
Total Pages : 89 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis Receptor usage and pathogenesis in acute and chronic viral infection by : Yasuko Tsunetsugu-Yokota

Download or read book Receptor usage and pathogenesis in acute and chronic viral infection written by Yasuko Tsunetsugu-Yokota and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the first phase of the viral life cycle, the virus enters cells using a specific cell surface receptor. Many viruses use multiple receptors: some of which are unique to a certain cell type, while others are ubiquitous in many cell types. Depending on the receptors used, the viral cell tropism is determined, which may result in the characteristic distribution of virus- infected cells/tissues. Obviously, virus entry is not the whole story. After the virus enters, various cellular proteins interact with it – some support virus replication, while others inhibit it. The intrinsic anti-viral cellular machinery differs among cell types; thus, viral cell tropism based on the receptor usage plays an important role in the pathogenesis. For example, HIV-1 utilizes one of two co-receptors, CXCR4 or CCR5, in addition to a major receptor, CD4. CCR5 expression is restricted to a certain subset of memory CD4+T cells, while CXCR4 expression is rather ubiquitous among CD4+T cells. Therefore, the latent infection of CCR5-utilizing HIV-1 in resting memory (CCR5+) T cells would be largely responsible for intermittent virus blimps accompanied by immune activation during chronic HIV infection. This may explain why CCR5-utilizing HIV-1 is preferentially isolated in the early phase of HIV-1 infection, even when the HIV-1 transmitter carries CXCR4-utilizing HIV-1 in abundance. In the case of the measles virus, CD150 (Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule: SLAM) is a major receptor, while vaccine strains utilize CD46 when CD150 is not available. The third possible entry receptor would also be utilized for the infection of lung epithelial cells. The impact of these receptor usages in vivo on the disease outcome is now under investigation. We also know that the distinct use of host cell sugar moieties mediates species tropism in the influenza virus, and that a mutant virus breaking the species barrier is highly pathogenic in humans. Thanks to the recent development of reverse genetics, it is now possible to visualize virus-infected cells, or even the virus itself, by using highly sensitive flow cytometery or microscopy. How viral cell tropism, determined by the receptor used, can affect the disease course of acute and chronic virus infection is an important question to address. In this Research Topic, we focus on studies connecting virus receptor usage and the pathogenesis of various viruses causing acute or chronic infection.

The Receptors

Author : P. Michael Conn
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 1483273687
Total Pages : 454 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (832 download)

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Book Synopsis The Receptors by : P. Michael Conn

Download or read book The Receptors written by P. Michael Conn and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-05-10 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Receptors, Volume II deals with receptors for somatostatin, vitamin D, insulin, and animal viruses, as well as for the ?2-adrenergic and Ah systems. The significance of translational modifications of receptor ligands is discussed, along with the mechanisms of receptor-ligand interactions. The role of receptors in development and their regulation by tumors are also considered. Comprised of 12 chapters, this volume begins with a detailed account of the vitamin D receptor, paying particular attention to its biochemical and physical properties as well as its mechanism of action. The discussion then turns to experimental discrimination between alternative mechanistic models for the receptor-mediated stimulation of adenylate cyclase; the role of microaggregation in hormone-receptor-effector interactions; and the biology and biochemistry of the Ah receptor. Subsequent chapters explore the interactions of animal viruses with cell surface receptors; insulin receptors; determination of the size of neurotransmitter receptors by radiation inactivation-target size analysis; and protein glycosylation and receptor-ligand interactions. This book will be a valuable resource for students and practitioners in fields ranging from cell biology and biochemistry to physiology, endocrinology, and pharmacology.

Virus Receptors

Author : K. Longberg-Holm
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9780412156601
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (566 download)

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Book Synopsis Virus Receptors by : K. Longberg-Holm

Download or read book Virus Receptors written by K. Longberg-Holm and published by Springer. This book was released on 1980-10-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is hardly necessary to define the concept of receptors to readers of this series, but it should be born in mind that in several instances receptors are undefined entities, whose molecular details remain to be established. On the other hand the ligand, which reco~izes the receptors, has been identified and characterized in most cases. The current interest in the structure and function of biological membranes gives great expectations that in the near future we may understand the details of ligand-receptor interaction. This interaction involves two defined steps: the first, usually referred to as recognition, is followed by the second step, transduction, in which the ligand-receptor interaction is translated by the cell into a biochemical action. The present two volumes which cover prokaryotic and eukaryotic virus receptors, have been published together in order to illustrate the specificity of virus receptor recognition which appears to be a guiding principle for both bacteria and higher cells. The identification and characterization of the receptors for phages of gram-negative bacteria has to a large extent relied on the genetic techniques available for these organisms. In a similar way the availability of genetic systems has also clarified the interrelationship between animal retrovirus receptors even if the molecular structure remains to be determined. The paucity of defined genetic systems may therefore explain part of our ignorance concerning the molecular details of virus receptors on human cells and possibly also on gram positive bacteria.

Receptor-independent/-associated viral tropism

Author : Akio Adachi
Publisher : Frontiers E-books
ISBN 13 : 288919048X
Total Pages : 97 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis Receptor-independent/-associated viral tropism by : Akio Adachi

Download or read book Receptor-independent/-associated viral tropism written by Akio Adachi and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on with total page 97 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the most important and outstanding characteristics of viruses is their cellular and host tropism. As parasitic entities, viruses have to compromise with numbers of positive and negative factors present in target cells for their survival. In the absence of an appropriate interaction with cells, they do not replicate at all. Viral tropism can be therefore determined at each replication step, from the entry to progeny production in target cells. There are two major types of viral tropism, that is, the receptor-dependent and -independent tropisms. Restriction of viral replication occurs on the cell surface (receptor-dependent viral entry step) and/or intracellularly (receptor-independent post-entry replication steps). Viruses have acquired some mechanisms through adaptive mutations and/or recombinations to counteract a wide variety of cellular restriction factors, or to correctly interact with numerous cellular factors necessary for replication. They thereby can replicate, spread and survive in certain cell lineages, tissues, organs and finally in host individuals. This evolutional process/pressure would have generated profound effects on the biological properties of viruses. Recently, many cellular anti-viral factors with unique action mechanisms in addition to co-viral factors have been discovered by extensive studies on molecular genetics of viruses. Researches of these factors would lead to the effective clinical applications, as well as the increase of basic biological knowledge. In this Research Topic, we focus on the receptor-independent and uniquely associated viral tropism other than the strictly receptor-dependent or -mediated one. By presenting a series of centered articles, we describe here the unique properties of various virus species. Any types of the tier 1 article would be accepted and included in this Topic.

Cell Receptors

Author : Gerhard Seifert
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642755151
Total Pages : 525 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (427 download)

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Book Synopsis Cell Receptors by : Gerhard Seifert

Download or read book Cell Receptors written by Gerhard Seifert and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 525 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An up-to-date review of the morphology and pathological aspects of cell receptors, important because new therapies for various pathological conditions (genetic diseases, endocrine disorders, cancer, etc.) could be based on receptor interference.

Anti-Idiotypes, Receptors, and Molecular Mimicry

Author : D. Scott Linthicum
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461237343
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (612 download)

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Book Synopsis Anti-Idiotypes, Receptors, and Molecular Mimicry by : D. Scott Linthicum

Download or read book Anti-Idiotypes, Receptors, and Molecular Mimicry written by D. Scott Linthicum and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Here is an up-to-date review of important new methods and results in anti-idiotypes, receptors, and molecular mimicry. It begins with a discussion of the theoretical background of the anti-idiotypic network, it's role in the regulation of immune response, and the physical characteristics of anti-idiotypic antibodies. It then goes on to explore many exciting applications in such areas as insulin action, thyroid cell function, the neurosciences, cardiology, virology, pharmacology, and reproduction.

Cell Surface Receptors—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition

Author :
Publisher : ScholarlyEditions
ISBN 13 : 1464994951
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (649 download)

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Book Synopsis Cell Surface Receptors—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition by :

Download or read book Cell Surface Receptors—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-12-26 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cell Surface Receptors—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Cell Surface Receptors. The editors have built Cell Surface Receptors—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Cell Surface Receptors in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Cell Surface Receptors—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

TAM Receptors in Health and Disease

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128218231
Total Pages : 178 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis TAM Receptors in Health and Disease by :

Download or read book TAM Receptors in Health and Disease written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-11-21 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: TAM Receptors in Health and Disease, Volume 357 in the International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology, reviews the role of TAM receptors in health and diseases. Chapters in this new release include TAM receptors and its Role in Efferocytosis: Clearance of Dead Cells, TAM family receptors and their ligands: Role in thrombosis, TAM receptors and its ligand mediated activation: Role in Atherosclerosis, Post-translational modifications of the Ligands: Requirement for TAM receptor activation, Immunogenic role of TAM receptors in the cancer microenvironment: Implications in cancer immunotherapy, TAM receptors: A Phosphatidylserine Receptor family and its implications in Viral infections, and much more. Provides a comprehensive collection of articles on the relatively late evolved and highly conserved TAM receptor tyrosine kinase family Describes TAM receptor biology in great details Presents invited, timely review articles authored by well-established TAM receptor biologists

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Author : P. Cuatrecasas
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400959753
Total Pages : 309 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis by : P. Cuatrecasas

Download or read book Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis written by P. Cuatrecasas and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume focuses exclusively on those endocytic processes that sequester proteins by a selective, receptor-mediated mechanism. In such an endocytic process, cell surface receptors specifically bind protein ligands and localize them to specialized invaginations of the plasma membrane. These regions are coated pits, so named because they are lined on the cytoplasmic face with an ordered array of the protein, clathrin. It is this 'coat' which provides their characteristic electron microscopic image. Subsequently, these regions pinch off to form coated vesicles which rapidly lose their 'coat' and then fuse with other organelles or the plasma membrane. The hallmarks of ,this process are the specific receptors, coated pits, coated vesicles and an ordered sequence of transit events leading to delivery to selected locations. Receptor recognition, specific disposition of the endocytosed ligand and the existence of recep tor-ligand complexes at highest density in coated pits define the process as selective and concentrative. This topic has received ever increasing attention during the past few years. The evolving mechanisms are especially exciting because they come at a time when the conventional views based on thermodynamic arguments suggest that proteins should not be able to cross into the cell. Receptor-mediated endocytosis, however, reconciles the view that biological membranes should be impervious to macromolecules with the evidence that certain mac romolecules do gain entrance into the cell. During the last few years this field has been stimulated by studies on the uptake and processing of low density lipoproteins (LDL) by cells.

Toll-Like Receptors: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition

Author :
Publisher : ScholarlyEditions
ISBN 13 : 1464928355
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (649 download)

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Book Synopsis Toll-Like Receptors: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition by :

Download or read book Toll-Like Receptors: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Toll-Like Receptors: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Toll-Like Receptors. The editors have built Toll-Like Receptors: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Toll-Like Receptors in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Toll-Like Receptors: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Membrane Receptors

Author : P. Cuatrecasas
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400958668
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Membrane Receptors by : P. Cuatrecasas

Download or read book Membrane Receptors written by P. Cuatrecasas and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hardly a decade ago, membrane receptors were an attractive but largely unproven concept. Since that time enormous progress has been made, and we are now able to consider receptors much more concretely. Their existence has been established, their binding properties have been determined, and in some cases, they have been highly purified and their physical-chemical properties studied. It is now even possible to visualize microscopically some receptors. This progress has resulted largely from the development of highly powerful methods. These methods are the subject of this volume. Although considerably diverse, different receptors share certain common pro perties, and common problems are encountered in their study. Consequently, a small number of techniques are particularly useful in studying different types of receptors. Thus, it makes sense to speak about membrane receptor methodology. A very apparent problem in the study of membrane receptors is their presence in exceedingly small quantities and in a highly impure state. Therefore, very sensitive and specific techniques are required for their detection, characterization and purification. Such sensitivity and specificity is provided by the ability of receptors to bind certain ligands with very high affmity, and it is not surprising that most of the methods described in this volume depend upon this high affinity binding. The antigen-antibody interaction is of comparable sensitivity and speci ficity. Recently, a number of anti-receptor antibodies have been produced or found to occur spontaneously in auto-immune diseases. Undoubtedly, more will be produced in the future.

Neurotransmitter Receptors

Author : Sam J. Enna
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400959281
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Neurotransmitter Receptors by : Sam J. Enna

Download or read book Neurotransmitter Receptors written by Sam J. Enna and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-12 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the discovery that neuronal transmission can be chemically mediated, a large number of compounds have been found in the mammalian central nervous system which appear to function as neurotransmitter agents. Recently, electro physiological and biochemical methods have been developed which have enabled neuroscientists to classify better the myriad of neurotransmitter receptor sites in brain and to study their properties in finer detail. As a result of these investigations, a significant number of new discoveries have been made about the mechanisms involved in neurotransmitter receptor interactions, the role neurotransmitters play in the actions of pharmacological agents and in the pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders. The present two volume text was compiled to summarize the information relating to the physiological, biochemical, pharmacological and functional characteristics of neurotransmitter receptor sites. While emphasis is placed on neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian central nervous system, the characteristics of these receptors in other species, both vertebrate and invertebrate, are also discussed where appropriate. While these books cover the major classes of putative neurotransmitters - amino acids, peptides and biogenic amines - and are therefore broad in scope, each is discussed in a concise fashion to highlight the major points of historical and contemporary interest. In addition to outlining data, each chapter addresses current theories relating to the various aspects of receptor properties and function in an attempt to reveal the directions of future research and as a stimulus for other workers in the field.