Treating Trauma Related Dissociation A Practical Integrative Approach Norton Series On Interpersonal Neurobiology

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Treating Trauma-Related Dissociation: A Practical, Integrative Approach (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology)

Author : Kathy Steele
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 039371263X
Total Pages : 560 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (937 download)

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Book Synopsis Treating Trauma-Related Dissociation: A Practical, Integrative Approach (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology) by : Kathy Steele

Download or read book Treating Trauma-Related Dissociation: A Practical, Integrative Approach (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology) written by Kathy Steele and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2016-11-29 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the 2017 International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation (ISSTD) Pierre Janet Writing Award. Establishing safety and working with dissociative parts in complex trauma therapy. Therapists around the world ask similar questions and struggle with similar challenges treating highly dissociative patients. This book arose not only out of countless hours of treating patients with dissociative disorders, but also out of the crucible of supervision and consultation, where therapists bring their most urgent questions, needs, and vulnerabilities. The book offers an overview of the neuropsychology of dissociation as a disorder of non-realization, as well as chapters on assessment, prognosis, case formulation, treatment planning, and treatment phases and goals, based on best practices. The authors describe what to focus on first in a complex therapy, and how to do it; how to help patients establish both internal and external safety without rescuing; how to work systematically with dissociative parts of a patient in ways that facilitate integration rather than further dissociation; how to set and maintain helpful boundaries; specific ways to stay focused on process instead of content; how to deal compassionately and effectively with disorganized attachment and dependency on the therapist; how to help patients integrate traumatic memories; what to do when the patient is enraged, chronically ashamed, avoidant, or unable to trust the therapist; and how to compassionately understand and work with resistances as a co-creation of both patient and therapist. Relational ways of being with the patient are the backbone of treatment, and are themselves essential therapeutic interventions. As such, the book also focused not only on highly practical and theoretically sound interventions, not only on what to do and say, but places strong emphasis on how to be with patients, describing innovative, compassionately collaborative approaches based on the latest research on attachment and evolutionary psychology. Throughout the book, core concepts—fundamental ideas that are highlighted in the text in bold so they can be seen at a glance—are emphasized. These serve as guiding principles in treatment as well as a summing-up of many of the most important notions in each chapter. Each chapter concludes with a section for further examination. These sections include additional ideas and questions, exercises for practicing skills, and suggestions for peer discussions based on topics in a particular chapter, meant to inspire further curiosity, discovery, and growth.

Coping with Trauma-related Dissociation

Author : Suzette Boon
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 039370646X
Total Pages : 490 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (937 download)

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Book Synopsis Coping with Trauma-related Dissociation by : Suzette Boon

Download or read book Coping with Trauma-related Dissociation written by Suzette Boon and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2011-03-15 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This training manual for pateints who have suffered severe trauma includes a short educational piece, homework sheets, and exercises that promote essential emotional and life skills.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder

Author : Frank W. Putnam
Publisher : Guilford Press
ISBN 13 : 9780898621778
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (217 download)

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Book Synopsis Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder by : Frank W. Putnam

Download or read book Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder written by Frank W. Putnam and published by Guilford Press. This book was released on 1989-02-03 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geared to the needs of mental health practitioners unfamiliar with dissociative disorders, this volume presents a comprehensive and integrated approach to diagnosis and treatment. Each step--from first interview to final post-integrative treatment--is systematically reviewed, with detailed instructions on specific diagnostic and therapeutic techniques and examples of their clinical applications. Concise yet thorough, the volume offers expert advice on such topics as how to foster a strong therapeutic alliance, how to manage crises, and what basic errors to avoid.

Intensive Psychotherapy for Persistent Dissociative Processes: The Fear of Feeling Real (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology)

Download Intensive Psychotherapy for Persistent Dissociative Processes: The Fear of Feeling Real (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology) PDF Online Free

Author : Richard A. Chefetz
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 0393710904
Total Pages : 496 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (937 download)

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Book Synopsis Intensive Psychotherapy for Persistent Dissociative Processes: The Fear of Feeling Real (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology) by : Richard A. Chefetz

Download or read book Intensive Psychotherapy for Persistent Dissociative Processes: The Fear of Feeling Real (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology) written by Richard A. Chefetz and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2015-04-06 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation's (ISSTD) Pierre Janet Writing Award, 2015. What really happens in dissociation. Dissociative processes have long burdened trauma survivors with the dilemma of longing to feel “real” at the same time as they desperately want to avoid the pain that comes with that healing—a dilemma that often presents particularly acute difficulties for healing professionals. Recent clinical and neurobiological research sheds some light into the dark corners of a mind undergoing persistent dissociation, but its integration into the practice of talking therapy has never, until now, been fully realized. Intensive Psychotherapy for Persistent Dissociative Processes brings readers into the consultation room, and into the minds of both patient and therapist, like no other work on the treatment of trauma and dissociation. Richard A. Chefetz marries neuroscientific sophistication with a wealth of extended case histories, following patients over several years and offering several verbatim session transcripts. His unpacking of the emotionally impactful experience of psychodynamic talking therapy is masterfully written, clearly accessible, and singularly thorough. From neurobiological foundations he builds a working understanding of dissociation and its clinical manifestations. Drawing on theories of self-states and their involvement in dissociative experiences, he demonstrates how to identify persistent dissociation and its related psychodynamic processes, including repetition compulsion and enactment. He then guides readers through the beginning stages of a treatment, with particular attention to the psychodynamics of emotion in both patient and therapist. The second half of the book immerses readers in emotionally challenging clinical processes, offering insight into the neurobiology of fear and depersonalization, as well as case examples detailing struggles with histories of incest, sexual addiction, severe negativity, negative therapeutic reactions, enactment, and object-coercive doubting. The narrative style of Chefetz’s casework is nearly novelistic, bringing to life the clinical setting and the struggles in both patient and therapist. The only mystery in this clinical exposition, as it explores several cases over a number of years, is what will happen next. In the depth of his examples and in continual, self-reflexive analysis of flaws in past treatments, Chefetz is both a generous guide and an expert storyteller. Intensive Psychotherapy for Persistent Dissociative Processes is unique in its ability to place readers in the consultation room of psychodynamic therapy. With an evidence-focused approach based in neurobiology and a bold clinical scope, it will be indispensible to new and experienced therapists alike as they grapple with the most intractable clinical obstacles.

Haunted Self

Author : Onno van der Hart
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 9780393704013
Total Pages : 452 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Haunted Self by : Onno van der Hart

Download or read book Haunted Self written by Onno van der Hart and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2006-10-17 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Life is an ongoing struggle for patients who have been chronically traumatized. They typically have a wide array of symptoms, often classified under different combinations of comorbidity, which can make assessment and treatment complicated and confusing for the therapist. Many patients have substantial problems with daily living and relationships, including serious intrapsychic conflicts and maladaptive coping strategies. Their suffering essentially relates to a terrifying and painful past that haunts them. Even when survivors attempt to hide their distress beneath a facade of normality—a common strategy—therapists often feel besieged by their many symptoms and serious pain. Small wonder that many survivors of chronic traumatization have seen several therapists with little if any gains, and that quite a few have been labeled as untreatable or resistant. In this book, three leading researchers and clinicians share what they have learned from treating and studying chronically traumatized individuals across more than 65 years of collective experience. Based on the theory of structural dissociation of the personality in combination with a Janetian psychology of action, the authors have developed a model of phase-oriented treatment that focuses on the identification and treatment of structural dissociation and related maladaptive mental and behavioral actions. The foundation of this approach is to support patients in learning more effective mental and behavioral actions that will enable them to become more adaptive in life and to resolve their structural dissociation. This principle implies an overall therapeutic goal of raising the integrative capacity, in order to cope with the demands of daily life and deal with the haunting remnants of the past, with the “unfinished business” of traumatic memories. Of interest to clinicians, students of clinical psychology and psychiatry, as well as to researchers, all those interested in adult survivors of chronic child abuse and neglect will find helpful insights and tools that may make the treatment more effective and efficient, and more tolerable for the suffering patient.

The Neuroscience of Psychotherapy: Healing the Social Brain (Second Edition)

Author : Louis Cozolino
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 0393706575
Total Pages : 480 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (937 download)

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Book Synopsis The Neuroscience of Psychotherapy: Healing the Social Brain (Second Edition) by : Louis Cozolino

Download or read book The Neuroscience of Psychotherapy: Healing the Social Brain (Second Edition) written by Louis Cozolino and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2010-06-21 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How the brain's architecture is related to the problems, passions, and aspirations of human beings. In contrast to this view, recent theoretical advances in brain imaging have revealed that the brain is an organ continually built and re-built by one's experience. We are now beginning to learn that many forms of psychotherapy, developed in the absence of any scientific understanding of the brain, are supported by neuroscientific findings. In fact, it could be argued that to be an effective psychotherapist these days it is essential to have some basic understanding of neuroscience. Louis Cozolino's The Neuroscience of Psychotherapy, Second Edition is the perfect place to start. In a beautifully written and accessible synthesis, Cozolino illustrates how the brain's architecture is related to the problems, passions, and aspirations of human beings. As the book so elegantly argues, all forms of psychotherapy--from psychoanalysis to behavioral interventions--are successful to the extent to which they enhance change in relevant neural circuits. Beginning with an overview of the intersecting fields of neuroscience and psychotherapy, this book delves into the brain's inner workings, from basic neuronal building blocks to complex systems of memory, language, and the organization of experience. It continues by explaining the development and organization of the healthy brain and the unhealthy brain. Common problems such as anxiety, trauma, and codependency are discussed from a scientific and clinical perspective. Throughout the book, the science behind the brain's working is applied to day-to-day experience and clinical practice. Written for psychotherapists and others interested in the relationship between brain and behavior, this book encourages us to consider the brain when attempting to understand human development, mental illness, and psychological health. Fully and thoroughly updated with the many neuroscientific developments that have happened in the eight years since the publication of the first edition, this revision to the bestselling book belongs on the shelf of all practitioners.

Looking Through the Eyes of Trauma and Dissociation

Author : Sandra Paulsen
Publisher : Booksurge Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781439213216
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis Looking Through the Eyes of Trauma and Dissociation by : Sandra Paulsen

Download or read book Looking Through the Eyes of Trauma and Dissociation written by Sandra Paulsen and published by Booksurge Publishing. This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dr Paulsen's narrative and 100 cartoons assist therapists and clients to understand trauma and dissociation, from giving a voice to disowned parts of self, to stabilizing and detoxifying memories.

Rebuilding Shattered Lives

Author : James A. Chu
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780471247326
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (473 download)

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Book Synopsis Rebuilding Shattered Lives by : James A. Chu

Download or read book Rebuilding Shattered Lives written by James A. Chu and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1998-04-30 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Rebuilding Shattered Lives, James A. Chu, MD, describes a proven approach to the assessment and treatment of post-traumatic and dissociative disorders developed at the Dissociative Disorders and Trauma Program at McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School. Drawing on his extensive empirical research and more than a decade's clinical experience specializing in treating survivors of severe abuse, Dr. Chu also offers valuable insights into all the major areas of traumarelated symptomatology and provides the most detailed explanation of dissociative theory currently in print. And, with the help of numerous vignettes and case examples, he clearly illustrates common clinical dilemmas encountered when dealing with survivors of severe abuse as well as the most effective techniques for resolving them. Rebuilding Shattered Lives is an important working resource for mental health workers of all levels of experience. Throughout, the writing style is clear, and complex theories are explained with an emphasis on how they provide the conceptual basis for a rational, responsible, and safe approach to treatment.

Neurobiology and Treatment of Traumatic Dissociation

Author : Ulrich F. Lanius, PhD
Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 0826106315
Total Pages : 537 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis Neurobiology and Treatment of Traumatic Dissociation by : Ulrich F. Lanius, PhD

Download or read book Neurobiology and Treatment of Traumatic Dissociation written by Ulrich F. Lanius, PhD and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2014-05-13 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Print+CourseSmart

The Development of the Unconscious Mind (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology)

Author : Allan N. Schore
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 0393712923
Total Pages : 497 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (937 download)

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Book Synopsis The Development of the Unconscious Mind (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology) by : Allan N. Schore

Download or read book The Development of the Unconscious Mind (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology) written by Allan N. Schore and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2019-03-26 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An exploration of how the unconscious is formed and functions by one of our most renowned experts on emotion and the brain. This book traces the evolution of the concept of the unconscious from an intangible, metapsychological abstraction to a psychoneurobiological function of a tangible brain. An integration of current findings in the neurobiological and developmental sciences offers a deeper understanding of the dynamic mechanisms of the unconscious. The relevance of this reformulation to clinical work is a central theme of Schore's other new book, Right Brain Psychotherapy.

How People Change: Relationships and Neuroplasticity in Psychotherapy (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology)

Author : Marion Solomon
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 0393711773
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (937 download)

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Book Synopsis How People Change: Relationships and Neuroplasticity in Psychotherapy (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology) by : Marion Solomon

Download or read book How People Change: Relationships and Neuroplasticity in Psychotherapy (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology) written by Marion Solomon and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2017-05-09 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing on cutting-edge neuroscience to understand psychotherapeutic change. Growth and change are at the heart of all successful psychotherapy. Regardless of one's clinical orientation or style, psychotherapy is an emerging process that s created moment by moment, between client and therapist. How People Change explores the complexities of attachment, the brain, mind, and body as they aid change during psychotherapy. Research is presented about the properties of healing relationships and communication strategies that facilitate change in the social brain. Contributions by Philip M. Bromberg, Louis Cozolino and Vanessa Davis, Margaret Wilkinson, Pat Ogden, Peter A. Levine, Russell Meares, Dan Hughes, Martha Stark, Stan Tatkin, Marion Solomon, and Daniel J. Siegel and Bonnie Goldstein.

Emdr and Dissociation: The Progressive Approach

Author : Anabel Gonzalez
Publisher : A.I.
ISBN 13 : 9788461591701
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (917 download)

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Book Synopsis Emdr and Dissociation: The Progressive Approach by : Anabel Gonzalez

Download or read book Emdr and Dissociation: The Progressive Approach written by Anabel Gonzalez and published by A.I.. This book was released on 2012-06 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: EMDR is a psychotherapeutic approach developed for the treatment of PTSD, meanwhile, practicing clinicians have found the application of EMDR to be useful in treating patients who have experienced emotionally traumatic events, which they described as distinctive of their family-of-origin, their personal life history and their attachment relations. In this book the authors describe some of the basic aspects that therapists must understand in order to adequately apply EMDR in the more severe cases, including dissociative disorders, personality disorders and different types of complex traumatization.

Using Neuroscience in Trauma Therapy

Author : Julie A. Uhernik
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317486773
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis Using Neuroscience in Trauma Therapy by : Julie A. Uhernik

Download or read book Using Neuroscience in Trauma Therapy written by Julie A. Uhernik and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-07-01 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using Neuroscience in Trauma Therapy provides a basic overview of structure and function of the brain and nervous system, with special emphasis on changes that occur when the brain is exposed to trauma. The book presents a unique and integrative approach that blends soma and psyche beyond the purview of traditional talk therapy and introduces a variety of trauma-informed approaches for promoting resilience. Each chapter includes case studies, examples, and practical and adaptable tools, making Using Neuroscience in Trauma Therapy a go-to guide for information on applying lessons from neuroscience to therapy.

The Comprehensive Resource Model

Author : Lisa Schwarz
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1317425545
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis The Comprehensive Resource Model by : Lisa Schwarz

Download or read book The Comprehensive Resource Model written by Lisa Schwarz and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2016-10-04 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traditional methods employed in psychotherapy have limited effectiveness when it comes to healing the psychological effects of trauma, in particular, complex trauma. While a client may seem to make significant breakthroughs in understanding their feelings and experiences on a rational level by talking with a therapist, this will make no difference to their post-traumatic symptoms if the midbrain is unable to modulate its activity in response. The Comprehensive Resource Model argues for a novel therapeutic approach, which uniquely bridges neuroscience and spirituality through a combination of somatic therapy, traditional psychotherapy, and indigenous healing concepts to provide effective relief to survivors of trauma. The Comprehensive Resource Model was developed in response to the need for a streamlined, integrative therapeutic model; one which engages a scaffolding of neurobiological resources in many brain structures simultaneously in order for clients to be fully embodied and conscious in the present moment while processing their traumatic material. All three phases of trauma therapy: resourcing, processing, and integration are done simultaneously. Demonstrating a nested model and employing brain and body-based physiological safety as the foundation of healing, chapters describe three primary categories of targeted processing: implicit and explicit survival terror, ‘Little T Truths’, and ‘Big T Truths’, all of which contribute to thorough healing of complex trauma and an expansion into higher states of consciousness and embodiment of the essential core self. This book describes the development and benefits of this pioneering new approach to trauma therapy. As such, it will be of key interest to academics, researchers and postgraduate students in the fields of psychiatry, psychotherapy, psychology and trauma studies. It will also appeal to practising therapists, psychiatrists, psychologists, psychiatric nurses, and to others involved in the treatment or management of patients with complex trauma disorders.

The Child Survivor

Author : Joyanna L. Silberg
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351049607
Total Pages : 309 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis The Child Survivor by : Joyanna L. Silberg

Download or read book The Child Survivor written by Joyanna L. Silberg and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-08-18 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this second edition of Joyanna Silberg’s classic The Child Survivor, practitioners who treat dissociative children will find practical tools that are backed up by recent advances in clinical research. Chapters are filled with examples of clinical dilemmas that can challenge even the most expert child trauma clinicians, and Silberg shows how to handle these dilemmas with creativity, attunement, and sensitivity to the adaptive nature of even the most complex dissociative symptoms. The new edition addresses the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on children and provides tips for working with traumatized children in telehealth. A new chapter on organized abuse explains how children victimized by even the most sadistic crimes can respond well to therapy. Clinicians on the front lines of treatment will come away from the book with an arsenal of therapeutic techniques that they can put into practice right away, limiting the need for restrictive hospitalizations or out-of-home placements for their young clients.

Formulation in Action

Author : David Dawson
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110471019
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Formulation in Action by : David Dawson

Download or read book Formulation in Action written by David Dawson and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2015-01-01 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When people seek psychological support, formulation is the theory-driven methodology used by many practitioners to guide identification of the processes, mechanisms, and patterns of behaviour that appear to be contributing to the presenting difficulties. However, the process of formulating – or applying psychological theory to practice – can often seem unclear. In this volume, we present multiple demonstrations of formulation in action – written by applied psychologists embedded in clinical training, research, and practice. The volume covers a range of contemporary approaches to formulation and therapy that have not been considered in extant works, and includes unique sections offering critical counter-perspectives and commentaries on each approach (and its application) by authors working from alternative theoretical positions.

Cyclical Psychodynamics and the Contextual Self

Author : Paul L. Wachtel
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317743296
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (177 download)

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Book Synopsis Cyclical Psychodynamics and the Contextual Self by : Paul L. Wachtel

Download or read book Cyclical Psychodynamics and the Contextual Self written by Paul L. Wachtel and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-04-03 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cyclical Psychodynamics and the Contextual Self articulates in new ways the essential features and most recent extensions of Paul Wachtel's powerfully integrative theory of cyclical psychodynamics. Wachtel is widely regarded as the leading advocate for integrative thinking in personality theory and the theory and practice of psychotherapy. He is a contributor to cutting edge thought in the realm of relational psychoanalysis and to highlighting the ways in which the relational point of view provides especially fertile ground for integrating psychoanalytic insights with the ideas and methods of other theoretical and therapeutic orientations. In this book, Wachtel extends his integration of psychoanalytic, cognitive-behavioral, systemic, and experiential viewpoints to examine closely the nature of the inner world of subjectivity, its relation to the transactional world of daily life experiences, and the impact on both the larger social and cultural forces that both shape and are shaped by individual experience. Here, he discusses in a uniquely comprehensive fashiong the subtleties of the clinical interaction, the findings of systematic research, and the role of social, economic, and historical forces in our lives. The chapters in this book help to transcend the tunnel vision that can lead therapists of different orientations to ignore the important discoveries and innovations from competing approaches. Explicating the pervasive role of vicious circles and self-fulfilling prophecies in our lives, Cyclical Psychodynamics and the Contextual Self shows how deeply intertwined the subjective, the intersubjective, and the cultural realms are, and points to new pathways to therapeutic and social change. Both a theoretical tour de force and an immensely practical guide to clinical practice, this book will be essential reading for psychoanalysts, psychotherapists and students of human behavior of all backgrounds and theoretical orientations.