The Body and Military Masculinity in Late Qing and Early Republican China

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Author :
Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 1498531695
Total Pages : 429 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (985 download)

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Book Synopsis The Body and Military Masculinity in Late Qing and Early Republican China by : Nicolas Schillinger

Download or read book The Body and Military Masculinity in Late Qing and Early Republican China written by Nicolas Schillinger and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2016-12-12 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1894–1895, after suffering defeat against Japan in a war primarily fought over the control of Korea, the Qing government initiated fundamental military reforms and established “New Armies“ modeled after the German and Japanese military. Besides reorganizing the structure of the army and improving military training, the goal was to overcome the alleged physical weakness and lack of martial spirit attributed to Chinese soldiers in particular and to Chinese men in general. Intellectuals, government officials, and military circles criticized the pacifist and civil orientation of Chinese culture, which had resulted in a negative attitude towards its armed forces and martial values throughout society and a lack of interest in martial deeds, glory on the battlefield, and military achievements among men. The book examines the cultivation of new soldiers, officers, and civilians through new techniques intended to discipline their bodies and reconfigure their identities as military men and citizens. The book shows how the establishment of German-style “New Armies” in China between 1895 and 1916 led to the re‐creation of a militarized version of masculinity that stressed physical strength, discipline, professionalism, martial spirit, and “Western” military appearance and conduct. Although the military reforms did not prevent the downfall of the Qing Dynasty or provide stable military clout to subsequent regimes, they left a lasting legacy by reconfiguring Chinese military culture and re‐creating military masculinity and the image of men in China.

The Soldier Image and State-Building in Modern China, 1924-1945

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Author :
Publisher : Asia in the New Millennium
ISBN 13 : 9780813176741
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (767 download)

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Book Synopsis The Soldier Image and State-Building in Modern China, 1924-1945 by : Yan Xu

Download or read book The Soldier Image and State-Building in Modern China, 1924-1945 written by Yan Xu and published by Asia in the New Millennium. This book was released on 2019 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Soldier Image and State-Building in Modern China, 1924-1945 is the first study in English to explore the ways in which the figure of the soldier was employed to advance the ideological and cultural agendas of a variety of citizen groups during the first half of the twentieth century in China. Government authorities, cadets at the Whampoa Military Academy (the "West Point of China"), elites, urban professionals, intellectuals, activists, writers and students resisted, collaborated with, or questioned the heroic ideal of the soldier promoted by the Nationalist government. Author Yan Xu casts a wide net, examining military training records, political propaganda, field reports, newspapers, magazines, government documents, memoirs, and novels. In novels and articles, women and teachers worked against the heroic ideal without openly challenging the military, emphasizing the soldier's suffering, emotional needs, and poor education and thereby promoting their own importance as caretakers and educators. Students and young people urged enlistment and idealized the warrior-hero, but also managed to effectively criticize the government by organizing soldier relief work to combat government corruption. Xu demonstrates how the CCP's strategy of building bonds between soldiers and peasants and humanizing heroes was ultimately a more successful political strategy than the GMD's approach of elevating soldiers as model citizens"--

The Phony Reformer

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Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1538112418
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (381 download)

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Book Synopsis The Phony Reformer by :

Download or read book The Phony Reformer written by and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2018-06-15 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This engaging translation presents an authentic period document that reflects aspects of Chinese life and society as seen through contemporary eyes. Portraying a "phony" reformer who rode the tide of the Qing court's post-Boxer reform initiatives to career success and personal wealth, this satire conveys the author's hope for a new, improved China, one that could stand proudly alongside Western nations and Meiji Japan in the modern world. His vivid descriptions of various situations shed light on late Qing elite behavior and Sino-foreign relations capture the clash between tradition and modernity, the old and new, as educated Chinese stood at a cultural and political crossroads.

Negotiating Masculinities in Late Imperial China

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Author :
Publisher : University of Hawaii Press
ISBN 13 : 0824828968
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (248 download)

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Book Synopsis Negotiating Masculinities in Late Imperial China by : Martin W. Huang

Download or read book Negotiating Masculinities in Late Imperial China written by Martin W. Huang and published by University of Hawaii Press. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why did traditional Chinese literati so often identify themselves with women in their writing? What can this tell us about how they viewed themselves as men and how they understood masculinity? How did their attitudes in turn shape the martial heroes and other masculine models they constructed? Martin Huang attempts to answer these questions in this valuable work on manhood in late imperial China. He focuses on the ambivalent and often paradoxical role played by women and the feminine in the intricate negotiating process of male gender identity in late imperial cultural discourses. Two common strategies for constructing and negotiating masculinity were adopted in many of the works examined here. The first, what Huang calls the strategy of analogy, constructs masculinity in close association with the feminine; the second, the strategy of differentiation, defines it in sharp contrast to the feminine. In both cases women bear the burden as the defining "other." In this study, "feminine" is a rather broad concept denoting a wide range of gender phenomena associated with women, from the politically and socially destabilizing to the exemplary wives and daughters celebrated in Confucian chastity discourse.

Making China Modern

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Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674916077
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (749 download)

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Book Synopsis Making China Modern by : Klaus Mühlhahn

Download or read book Making China Modern written by Klaus Mühlhahn and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2019-01-14 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Chronicles reforms, revolutions, and wars through the lens of institutions, often rebutting Western impressions...[And] warns against thinking of China’s economic success as proof of a unique path without contextualizing it in historical specifics.” —New Yorker “This thoughtful, probing interpretation is a worthy successor to the famous histories of Fairbank and Spence and will be read by all students and scholars of modern China.” —William C. Kirby, coauthor of Can China Lead? It is tempting to attribute the rise of China’s to recent changes in political leadership and economic policy. But China has had a long history of creative adaptation and it would be a mistake to think that its current trajectory began with Deng Xiaoping. In the mid-eighteenth century, when the Qing Empire reached the height of its power, China dominated a third of the world’s population. Then, as the Opium Wars threatened the nation’s sovereignty and the Taiping Rebellion ripped the country apart, China found itself verging on free fall. In the twentieth century China managed a surprising recovery, rapidly undergoing profound economic and social change, buttressed by technological progress. A dynamic story of crisis and recovery, failures and triumphs, Making China Modern explores the versatility and resourcefulness that has guaranteed China’s survival in the past, and is now fueling its future.

The Politics of Veteran Benefits in the Twentieth Century

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Author :
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1501751654
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis The Politics of Veteran Benefits in the Twentieth Century by : Martin Crotty

Download or read book The Politics of Veteran Benefits in the Twentieth Century written by Martin Crotty and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2020-10-15 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What happened to veterans of the nations involved in the world wars? How did they fare when they returned home and needed benefits? How were they recognized—or not—by their governments and fellow citizens? Where and under what circumstances did they obtain an elevated postwar status? In this sophisticated comparative history of government policies regarding veterans, Martin Crotty, Neil J. Diamant, and Mark Edele examine veterans' struggles for entitlements and benefits in the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, Taiwan, the Soviet Union, China, Germany, and Australia after both global conflicts. They illuminate how veterans' success or failure in winning benefits were affected by a range of factors that shaped their ability to exert political influence. Some veterans' groups fought politicians for improvements to their postwar lives; this lobbying, the authors show, could set the foundation for beneficial veteran treatment regimes or weaken the political forces proposing unfavorable policies. The authors highlight cases of veterans who secured (and in some cases failed to secure) benefits and status after wars both won and lost; within both democratic and authoritarian polities; under liberal, conservative, and even Leninist governments; after wars fought by volunteers or conscripts, at home or abroad, and for legitimate or subsequently discredited causes. Veterans who succeeded did so, for the most part, by forcing their agendas through lobbying, protesting, and mobilizing public support. The Politics of Veteran Benefits in the Twentieth Century provides a large-scale map for a research field with a future: comparative veteran studies.

The History of Physical Culture in Ireland

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030637271
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis The History of Physical Culture in Ireland by : Conor Heffernan

Download or read book The History of Physical Culture in Ireland written by Conor Heffernan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-01-24 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the first to deal with physical culture in an Irish context, covering educational, martial and recreational histories. Deemed by many to be a precursor to the modern interest in health and gym cultures, physical culture was a late nineteenth and early twentieth century interest in personal health which spanned national and transnational histories. It encompassed gymnasiums, homes, classrooms, depots and military barracks. Prior to this work, physical culture’s emergence in Ireland has not received thorough academic attention. Addressing issues of gender, childhood, nationalism, and commerce, this book is unique within an Irish context in studying an Irish manifestation of a global phenomenon. Tracing four decades of Irish history, the work also examines the influence of foreign fitness entrepreneurs in Ireland and contrasts them with their Irish counterparts.

China's Borderlands under the Qing, 1644–1912

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000343456
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis China's Borderlands under the Qing, 1644–1912 by : Daniel McMahon

Download or read book China's Borderlands under the Qing, 1644–1912 written by Daniel McMahon and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-12-30 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores new directions in the study of China’s borderlands. In addition to assessing the influential perspectives of other historians, it engages innovative approaches in the author’s own research. These studies probe regional accommodations, the intersections of borderland management, martial fortification, and imperial culture, as well as the role of governmental discourse in defining and preserving restive boundary regions. As the issue of China’s management of its borderlands grows more pressing, the work presents key information and insights into how that nation’s contested fringes have been governed in the past.

Rebel Men

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Publisher : Hong Kong University Press
ISBN 13 : 988875405X
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (887 download)

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Book Synopsis Rebel Men by : Pamela Hunt

Download or read book Rebel Men written by Pamela Hunt and published by Hong Kong University Press. This book was released on 2022-05-10 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Masculinity, fast-changing and regularly declared to be in the throes of crisis, is attracting more popular and scholarly debate in China than ever before. At the same time, Chinese literature since 1989 has been characterized as brimming with countercultural ‘attitude’. This book probes the link between literary rebellion and manhood in China, showing how, as male writers critique the outcomes of decades of market reform, they also ask the same question: how best to be a man in the new postsocialist order? In this first full-length discussion of masculinity in post-1989 Chinese literature, Pamela Hunt offers a detailed analysis of four contemporary authors in particular: Zhu Wen, Feng Tang, Xu Zechen, and Han Han. In a series of insightful readings, she explores how all four writers show the same preoccupation with the figure of the man on the edges of society. Drawing on longstanding Chinese and global models of maverick, as well as marginal masculinity, and responding to a desire to retain a measure of masculine authority, their characters all engage in forms of transgression that still rely heavily on heteronormative and patriarchal values. Rebel Men argues that masculinity, so often overlooked in literary analysis of contemporary China, continues to be renegotiated, debated, and agonized over, and is ultimately reconstructed as more powerful than before. ‘An exceptionally lucid, elegant study of masculinity in mainland Chinese fiction of the 1990s and 2000s. Both historically and theoretically informed, Rebel Men: Masculinity and Attitude in Postsocialist Chinese Literature offers a major new perspective on post-1989 Chinese counterculture.’ —Julia Lovell, Birkbeck, University of London

Governing the Dead

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Author :
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1501756516
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Governing the Dead by : Linh D. Vu

Download or read book Governing the Dead written by Linh D. Vu and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2021-08-15 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Governing the Dead, Linh D. Vu explains how the Chinese Nationalist regime consolidated control by honoring its millions of war dead, allowing China to emerge rapidly from the wreckage of the first half of the twentieth century to become a powerful state, supported by strong nationalistic sentiment and institutional infrastructure. The fall of the empire, internecine conflicts, foreign invasion, and war-related disasters claimed twenty to thirty million Chinese lives. Vu draws on government records, newspapers, and petition letters from mourning families to analyze how the Nationalist regime's commemoration of the dead and compensation of the bereaved actually fortified its central authority. By enshrining the victims of violence as national ancestors, the Republic of China connected citizenship to the idea of the nation, promoting loyalty to the "imagined community." The regime constructed China's first public military cemetery and hundreds of martyrs' shrines, collectively mourned millions of fallen soldiers and civilians, and disbursed millions of yuan to tens of thousands of widows and orphans. The regime thus exerted control over the living by creating the state apparatus necessary to manage the dead. Although the Communist forces prevailed in 1949, the Nationalists had already laid the foundation for the modern nation-state through their governance of dead citizens. The Nationalist policies of glorifying and compensating the loyal dead in an age of catastrophic destruction left an important legacy: violence came to be celebrated rather than lamented.

Discourses of Weakness in Modern China

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Author :
Publisher : Campus Verlag
ISBN 13 : 359343895X
Total Pages : 587 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (934 download)

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Book Synopsis Discourses of Weakness in Modern China by : Iwo Amelung

Download or read book Discourses of Weakness in Modern China written by Iwo Amelung and published by Campus Verlag. This book was released on 2020-06-24 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Die Vorstellung, China sei ein "schwacher Staat", der in einer zunehmend darwinistisch konzipierten Welt nicht konkurrenzfähig sei, beherrschte vom Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts, besonders seit dem verlorenen Krieg gegen Japan (1894/95), bis in die 1930er-Jahre den politischen Diskurs in China selbst wie auch in anderen Ländern der Welt. Der Band zeichnet diese "Untergangsgeschichte" des "kranken Mannes Asiens" nach und hilft somit, das Selbstverständnis und die Identität des heutigen China zu verstehen.

Mastery of Words and Swords

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Publisher : Hong Kong University Press
ISBN 13 : 9888528742
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (885 download)

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Book Synopsis Mastery of Words and Swords by : Jun Lei

Download or read book Mastery of Words and Swords written by Jun Lei and published by Hong Kong University Press. This book was released on 2021-11-03 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The crisis of masculinity surfaced and converged with the crisis of the nation in the late Qing, after the doors of China were forced open by Opium Wars. The power of physical aggression increasingly overshadowed literary attainments and became a new imperative of male honor in the late Qing and early Republican China. Afflicted with anxiety and indignation about their increasingly effeminate image as perceived by Western colonial powers, Chinese intellectuals strategically distanced themselves from the old literati and reassessed their positions vis-à-vis violence. In Mastery of Words and Swords: Negotiating Intellectual Masculinities in Modern China, 1890s–1930s, Jun Lei explores the formation and evolution of modern Chinese intellectual masculinities as constituted in racial, gender, and class discourses mediated by the West and Japan. This book brings to light a new area of interest in the “Man Question” within gender studies in which women have typically been the focus. To fully reveal the evolving masculine models of a “scholar-warrior,” this book employs an innovative methodology that combines theoretical vigor, archival research, and analysis of literary texts and visuals. Situating the changing inter- and intra-gender relations in modern Chinese history and Chinese literary and cultural modernism, the book engages critically with male subjectivity in relation to other pivotal issues such as semi-coloniality, psychoanalysis, modern love, feminism, and urbanization. “Jun Lei’s brilliant book offers a wealth of information and insights on how intellectuals such as Liang Qichao and Lu Xun shaped notions of Chinese masculinity in the tumultuous late Qing and May Fourth periods. Its account of how China’s interactions with the West and Japan impacted ideas of masculinity in modern times is compelling reading.” —Kam Louie, author of Theorising Chinese Masculinity: Society and Gender in China and Chinese Masculinities in a Globalizing World “What are political and cultural consequences when a Chinese man looks and behaves like a woman? Jun Lei probes the psychic, intellectual, and nationalist underpinnings of that question. This provocative book offers an engaging story and insightful analyses about how male writers grappled with the effeminate look and strove to revitalize manliness.” —Ban Wan

The Suicide of Miss Xi

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Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674259130
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (742 download)

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Book Synopsis The Suicide of Miss Xi by : Bryna Goodman

Download or read book The Suicide of Miss Xi written by Bryna Goodman and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2021-07-13 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A suicide scandal in Shanghai reveals the social fault lines of democratic visions in China’s troubled Republic in the early 1920s. On September 8, 1922, the body of Xi Shangzhen was found hanging in the Shanghai newspaper office where she worked. Although her death occurred outside of Chinese jurisdiction, her US-educated employer, Tang Jiezhi, was kidnapped by Chinese authorities and put on trial. In the unfolding scandal, novelists, filmmakers, suffragists, reformers, and even a founding member of the Chinese Communist Party seized upon the case as emblematic of deep social problems. Xi’s family claimed that Tang had pressured her to be his concubine; his conviction instead for financial fraud only stirred further controversy. The creation of a republic ten years earlier had inspired a vision of popular sovereignty and citizenship premised upon gender equality and legal reform. After the quick suppression of the first Chinese parliament, commercial circles took up the banner of democracy in their pursuit of wealth. But, Bryna Goodman shows, the suicide of an educated “new woman” exposed the emptiness of republican democracy after a flash of speculative finance gripped the city. In the shadow of economic crisis, Tang’s trial also exposed the frailty of legal mechanisms in a political landscape fragmented by warlords and enclaves of foreign colonial rule. The Suicide of Miss Xi opens a window onto how urban Chinese in the early twentieth century navigated China’s early passage through democratic populism, in an ill-fated moment of possibility between empire and party dictatorship. Xi Shangzhen became a symbol of the failures of the Chinese Republic as well as the broken promises of citizen’s rights, gender equality, and financial prosperity betokened by liberal democracy and capitalism.

War and Childhood in the Era of the Two World Wars

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Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108625762
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (86 download)

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Book Synopsis War and Childhood in the Era of the Two World Wars by : Mischa Honeck

Download or read book War and Childhood in the Era of the Two World Wars written by Mischa Honeck and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-02-21 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The histories of modern war and childhood were the result of competing urgencies. According to ideals of childhood widely accepted throughout the world by 1900, children should have been protected, even hidden, from conflict and danger. Yet at a time when modern ways of childhood became increasingly possible for economic, social, and political reasons, it became less possible to fully protect them in the face of massive industrialized warfare driven by geopolitical rivalries and expansionist policies. Taking a global perspective, the chapters in this book examine a wide range of experiences and places. In addition to showing how the engagement of children and youth with war differed according to geography, technology, class, age, race, gender, and the nature of the state, they reveal how children acquired agency during the twentieth century's greatest conflicts.

Learning to Rule

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Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231554966
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Learning to Rule by : Daniel Barish

Download or read book Learning to Rule written by Daniel Barish and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2022-02-08 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the second half of the nineteenth century, local leaders around the Qing empire attempted to rebuild in the aftermath of domestic rebellion and imperialist aggression. At the same time, the enthronement of a series of children brought the question of reconstruction into the heart of the capital. Chinese scholars, Manchu and Mongolian officials, and writers in the press all competed to have their ideas included in the education of young rulers. Each group hoped to use the power of the emperor—both his functional role within the bureaucracy and his symbolic role as an exemplar for the people—to promote reform. Daniel Barish explores debates surrounding the education of the final three Qing emperors, showing how imperial curricula became proxy battles for divergent visions of how to restabilize the country. He sheds light on the efforts of rival figures, who drew on China’s dynastic history, Manchu traditions, and the statecraft tools of imperial powers as they sought to remake the state. Barish traces how court education reflected arguments over the introduction of Western learning, the fate of the Manchu Way, the place of women in society, notions of constitutionalism, and emergent conceptions of national identity. He emphasizes how changing ideas of education intersected with a push for a renewed imperial center and national unity, helping create a model of rulership for postimperial regimes. Through the lens of the education of young emperors, Learning to Rule develops a new understanding of the late Qing era and the relationship between the monarchy and the nation in modern China.

Engineering Trouble: US–Chinese Experiences of Professional Discontent, 1905–1945

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Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004549552
Total Pages : 293 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (45 download)

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Book Synopsis Engineering Trouble: US–Chinese Experiences of Professional Discontent, 1905–1945 by : Thorben Pelzer

Download or read book Engineering Trouble: US–Chinese Experiences of Professional Discontent, 1905–1945 written by Thorben Pelzer and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-07-31 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the early twentieth century, the first large batch of Chinese civil engineers had graduated from the USA, and together with their American senior colleagues returned to China. They were enthusiastic about reconstructing the young republic by building new railways, highways, and canals, but what the engineers experienced in China, including mismanaged railways, useless highways, and silted canals, did not always meet their expectations and ideals. In this book, Thorben Pelzer makes the stories of these Chinese and American engineers come to life through exploring previously unpublished letters, rare images, maps, and a rich biographical dataset. He argues that the experiences of these engineers include a myriad of contradictions, disillusionment, and discontent, keeping the engineering profession in a constant flux of searching for its meaning and its place in Republican China.

Intimate Communities

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Author :
Publisher : University of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520300467
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (23 download)

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Book Synopsis Intimate Communities by : Nicole Elizabeth Barnes

Download or read book Intimate Communities written by Nicole Elizabeth Barnes and published by University of California Press. This book was released on 2018-10-23 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A free ebook version of this title is available through Luminos, University of California Press’s Open Access publishing program. Visit www.luminosoa.org to learn more. When China’s War of Resistance against Japan began in July 1937, it sparked an immediate health crisis throughout China. In the end, China not only survived the war but emerged from the trauma with a more cohesive population. Intimate Communities argues that women who worked as military and civilian nurses, doctors, and midwives during this turbulent period built the national community, one relationship at a time. In a country with a majority illiterate, agricultural population that could not relate to urban elites’ conceptualization of nationalism, these women used their work of healing to create emotional bonds with soldiers and civilians from across the country. These bonds transcended the divides of social class, region, gender, and language.