Scientists Business And The State 1890 1960

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Scientists, Business, and the State, 1890-1960

Author : Patrick J. McGrath
Publisher : Univ of North Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 0807875287
Total Pages : 381 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis Scientists, Business, and the State, 1890-1960 by : Patrick J. McGrath

Download or read book Scientists, Business, and the State, 1890-1960 written by Patrick J. McGrath and published by Univ of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 2003-01-14 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the late nineteenth century, scientists began allying themselves with America's corporate, political, and military elites. They did so not just to improve their professional standing and win more money for research, says Patrick McGrath, but for political reasons as well. They wanted to use their new institutional connections to effect a transformation of American political culture. They succeeded, but not in ways that all scientists envisioned or agreed upon. McGrath describes how, between 1890 and 1960, scientific, business, and political leaders together forged a new definition of American democracy in which science and technology were presented to the public as crucial ingredients of the nation's progress, prosperity, and political stability. But as scientists became more prominent, they provoked conflicts among themselves as well as with their institutional patrons over exactly how their expertise should be used. McGrath examines the bitter battles that erupted over the role scientists should play during the Great Depression, World War II, the Cold War arms race, and the security and loyalty investigations of the 1950s. He finds that, by the end of the 1950s, scientists were regarded by the political and military elite not as partners but as subordinate technicians who were expected to supply weapons on demand for the Cold War state. Originally published 2001. A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.

The Scientific Life

Author : Steven Shapin
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226750175
Total Pages : 488 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis The Scientific Life by : Steven Shapin

Download or read book The Scientific Life written by Steven Shapin and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2009-08-01 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Who are scientists? What kind of people are they? What capacities and virtues are thought to stand behind their considerable authority? They are experts—indeed, highly respected experts—authorized to describe and interpret the natural world and widely trusted to help transform knowledge into power and profit. But are they morally different from other people? The Scientific Life is historian Steven Shapin’s story about who scientists are, who we think they are, and why our sensibilities about such things matter. Conventional wisdom has long held that scientists are neither better nor worse than anyone else, that personal virtue does not necessarily accompany technical expertise, and that scientific practice is profoundly impersonal. Shapin, however, here shows how the uncertainties attending scientific research make the virtues of individual researchers intrinsic to scientific work. From the early twentieth-century origins of corporate research laboratories to the high-flying scientific entrepreneurship of the present, Shapin argues that the radical uncertainties of much contemporary science have made personal virtues more central to its practice than ever before, and he also reveals how radically novel aspects of late modern science have unexpectedly deep historical roots. His elegantly conceived history of the scientific career and character ultimately encourages us to reconsider the very nature of the technical and moral worlds in which we now live. Building on the insights of Shapin’s last three influential books, featuring an utterly fascinating cast of characters, and brimming with bold and original claims, The Scientific Life is essential reading for anyone wanting to reflect on late modern American culture and how it has been shaped.

Barry Commoner and the Science of Survival

Author : Michael Egan
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262262657
Total Pages : 309 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (622 download)

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Book Synopsis Barry Commoner and the Science of Survival by : Michael Egan

Download or read book Barry Commoner and the Science of Survival written by Michael Egan and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2009-01-23 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chronicles the activist career of Barry Commoner, one of the most influential American environmental thinkers, and his role in recasting the environmental movement after World War II. For over half a century, the biologist Barry Commoner has been one of the most prominent and charismatic defenders of the American environment, appearing on the cover of Time magazine in 1970 as the standard-bearer of "the emerging science of survival." In Barry Commoner and the Science of Survival, Michael Egan examines Commoner's social and scientific activism and charts an important shift in American environmental values since World War II.Throughout his career, Commoner believed that scientists had a social responsibility, and that one of their most important obligations was to provide citizens with accessible scientific information so they could be included in public debates that concerned them. Egan shows how Commoner moved naturally from calling attention to the hazards of nuclear fallout to raising public awareness of the environmental dangers posed by the petrochemical industry. He argues that Commoner's belief in the importance of dissent, the dissemination of scientific information, and the need for citizen empowerment were critical planks in the remaking of American environmentalism. Commoner's activist career can be defined as an attempt to weave together a larger vision of social justice. Since the 1960s, he has called attention to parallels between the environmental, civil rights, labor, and peace movements, and connected environmental decline with poverty, injustice, exploitation, and war, arguing that the root cause of environmental problems was the American economic system and its manifestations. He was instrumental in pointing out that there was a direct association between socioeconomic standing and exposure to environmental pollutants and that economics, not social responsibility, was guiding technological decision making. Egan argues that careful study of Commoner's career could help reinvigorate the contemporary environmental movement at a point when the environmental stakes have never been so high.

The Peoples’ War?

Author : Alexander Wilson
Publisher : McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP
ISBN 13 : 0228015901
Total Pages : 391 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis The Peoples’ War? by : Alexander Wilson

Download or read book The Peoples’ War? written by Alexander Wilson and published by McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. This book was released on 2022-11-15 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Some 60 million people died during the Second World War; millions more were displaced in Europe, Africa, and Asia. The war resulted in the creation of new states, the acceleration of imperial decline, and a shift in the distribution of global power. Despite its unprecedented impact, a comprehensive account of the complex international experiences of this war remains elusive. The Peoples’ War? offers fresh approaches to the challenge of writing a new history of the Second World War. Exploring aspects of the war that have been marginalized in military and political studies, the volume foregrounds less familiar narratives, subjects, and places. Chapters recover the wartime experiences of individuals – including women, children, members of minority ethnic groups, and colonial subjects – whose stories do not fit easily into conventional national war narratives. The contributors show how terms used to delineate the conflict such as home front and battle front, occupier and occupied, captor and prisoner, and friend and foe became increasingly blurred as the war wore on. Above all, the volume encourages reflection on whether this conflict really was a “Peoples’ War.” Challenging the homogenizing narratives of the war as a nationally unifying experience, The Peoples’ War? seeks to enrich our understanding of the Second World War as a global event.

DDT and the American Century

Author : David Kinkela
Publisher : Univ of North Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 0807835099
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis DDT and the American Century by : David Kinkela

Download or read book DDT and the American Century written by David Kinkela and published by Univ of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 2011 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DDT and the American Century

American Labyrinth

Author : Raymond Haberski, Jr.
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1501730223
Total Pages : 345 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis American Labyrinth by : Raymond Haberski, Jr.

Download or read book American Labyrinth written by Raymond Haberski, Jr. and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2018-12-15 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intellectual history has never been more relevant and more important to public life in the United States. In complicated and confounding times, people look for the principles that drive action and the foundations that support national ideals. American Labyrinth demonstrates the power of intellectual history to illuminate our public life and examine our ideological assumptions. This volume of essays brings together 19 influential intellectual historians to contribute original thoughts on topics of widespread interest. Raymond Haberski Jr. and Andrew Hartman asked a group of nimble, sharp scholars to respond to a simple question: How might the resources of intellectual history help shed light on contemporary issues with historical resonance? The answers—all rigorous, original, and challenging—are as eclectic in approach and temperament as the authors are different in their interests and methods. Taken together, the essays of American Labyrinth illustrate how intellectual historians, operating in many different registers at once and ranging from the theoretical to the political, can provide telling insights for understanding a public sphere fraught with conflict. In order to understand why people are ready to fight over cultural symbols and political positions we must have insight into how ideas organize, enliven, and define our lives. Ultimately, as Haberski and Hartman show in this volume, the best route through our contemporary American labyrinth is the path that traces our practical and lived ideas.

Sharing Knowledge, Shaping Europe

Author : John Krige
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262034778
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Sharing Knowledge, Shaping Europe by : John Krige

Download or read book Sharing Knowledge, Shaping Europe written by John Krige and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2016-07-22 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How America used its technological leadership in the 1950s and the 1960s to foster European collaboration and curb nuclear proliferation, with varying degrees of success. In the 1950s and the 1960s, U.S. administrations were determined to prevent Western European countries from developing independent national nuclear weapons programs. To do so, the United States attempted to use its technological pre-eminence as a tool of “soft power” to steer Western European technological choices toward the peaceful uses of the atom and of space, encouraging options that fostered collaboration, promoted nonproliferation, and defused challenges to U.S. technological superiority. In Sharing Knowledge, Shaping Europe, John Krige describes these efforts and the varying degrees of success they achieved. Krige explains that the pursuit of scientific and technological leadership, galvanized by America's Cold War competition with the Soviet Union, was also used for techno-political collaboration with major allies. He examines a series of multinational arrangements involving shared technological platforms and aimed at curbing nuclear proliferation, and he describes the roles of the Department of State, the Atomic Energy Commission, and NASA. To their dismay, these agencies discovered that the use of technology as an instrument of soft power was seriously circumscribed, by internal divisions within successive administrations and by external opposition from European countries. It was successful, Krige argues, only when technological leadership was embedded in a web of supportive “harder” power structures.

Pills, Power, and Policy

Author : Dominique A. Tobbell
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520271149
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (22 download)

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Book Synopsis Pills, Power, and Policy by : Dominique A. Tobbell

Download or read book Pills, Power, and Policy written by Dominique A. Tobbell and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Tobbell analyzes the political and economic history of the alignment of the pharmaceutical industry, academic institutions and their faculty and organized medicine. This book is essential reading for policymakers and their staff as well as persons who study the history of health policy and those who contribute to it through medical research, advocacy and journalism. " -Daniel Fox, author of The Convergence of Science and Governance: Research, Health Policy, and American States "Dominique Tobbell’s vivid, balanced and probing account of pharmaceutical politics is a significant, needed analysis of the relationships between the pharmaceutical industry, university researchers, the medical profession and government in the Cold War period. More than this, Pills, Power, and Policy shows why it continues to be difficult to agree in the United States on the relative roles of corporate enterprise, government regulation, technological innovation, freedom to prescribe, and consumer marketing and protection, all played out against the rising costs of health care. Timely and thought-provoking."--Rosemary A. Stevens. DeWitt Wallace Distinguished Scholar, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College "A superb and compelling account of the creation of one of America’s most reviled entities: Big Pharma. With clarity and subtlety, Pills, Power, and Policy weaves together the political, economic, and the medical to reveal the entangled history behind our modern pharmaceutical predicament."--Andrea Tone, Ph.D., Professor of History & Canada Research Chair in the Social History of Medicine, McGill University “Pills, Power and Policy provides an outstanding description and analysis of the evolution of drug policy. It is an extremely important contribution to our understanding of the political, scientific, and economic nature of pharmaceutical regulation." -Daniel S. Greenberg, Washington journalist and author of Science, Money and Politics: Political Triumph and Ethical Erosion

International Organizations and Global Development

Author : Nicholas Ferns
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3111280357
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (112 download)

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Book Synopsis International Organizations and Global Development by : Nicholas Ferns

Download or read book International Organizations and Global Development written by Nicholas Ferns and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2024-05-20 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The third issue of the Yearbook on the History of Global Development aims at collecting contributions about the role of international organiszations in shaping the global system of development throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. International organizations - both intergovernmental and NGOs - have played a crucial role, shaping the global system of development by setting agendas, mobilizing people, and framing ideas and practices regarding development on local, national, regional, and global scales.

Cancer, Radiation Therapy, and the Market

Author : Barbara Bridgman Perkins
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1351978136
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (519 download)

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Book Synopsis Cancer, Radiation Therapy, and the Market by : Barbara Bridgman Perkins

Download or read book Cancer, Radiation Therapy, and the Market written by Barbara Bridgman Perkins and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-08-16 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Technology, a Company, and an Industrial Park -- Technology Development at a Self-Financing Medical School -- Commercializing the Medical Linear Accelerator -- Money and Power in the Radiology Department -- Kaplan Takes On Hodgkin's -- Notes -- Chapter 8 Radiation Therapy Politics -- Data and Discourse -- Politics and Policy -- Notes -- Part 3 Financializing Medicine, 1970s to the 2010s -- Political and Economic Environment -- Notes -- Chapter 9 Speculating on Proton Therapy -- Raising the Stakes -- Management Company/Manufacturing Alliances -- Proton Manufacturing Accelerates -- Practice versus Science -- The Case of the Prostate Gland -- Public and Private Health Policy -- The Insurance Industry Challenges Proton Therapy -- Globalizing Particle Centers -- Notes -- Chapter 10 Rationalizing Radiation Therapy, Reforming Health Care -- Taking the Measure of Cancer and Radiation Therapy -- Health Care Reform -- Notes -- Chapter 11 Choosing Health Over Wealth -- Market Strategies -- Re-Forming Health Care -- Notes -- Acknowledgments -- Selected Bibliography -- Archival Collections -- Books, Chapters, Dissertations, Journal Articles, and Reports -- Index

Pop Goes the Decade

Author : Martin Kich
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (161 download)

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Book Synopsis Pop Goes the Decade by : Martin Kich

Download or read book Pop Goes the Decade written by Martin Kich and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2020-01-07 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analyzing complex social and political issues through their manifestations in popular culture, this book provides readers a strong foundational knowledge of the 1960s as a decade. 1969 went out in a way that could never have been imagined in 1960. While the president at the end of the decade had been vice president at the start, the intervening years permanently changed American culture. Pop Goes the Decade: The Sixties explores the cultural and social framework of the 1960s, addressing film, television, sports, technology, media/advertising, fashion, art, and more. Entries are presented in encyclopedic fashion, organized into such categories as controversies in pop culture, game changers, technology, and the decade's legacy. A timeline highlights significant cultural moments, while an introduction and a conclusion place those moments within the contexts of preceding and subsequent decades. Attention to the decade's most prominent influencers allows readers to understand the movements with which these figures are associated, and discussion of controversies and social change enables readers to gain a stronger understanding of evolving American social values.

Science and the State

Author : John Gascoigne
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107155673
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Science and the State by : John Gascoigne

Download or read book Science and the State written by John Gascoigne and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-03-21 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first historical overview of the partnership between science and the state from the Scientific Revolution to World War II.

Empty Pleasures

Author : Carolyn de la Peña
Publisher : Univ of North Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 0807879673
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis Empty Pleasures by : Carolyn de la Peña

Download or read book Empty Pleasures written by Carolyn de la Peña and published by Univ of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 2010-09-27 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sugar substitutes have been a part of American life since saccharin was introduced at the 1893 World's Fair. In Empty Pleasures, the first history of artificial sweeteners in the United States, Carolyn de la Pena blends popular culture with business and women's history, examining the invention, production, marketing, regulation, and consumption of sugar substitutes such as saccharin, Sucaryl, NutraSweet, and Splenda. She describes how saccharin, an accidental laboratory by-product, was transformed from a perceived adulterant into a healthy ingredient. As food producers and pharmaceutical companies worked together to create diet products, savvy women's magazine writers and editors promoted artificially sweetened foods as ideal, modern weight-loss aids, and early diet-plan entrepreneurs built menus and fortunes around pleasurable dieting made possible by artificial sweeteners. NutraSweet, Splenda, and their predecessors have enjoyed enormous success by promising that Americans, especially women, can "have their cake and eat it too," but Empty Pleasures argues that these "sweet cheats" have fostered troubling and unsustainable eating habits and that the promises of artificial sweeteners are ultimately too good to be true.

American Prometheus

Author : Kai Bird
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0307424731
Total Pages : 786 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis American Prometheus by : Kai Bird

Download or read book American Prometheus written by Kai Bird and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2007-12-18 with total page 786 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: THE INSPIRATION FOR THE MAJOR MOTION PICTURE OPPENHEIMER • "A riveting account of one of history’s most essential and paradoxical figures.”—Christopher Nolan #1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • PULITZER PRIZE WINNER • The definitive biography of J. Robert Oppenheimer, one of the iconic figures of the twentieth century, a brilliant physicist who led the effort to build the atomic bomb for his country in a time of war, and who later found himself confronting the moral consequences of scientific progress. In this magisterial, acclaimed biography twenty-five years in the making, Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin capture Oppenheimer’s life and times, from his early career to his central role in the Cold War. This is biography and history at its finest, riveting and deeply informative. “A masterful account of Oppenheimer’s rise and fall, set in the context of the turbulent decades of America’s own transformation. It is a tour de force.” —Los Angeles Times Book Review “A work of voluminous scholarship and lucid insight, unifying its multifaceted portrait with a keen grasp of Oppenheimer’s essential nature.... It succeeds in deeply fathoming his most damaging, self-contradictory behavior.” —The New York Times

Science, Democracy, and the American University

Author : Andrew Jewett
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139577107
Total Pages : 567 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (395 download)

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Book Synopsis Science, Democracy, and the American University by : Andrew Jewett

Download or read book Science, Democracy, and the American University written by Andrew Jewett and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-05-01 with total page 567 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reinterprets the rise of the natural and social sciences as sources of political authority in modern America. Andrew Jewett demonstrates the remarkable persistence of a belief that the scientific enterprise carried with it a set of ethical values capable of grounding a democratic culture - a political function widely assigned to religion. The book traces the shifting formulations of this belief from the creation of the research universities in the Civil War era to the early Cold War years. It examines hundreds of leading scholars who viewed science not merely as a source of technical knowledge, but also as a resource for fostering cultural change. This vision generated surprisingly nuanced portraits of science in the years before the military-industrial complex and has much to teach us today about the relationship between science and democracy.

The Routledge Handbook of the Political Economy of Science

Author : David Tyfield
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1317412036
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of the Political Economy of Science by : David Tyfield

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of the Political Economy of Science written by David Tyfield and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-04-28 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The political economy of research and innovation (R&I) is one of the central issues of the early twenty-first century. ‘Science’ and ‘innovation’ are increasingly tasked with driving and reshaping a troubled global economy while also tackling multiple, overlapping global challenges, such as climate change or food security, global pandemics or energy security. But responding to these demands is made more complicated because R&I themselves are changing. Today, new global patterns of R&I are transforming the very structures, institutions and processes of science and innovation, and with it their claims about desirable futures. Our understanding of R&I needs to change accordingly. Responding to this new urgency and uncertainty, this handbook presents a pioneering selection of the growing body of literature that has emerged in recent years at the intersection of science and technology studies and political economy. The central task for this research has been to expose important but consequential misconceptions about the political economy of R&I and to build more insightful approaches. This volume therefore explores the complex interrelations between R&I (both in general and in specific fields) and political economies across a number of key dimensions from health to environment, and universities to the military. The Routledge Handbook of the Political Economy of Science offers a unique collection of texts across a range of issues in this burgeoning and important field from a global selection of top scholars. The handbook is essential reading for students interested in the political economy of science, technology and innovation. It also presents succinct and insightful summaries of the state of the art for more advanced scholars.

The Age of Edison

Author : Ernest Freeberg
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1101605472
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis The Age of Edison by : Ernest Freeberg

Download or read book The Age of Edison written by Ernest Freeberg and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2013-02-21 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A sweeping history of the electric light revolution and the birth of modern America The late nineteenth century was a period of explosive technological creativity, but more than any other invention, Thomas Edison’s incandescent light bulb marked the arrival of modernity, transforming its inventor into a mythic figure and avatar of an era. In The Age of Edison, award-winning author and historian Ernest Freeberg weaves a narrative that reaches from Coney Island and Broadway to the tiniest towns of rural America, tracing the progress of electric light through the reactions of everyone who saw it and capturing the wonder Edison’s invention inspired. It is a quintessentially American story of ingenuity, ambition, and possibility in which the greater forces of progress and change are made by one of our most humble and ubiquitous objects.