Scientists Business And The State 1890 1960

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Scientists, Business, and the State, 1890-1960

Author : Patrick J. McGrath
Publisher : Univ of North Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 0807875287
Total Pages : 381 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis Scientists, Business, and the State, 1890-1960 by : Patrick J. McGrath

Download or read book Scientists, Business, and the State, 1890-1960 written by Patrick J. McGrath and published by Univ of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 2003-01-14 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the late nineteenth century, scientists began allying themselves with America's corporate, political, and military elites. They did so not just to improve their professional standing and win more money for research, says Patrick McGrath, but for political reasons as well. They wanted to use their new institutional connections to effect a transformation of American political culture. They succeeded, but not in ways that all scientists envisioned or agreed upon. McGrath describes how, between 1890 and 1960, scientific, business, and political leaders together forged a new definition of American democracy in which science and technology were presented to the public as crucial ingredients of the nation's progress, prosperity, and political stability. But as scientists became more prominent, they provoked conflicts among themselves as well as with their institutional patrons over exactly how their expertise should be used. McGrath examines the bitter battles that erupted over the role scientists should play during the Great Depression, World War II, the Cold War arms race, and the security and loyalty investigations of the 1950s. He finds that, by the end of the 1950s, scientists were regarded by the political and military elite not as partners but as subordinate technicians who were expected to supply weapons on demand for the Cold War state. Originally published 2001. A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.

Science and the State

Author : John Gascoigne
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107155673
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Science and the State by : John Gascoigne

Download or read book Science and the State written by John Gascoigne and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-03-21 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first historical overview of the partnership between science and the state from the Scientific Revolution to World War II.

Make It Rain

Author : Kristine C. Harper
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022659792X
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (265 download)

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Book Synopsis Make It Rain by : Kristine C. Harper

Download or read book Make It Rain written by Kristine C. Harper and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2018-06-04 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Weather control. Juxtaposing those two words is enough to raise eyebrows in a world where even the best weather models still fail to nail every forecast, and when the effects of climate change on sea level height, seasonal averages of weather phenomena, and biological behavior are being watched with interest by all, regardless of political or scientific persuasion. But between the late nineteenth century—when the United States first funded an attempt to “shock” rain out of clouds—and the late 1940s, rainmaking (as it had been known) became weather control. And then things got out of control. In Make It Rain, Kristine C. Harper tells the long and somewhat ludicrous history of state-funded attempts to manage, manipulate, and deploy the weather in America. Harper shows that governments from the federal to the local became helplessly captivated by the idea that weather control could promote agriculture, health, industrial output, and economic growth at home, or even be used as a military weapon and diplomatic tool abroad. Clear fog for landing aircraft? There’s a project for that. Gentle rain for strawberries? Let’s do it! Enhanced snowpacks for hydroelectric utilities? Check. The heyday of these weather control programs came during the Cold War, as the atmosphere came to be seen as something to be defended, weaponized, and manipulated. Yet Harper demonstrates that today there are clear implications for our attempts to solve the problems of climate change.

The Effortless Economy of Science?

Author : Philip Mirowski
Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780822333227
Total Pages : 478 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (332 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effortless Economy of Science? by : Philip Mirowski

Download or read book The Effortless Economy of Science? written by Philip Mirowski and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A compilation of essays by the author that reveals the value for science studies of examples arising within the history of economics.

The Scientific Life

Author : Steven Shapin
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226750175
Total Pages : 488 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis The Scientific Life by : Steven Shapin

Download or read book The Scientific Life written by Steven Shapin and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2009-08-01 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Who are scientists? What kind of people are they? What capacities and virtues are thought to stand behind their considerable authority? They are experts—indeed, highly respected experts—authorized to describe and interpret the natural world and widely trusted to help transform knowledge into power and profit. But are they morally different from other people? The Scientific Life is historian Steven Shapin’s story about who scientists are, who we think they are, and why our sensibilities about such things matter. Conventional wisdom has long held that scientists are neither better nor worse than anyone else, that personal virtue does not necessarily accompany technical expertise, and that scientific practice is profoundly impersonal. Shapin, however, here shows how the uncertainties attending scientific research make the virtues of individual researchers intrinsic to scientific work. From the early twentieth-century origins of corporate research laboratories to the high-flying scientific entrepreneurship of the present, Shapin argues that the radical uncertainties of much contemporary science have made personal virtues more central to its practice than ever before, and he also reveals how radically novel aspects of late modern science have unexpectedly deep historical roots. His elegantly conceived history of the scientific career and character ultimately encourages us to reconsider the very nature of the technical and moral worlds in which we now live. Building on the insights of Shapin’s last three influential books, featuring an utterly fascinating cast of characters, and brimming with bold and original claims, The Scientific Life is essential reading for anyone wanting to reflect on late modern American culture and how it has been shaped.

Science, Democracy, and the American University

Author : Andrew Jewett
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139577107
Total Pages : 567 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (395 download)

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Book Synopsis Science, Democracy, and the American University by : Andrew Jewett

Download or read book Science, Democracy, and the American University written by Andrew Jewett and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-05-01 with total page 567 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reinterprets the rise of the natural and social sciences as sources of political authority in modern America. Andrew Jewett demonstrates the remarkable persistence of a belief that the scientific enterprise carried with it a set of ethical values capable of grounding a democratic culture - a political function widely assigned to religion. The book traces the shifting formulations of this belief from the creation of the research universities in the Civil War era to the early Cold War years. It examines hundreds of leading scholars who viewed science not merely as a source of technical knowledge, but also as a resource for fostering cultural change. This vision generated surprisingly nuanced portraits of science in the years before the military-industrial complex and has much to teach us today about the relationship between science and democracy.

The Peoples’ War?

Author : Alexander Wilson
Publisher : McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP
ISBN 13 : 0228015901
Total Pages : 391 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis The Peoples’ War? by : Alexander Wilson

Download or read book The Peoples’ War? written by Alexander Wilson and published by McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. This book was released on 2022-11-15 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Some 60 million people died during the Second World War; millions more were displaced in Europe, Africa, and Asia. The war resulted in the creation of new states, the acceleration of imperial decline, and a shift in the distribution of global power. Despite its unprecedented impact, a comprehensive account of the complex international experiences of this war remains elusive. The Peoples’ War? offers fresh approaches to the challenge of writing a new history of the Second World War. Exploring aspects of the war that have been marginalized in military and political studies, the volume foregrounds less familiar narratives, subjects, and places. Chapters recover the wartime experiences of individuals – including women, children, members of minority ethnic groups, and colonial subjects – whose stories do not fit easily into conventional national war narratives. The contributors show how terms used to delineate the conflict such as home front and battle front, occupier and occupied, captor and prisoner, and friend and foe became increasingly blurred as the war wore on. Above all, the volume encourages reflection on whether this conflict really was a “Peoples’ War.” Challenging the homogenizing narratives of the war as a nationally unifying experience, The Peoples’ War? seeks to enrich our understanding of the Second World War as a global event.

American Prometheus

Author : Kai Bird
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0307424731
Total Pages : 786 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis American Prometheus by : Kai Bird

Download or read book American Prometheus written by Kai Bird and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2007-12-18 with total page 786 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: THE INSPIRATION FOR THE MAJOR MOTION PICTURE OPPENHEIMER • "A riveting account of one of history’s most essential and paradoxical figures.”—Christopher Nolan #1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • PULITZER PRIZE WINNER • The definitive biography of J. Robert Oppenheimer, one of the iconic figures of the twentieth century, a brilliant physicist who led the effort to build the atomic bomb for his country in a time of war, and who later found himself confronting the moral consequences of scientific progress. In this magisterial, acclaimed biography twenty-five years in the making, Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin capture Oppenheimer’s life and times, from his early career to his central role in the Cold War. This is biography and history at its finest, riveting and deeply informative. “A masterful account of Oppenheimer’s rise and fall, set in the context of the turbulent decades of America’s own transformation. It is a tour de force.” —Los Angeles Times Book Review “A work of voluminous scholarship and lucid insight, unifying its multifaceted portrait with a keen grasp of Oppenheimer’s essential nature.... It succeeds in deeply fathoming his most damaging, self-contradictory behavior.” —The New York Times

The Routledge Handbook of the Political Economy of Science

Author : David Tyfield
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317412028
Total Pages : 590 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of the Political Economy of Science by : David Tyfield

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of the Political Economy of Science written by David Tyfield and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-04-28 with total page 590 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The political economy of research and innovation (R&I) is one of the central issues of the early twenty-first century. ‘Science’ and ‘innovation’ are increasingly tasked with driving and reshaping a troubled global economy while also tackling multiple, overlapping global challenges, such as climate change or food security, global pandemics or energy security. But responding to these demands is made more complicated because R&I themselves are changing. Today, new global patterns of R&I are transforming the very structures, institutions and processes of science and innovation, and with it their claims about desirable futures. Our understanding of R&I needs to change accordingly. Responding to this new urgency and uncertainty, this handbook presents a pioneering selection of the growing body of literature that has emerged in recent years at the intersection of science and technology studies and political economy. The central task for this research has been to expose important but consequential misconceptions about the political economy of R&I and to build more insightful approaches. This volume therefore explores the complex interrelations between R&I (both in general and in specific fields) and political economies across a number of key dimensions from health to environment, and universities to the military. The Routledge Handbook of the Political Economy of Science offers a unique collection of texts across a range of issues in this burgeoning and important field from a global selection of top scholars. The handbook is essential reading for students interested in the political economy of science, technology and innovation. It also presents succinct and insightful summaries of the state of the art for more advanced scholars.

Energy, the Modern State, and the American World System

Author : George A. Gonzalez
Publisher : State University of New York Press
ISBN 13 : 1438469829
Total Pages : 198 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (384 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy, the Modern State, and the American World System by : George A. Gonzalez

Download or read book Energy, the Modern State, and the American World System written by George A. Gonzalez and published by State University of New York Press. This book was released on 2018-03-01 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines political authority in the modern era as a function of specific energy politics. In this provocative and original study, George A. Gonzalez argues that the relationship between energy and the state, as well as global politics, has become more and more deeply intertwined, reaching something of a crescendo with the global hegemony of Pax Americana in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. He presents a clear and concise case for viewing the modern state as the collaborative and affirmative union of capitalism and political authority in a setting where energy resources, be it wind, coal, or oil, provide the basis for the relatively inexpensive projection of political power. More broadly, energy serves as the foundation of the modern economy and, because of this, a prime function of the modern state is ensuring access to cheap, reliable sources to power and grow the economy. Historically, energy is more of a zero-sum resource than capital, markets, labor, or technology, and thus is a greater source of geopolitical tension and violence. Energy politics, and by extension international politics is, moreover, shaped by domestic corporate elites, especially those within the United States. George A. Gonzalez is Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami and the author of many books, including Energy and Empire: The Politics of Nuclear and Solar Power in the United States and Energy and the Politics of the North Atlantic, both also published by SUNY Press.

Knowledge as Social Order

Author : Massimo Mazzotti
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317108914
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

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Book Synopsis Knowledge as Social Order by : Massimo Mazzotti

Download or read book Knowledge as Social Order written by Massimo Mazzotti and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-04-22 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Investigating a theme first pioneered by Barry Barnes in the early 1970s, this volume explores the relationship between social order and legitimate knowledge and is intended as a tribute to Barnes' seminal role in the development of the discipline of science and technology studies (STS). The contributors highlight the way in which Barnes' work has shaped their way of conceptualizing the basic relation between knowledge and society. In doing this they explore the original sociological underpinnings of STS while pointing to the way in which Barnes' interdisciplinary work has been developed to tackle current concerns in the field as well as in social theory. They also address the concerns of social scientists who are investigating the nature of power and agency and the problem of social order, emphasizing the essential role played by scientific knowledge and technological machinery in the construction of social life. Contributors to the volume include Martin Kusch, Steven Loyal, Mark Haugaard, David Bloor, Trevor Pinch, John Dupre, Donald MacKenzie, Harry Collins, Steven Shapin and Karin Knorr Cetina.

Urban Sprawl, Global Warming, and the Empire of Capital

Author : George A. Gonzalez
Publisher : SUNY Press
ISBN 13 : 079149389X
Total Pages : 173 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (914 download)

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Book Synopsis Urban Sprawl, Global Warming, and the Empire of Capital by : George A. Gonzalez

Download or read book Urban Sprawl, Global Warming, and the Empire of Capital written by George A. Gonzalez and published by SUNY Press. This book was released on 2009-03-05 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Argues that the United States refuses to address global warming because of the reliance of the American economy on urban sprawl.

The Machine in Neptune's Garden

Author : Helen M. Rozwadowski
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780881353723
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (537 download)

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Book Synopsis The Machine in Neptune's Garden by : Helen M. Rozwadowski

Download or read book The Machine in Neptune's Garden written by Helen M. Rozwadowski and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Cancer, Radiation Therapy, and the Market

Author : Barbara Bridgman Perkins
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351978128
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (519 download)

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Book Synopsis Cancer, Radiation Therapy, and the Market by : Barbara Bridgman Perkins

Download or read book Cancer, Radiation Therapy, and the Market written by Barbara Bridgman Perkins and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-08-16 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Appraising cancer as a major medical market in the 2010s, Wall Street investors placed their bets on single-technology treatment facilities costing $100-$300 million each. Critics inside medicine called the widely-publicized proton-center boom "crazy medicine and unsustainable public policy." There was no valid evidence, they claimed, that proton beams were more effective than less costly alternatives. But developers expected insurance to cover their centers’ staggeringly high costs and debts. Was speculation like this new to health care? Cancer, Radiation Therapy, and the Market shows how the radiation therapy specialty in the United States (later called radiation oncology) coevolved with its device industry throughout the twentieth-century. Academic engineers and physicians acquired financing to develop increasingly powerful radiation devices, initiated companies to manufacture the devices competitively, and designed hospital and freestanding procedure units to utilize them. In the process, they incorporated market strategies into medical organization and practice. Although palliative benefits and striking tumor reductions fueled hopes of curing cancer, scientific research all too often found serious patient harm and disappointing beneficial impact on cancer survival. This thoroughly documented and provocative inquiry concludes that public health policy needs to re-evaluate market-driven high-tech medicine and build evidence-based health care systems.

International Organizations and Global Development

Author : Nicholas Ferns
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3111280357
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (112 download)

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Book Synopsis International Organizations and Global Development by : Nicholas Ferns

Download or read book International Organizations and Global Development written by Nicholas Ferns and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2024-05-20 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The third issue of the Yearbook on the History of Global Development aims at collecting contributions about the role of international organiszations in shaping the global system of development throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. International organizations - both intergovernmental and NGOs - have played a crucial role, shaping the global system of development by setting agendas, mobilizing people, and framing ideas and practices regarding development on local, national, regional, and global scales.

Cultural Hegemony in a Scientific World

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004443770
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Cultural Hegemony in a Scientific World by :

Download or read book Cultural Hegemony in a Scientific World written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2020-12-07 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive survey of how scientific disciplines have always been informed by politics and ideology on the basis of the Gramscian views in historical materialism, hegemony and civil society.

Never Pure

Author : Steven Shapin
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 0801898617
Total Pages : 565 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Never Pure by : Steven Shapin

Download or read book Never Pure written by Steven Shapin and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2010-06-01 with total page 565 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Steven Shapin argues that science, for all its immense authority and power, is and always has been a human endeavor, subject to human capacities and limits. Put simply, science has never been pure. To be human is to err, and we understand science better when we recognize it as the laborious achievement of fallible, imperfect, and historically situated human beings. Shapin’s essays collected here include reflections on the historical relationships between science and common sense, between science and modernity, and between science and the moral order. They explore the relevance of physical and social settings in the making of scientific knowledge, the methods appropriate to understanding science historically, dietetics as a compelling site for historical inquiry, the identity of those who have made scientific knowledge, and the means by which science has acquired credibility and authority. This wide-ranging and intensely interdisciplinary collection by one of the most distinguished historians and sociologists of science represents some of the leading edges of change in the scholarly understanding of science over the past several decades.