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Mechanisms In Science
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Book Synopsis Mechanism and Causality in Biology and Economics by : Hsiang-Ke Chao
Download or read book Mechanism and Causality in Biology and Economics written by Hsiang-Ke Chao and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume addresses fundamental issues in the philosophy of science in the context of two most intriguing fields: biology and economics. Written by authorities and experts in the philosophy of biology and economics, Mechanism and Causality in Biology and Economics provides a structured study of the concepts of mechanism and causality in these disciplines and draws careful juxtapositions between philosophical apparatus and scientific practice. By exploring the issues that are most salient to the contemporary philosophies of biology and economics and by presenting comparative analyses, the book serves as a platform not only for gaining mutual understanding between scientists and philosophers of the life sciences and those of the social sciences, but also for sharing interdisciplinary research that combines both philosophical concepts in both fields. The book begins by defining the concepts of mechanism and causality in biology and economics, respectively. The second and third parts investigate philosophical perspectives of various causal and mechanistic issues in scientific practice in the two fields. These two sections include chapters on causal issues in the theory of evolution; experiments and scientific discovery; representation of causal relations and mechanism by models in economics. The concluding section presents interdisciplinary studies of various topics concerning extrapolation of life sciences and social sciences, including chapters on the philosophical investigation of conjoining biological and economic analyses with, respectively, demography, medicine and sociology.
Book Synopsis In Search of Mechanisms by : Carl F. Craver
Download or read book In Search of Mechanisms written by Carl F. Craver and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2013-10-03 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neuroscientists investigate the mechanisms of spatial memory. Molecular biologists study the mechanisms of protein synthesis and the myriad mechanisms of gene regulation. Ecologists study nutrient cycling mechanisms and their devastating imbalances in estuaries such as the Chesapeake Bay. In fact, much of biology and its history involves biologists constructing, evaluating, and revising their understanding of mechanisms. With In Search of Mechanisms, Carl F. Craver and Lindley Darden offer both a descriptive and an instructional account of how biologists discover mechanisms. Drawing on examples from across the life sciences and through the centuries, Craver and Darden compile an impressive toolbox of strategies that biologists have used and will use again to reveal the mechanisms that produce, underlie, or maintain the phenomena characteristic of living things. They discuss the questions that figure in the search for mechanisms, characterizing the experimental, observational, and conceptual considerations used to answer them, all the while providing examples from the history of biology to highlight the kinds of evidence and reasoning strategies employed to assess mechanisms. At a deeper level, Craver and Darden pose a systematic view of what biology is, of how biology makes progress, of how biological discoveries are and might be made, and of why knowledge of biological mechanisms is important for the future of the human species.
Book Synopsis Evaluating Evidence of Mechanisms in Medicine by : Veli-Pekka Parkkinen
Download or read book Evaluating Evidence of Mechanisms in Medicine written by Veli-Pekka Parkkinen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-13 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is open access under a CC BY license. This book is the first to develop explicit methods for evaluating evidence of mechanisms in the field of medicine. It explains why it can be important to make this evidence explicit, and describes how to take such evidence into account in the evidence appraisal process. In addition, it develops procedures for seeking evidence of mechanisms, for evaluating evidence of mechanisms, and for combining this evaluation with evidence of association in order to yield an overall assessment of effectiveness. Evidence-based medicine seeks to achieve improved health outcomes by making evidence explicit and by developing explicit methods for evaluating it. To date, evidence-based medicine has largely focused on evidence of association produced by clinical studies. As such, it has tended to overlook evidence of pathophysiological mechanisms and evidence of the mechanisms of action of interventions. The book offers a useful guide for all those whose work involves evaluating evidence in the health sciences, including those who need to determine the effectiveness of health interventions and those who need to ascertain the effects of environmental exposures.
Book Synopsis What Biological Functions Are and Why They Matter by : Justin Garson
Download or read book What Biological Functions Are and Why They Matter written by Justin Garson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-01-10 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This accessible book presents a new theory of biological functions and connects it to contemporary problems in philosophy and science.
Book Synopsis Discovering Cell Mechanisms by : William Bechtel
Download or read book Discovering Cell Mechanisms written by William Bechtel and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2006 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bechtel emphasises how mechanisms were discovered by cell biologists and the instruments that made these inquiries possible.
Book Synopsis The Construction of Modern Science by : Richard S. Westfall
Download or read book The Construction of Modern Science written by Richard S. Westfall and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The interplay between the Platonic-Pythagorean tradition and the mechanical philosophy during the 'scientific revolution'.
Book Synopsis Mechanisms of Primary Energy Transduction in Biology by : Mårten Wikström
Download or read book Mechanisms of Primary Energy Transduction in Biology written by Mårten Wikström and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2017-11-21 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the events of primary energy transduction in life processes. Life as we know it depends on pumping protons across membranes. New tools to study the protein complexes involved has led to recent intensified progress in the field. Primary Energy Transduction in Biology focusses on recent structural results and new biophysical insights. These have been made possible by recent advances in high-resolution protein structures, in physical techniques to study reactions in real time, and in computational methods to study and refine both structures and their dynamics. Written and edited by leading experts, chapters discuss the latest key questions in cell respiration, photosynthesis, bioenergetics, proton transfer, electron transfer and membrane transport. Biochemists, biophysicists and chemical biologists will find this book an essential resource for a complete understanding of the molecular machines of bioenergetics.
Book Synopsis The New Mechanical Philosophy by : Stuart Glennan
Download or read book The New Mechanical Philosophy written by Stuart Glennan and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume argues for a new image of science that understands both natural and social phenomena to be the product of mechanisms, casting the work of science as an effort to understand those mechanisms. Glennan offers an account of the nature of mechanisms and of the models used to represent them in physical, life, and social sciences.
Book Synopsis Mental Mechanisms by : William Bechtel
Download or read book Mental Mechanisms written by William Bechtel and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2008 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First Published in 2007. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Book Synopsis Theory of Parallel Mechanisms by : Zhen Huang
Download or read book Theory of Parallel Mechanisms written by Zhen Huang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-07-26 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains mechanism analysis and synthesis. In mechanism analysis, a mobility methodology is first systematically presented. This methodology, based on the author's screw theory, proposed in 1997, of which the generality and validity was only proved recently, is a very complex issue, researched by various scientists over the last 150 years. The principle of kinematic influence coefficient and its latest developments are described. This principle is suitable for kinematic analysis of various 6-DOF and lower-mobility parallel manipulators. The singularities are classified by a new point of view, and progress in position-singularity and orientation-singularity is stated. In addition, the concept of over-determinate input is proposed and a new method of force analysis based on screw theory is presented. In mechanism synthesis, the synthesis for spatial parallel mechanisms is discussed, and the synthesis method of difficult 4-DOF and 5-DOF symmetric mechanisms, which was first put forward by the author in 2002, is introduced in detail. Besides, the three-order screw system and its space distribution of the kinematic screws for infinite possible motions of lower mobility mechanisms are both analyzed.
Book Synopsis Mechanisms in Science by : Stavros Ioannidis
Download or read book Mechanisms in Science written by Stavros Ioannidis and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-06-23 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years what has come to be called the 'New Mechanism' has emerged as a framework for thinking about the philosophical assumptions underlying many areas of science, especially in sciences such as biology, neuroscience, and psychology. This book offers a fresh look at the role of mechanisms, by situating novel analyses of central philosophical issues related to mechanisms within a rich historical perspective of the concept of mechanism as well as detailed case studies of biological mechanisms (such as apoptosis). It develops a new position, Methodological Mechanism, according to which mechanisms are to be viewed as causal pathways that are theoretically described and are underpinned by networks of difference-making relations. In contrast to metaphysically inflated accounts, this study characterises mechanism as a concept-in-use in science that is deflationary and metaphysically neutral, but still methodologically useful and central to scientific practice.
Book Synopsis Europe’s New Scientific Elite by : Barbara Hoenig
Download or read book Europe’s New Scientific Elite written by Barbara Hoenig and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-04-21 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the Harald Kaufmann Prize for Senior Researchers, 2018 This book examines the question of whether the process of European integration in research funding has led to new forms of oligarchization and elite formation in the European Research Area. Based on a study of the European Research Council (ERC), the author investigates profound structural change in the social organization of science, as the ERC intervenes in public science systems that, until now, have largely been organized at the national level. Against the background of an emerging new science policy, Europe’s New Scientific Elite explores the social mechanisms that generate, reproduce and modify existing dynamics of stratification and oligarchization in science, shedding light on the strong normative impact of the ERC’s funding on problem-choice in science, the cultural legitimacy and future vision of science, and the building of new research councils of national, European and global scope. A comparative, theory-driven investigation of European research funding, this book will appeal to social scientists with interests in the sociology of knowledge.
Book Synopsis Mechanisms of Morphogenesis by : Jamie A. Davies
Download or read book Mechanisms of Morphogenesis written by Jamie A. Davies and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-02-18 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Morphogenesis is the set of processes that generate shape and form in the embryo--an important area within developmental biology. An exciting and up-to-the-minute account of the very latest research into the factors that create biological form, Mechanisms of Morphogenesis, second edition is a text reference on the mechanisms of cell and tissue morphogenesis in a diverse array of organisms, including prokaryotes, animals, plants and fungi. By combining hard data with computer modeling, Mechanisms of Morphogenesis, second edition equips readers with a much broader understanding of the scope of modern research than is otherwise available. The book focuses on the ways in which the genetic program is translated to generate cell shape, to direct cell migration, and to produce the shape, form and rates of growth of the various tissues. Each topic is illustrated with experimental data from real systems, with particular reference to gaps in current knowledge and pointers to future Includes over 200 four-color figures Offers an integrated view of theoretical developmental biology and computer modelling with laboratory-based discoveries Covers experimental techniques as a guide to the reader Organized around principles and mechanisms, using them to integrate discoveries from a range of organisms and systems
Book Synopsis Mechanisms and Consciousness by : Marek Pokropski
Download or read book Mechanisms and Consciousness written by Marek Pokropski and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-11-29 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book develops a new approach to naturalizing phenomenology. The author proposes to integrate phenomenology with the mechanistic framework that offers new methodological perspectives for studying complex mental phenomena such as consciousness. While mechanistic explanatory models are widely applied in cognitive science, their approach to describing subjective phenomena is limited. The author argues that phenomenology can fill this gap. He proposes two novel ways of integrating phenomenology and mechanism. First, he presents a new reading of phenomenological analyses as functional analyses. Such functional phenomenology delivers a functional sketch of a target system and provides constraints on the space of possible mechanisms. Second, he develops the neurophenomenological approach in the direction of dynamic modeling of experience. He shows that neurophenomenology can deliver dynamical constraints on mechanistic models and thus inform the search for an underlying mechanism. Mechanisms and Consciousness will be of interest to scholars and advanced students working in phenomenology, philosophy of mind, and the cognitive sciences.
Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Machine Theory and Mechanisms by : Antonio Simón Mata
Download or read book Fundamentals of Machine Theory and Mechanisms written by Antonio Simón Mata and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-05-27 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book develops the basic content for an introductory course in Mechanism and Machine Theory. The text is clear and simple, supported by more than 350 figures. More than 60 solved exercises have been included to mark the translation of this book from Spanish into English. Topics treated include: dynamic analysis of machines; introduction to vibratory behavior; rotor and piston balanced; critical speed for shafts; gears and train gears; synthesis for planar mechanisms; and kinematic and dynamic analysis for robots. The chapters in relation to kinematics and dynamics for planar mechanisms can be studied with the help of WinMecc software, which allows the reader to study in an easy and intuitive way, but exhaustive at the same time. This computer program analyzes planar mechanisms of one-degree of freedom and whatever number of links. The program allows users to build a complex mechanism. They can modify any input data in real time changing values in a numeric way or using the computer mouse to manipulate links and vectors while mechanism is moving and showing the results. This powerful tool does not only show the results in a numeric way by means of tables and diagrams but also in a visual way with scalable vectors and curves.
Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Mechanisms and Mechanical Philosophy by : Stuart Glennan
Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Mechanisms and Mechanical Philosophy written by Stuart Glennan and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-07-06 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientists studying the burning of stars, the evolution of species, DNA, the brain, the economy, and social change, all frequently describe their work as searching for mechanisms. Despite this fact, for much of the twentieth century philosophical discussions of the nature of mechanisms remained outside philosophy of science. The Routledge Handbook of Mechanisms and Mechanical Philosophy is an outstanding reference source to the key topics, problems, and debates in this exciting subject and is the first collection of its kind. Comprising over thirty chapters by a team of international contributors, the Handbook is divided into four Parts: Historical perspectives on mechanisms The nature of mechanisms Mechanisms and the philosophy of science Disciplinary perspectives on mechanisms. Within these Parts central topics and problems are examined, including the rise of mechanical philosophy in the seventeenth century; what mechanisms are made of and how they are organized; mechanisms and laws and regularities; how mechanisms are discovered and explained; dynamical systems theory; and disciplinary perspectives from physics, chemistry, biology, biomedicine, ecology, neuroscience, and the social sciences. Essential reading for students and researchers in philosophy of science, the Handbook will also be of interest to those in related fields, such as metaphysics, philosophy of psychology, and history of science.
Book Synopsis Advances in Mechanisms Design by : Jaroslav Beran
Download or read book Advances in Mechanisms Design written by Jaroslav Beran and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-08-21 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International Conference on the Theory of Machines and Mechanisms is organized every four years, under the auspices of the International Federation for the Promotion of Mechanism and Machine Science (IFToMM) and the Czech Society for Mechanics. This eleventh edition of the conference took place at the Technical University of Liberec, Czech Republic, 4-6 September 2012. This volume offers an international selection of the most important new results and developments, in 73 papers, grouped in seven different parts, representing a well-balanced overview, and spanning the general theory of machines and mechanisms, through analysis and synthesis of planar and spatial mechanisms, dynamics of machines and mechanisms, linkages and cams, computational mechanics, rotor dynamics, biomechanics, mechatronics, vibration and noise in machines, optimization of mechanisms and machines, control and monitoring systems of machines, accuracy and reliability of machines and mechanisms, robots and manipulators to the mechanisms of textile machines.
