Frankenstein

Download Frankenstein PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Gollancz
ISBN 13 : 9780575099609
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (996 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Frankenstein by : Mary Shelley

Download or read book Frankenstein written by Mary Shelley and published by Gollancz. This book was released on 2013-09-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brilliant, driven Victor Frankenstein has at last realised his greatest ambition. The scientist has succeeded in creating intelligent life. But when his creature first stirs, Frankenstein realises he has made a monster. And, abandoned by its maker and shunned by everyone who sees it, the Doctor's creation sets out to destroy him and all that he holds dear. Mary Shelley's FRANKENSTEIN remains one of the greatest horror stories ever written, a book that chillingly captures the unforeseen terror of playing God. And the heart-stopping fear of being pursued by a powerful, relentless killer.

Frankenstein (The Complete Uncensored 1818 Edition)

Download Frankenstein (The Complete Uncensored 1818 Edition) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Good Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (596 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Frankenstein (The Complete Uncensored 1818 Edition) by : Mary Shelley

Download or read book Frankenstein (The Complete Uncensored 1818 Edition) written by Mary Shelley and published by Good Press. This book was released on 2024-01-06 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is the original 1818 'Uncensored' Edition of Frankenstein as first published anonymously in 1818. This original version is much more true to the spirit of the author's original intentions than the heavily revised 1831 edition, edited by Shelley, in part, because of pressure to make the story more conservative. Many scholars prefer the 1818 text to the more common 1831 edition. Frankenstein is a novel written by Mary Shelley about a creature produced by an unorthodox scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was nineteen, and the novel was published when she was twenty-one. Shelley had travelled in the region of Geneva, where much of the story takes place, and the topics of galvanism and other similar occult ideas were themes of conversation among her companions, particularly her future husband, Percy Shelley. The storyline emerged from a dream. Mary, Percy, Lord Byron, and John Polidori decided to have a competition to see who could write the best horror story. After thinking for weeks about what her possible storyline could be, Shelley dreamt about a scientist who created life and was horrified by what he had made. She then wrote Frankenstein.

Frankenstein - The 'Uncensored' Original 1818 Edition

Download Frankenstein - The 'Uncensored' Original 1818 Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Good Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (596 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Frankenstein - The 'Uncensored' Original 1818 Edition by : Mary Shelley

Download or read book Frankenstein - The 'Uncensored' Original 1818 Edition written by Mary Shelley and published by Good Press. This book was released on 2023-12-20 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is the original 1818 'Uncensored' Edition of Frankenstein as first published anonymously in 1818. This original version is much more true to the spirit of the author's original intentions than the heavily revised 1831 edition, edited by Shelley, in part, because of pressure to make the story more conservative. Many scholars prefer the 1818 text to the more common 1831 edition. Frankenstein is a novel written by Mary Shelley about a creature produced by an unorthodox scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was nineteen, and the novel was published when she was twenty-one. Shelley had travelled in the region of Geneva, where much of the story takes place, and the topics of galvanism and other similar occult ideas were themes of conversation among her companions, particularly her future husband, Percy Shelley. The storyline emerged from a dream. Mary, Percy, Lord Byron, and John Polidori decided to have a competition to see who could write the best horror story. After thinking for weeks about what her possible storyline could be, Shelley dreamt about a scientist who created life and was horrified by what he had made. She then wrote Frankenstein.

The New Annotated Frankenstein

Download The New Annotated Frankenstein PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Liveright Publishing
ISBN 13 : 087140950X
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (714 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The New Annotated Frankenstein by : Mary Shelley

Download or read book The New Annotated Frankenstein written by Mary Shelley and published by Liveright Publishing. This book was released on 2017-08-08 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two centuries after its original publication, Mary Shelley’s classic tale of gothic horror comes to vivid life in "what may very well be the best presentation of the novel" to date (Guillermo del Toro). "Remarkably, a nineteen-year-old, writing her first novel, penned a tale that combines tragedy, morality, social commentary, and a thoughtful examination of the very nature of knowledge," writes best-selling author Leslie S. Klinger in his foreword to The New Annotated Frankenstein. Despite its undeniable status as one of the most influential works of fiction ever written, Mary Shelley’s novel is often reductively dismissed as the wellspring for tacky monster films or as a cautionary tale about experimental science gone haywire. Now, two centuries after the first publication of Frankenstein, Klinger revives Shelley’s gothic masterpiece by reproducing her original text with the most lavishly illustrated and comprehensively annotated edition to date. Featuring over 200 illustrations and nearly 1,000 annotations, this sumptuous volume recaptures Shelley’s early nineteenth-century world with historical precision and imaginative breadth, tracing the social and political roots of the author’s revolutionary brand of Romanticism. Braiding together decades of scholarship with his own keen insights, Klinger recounts Frankenstein’s indelible contributions to the realms of science fiction, feminist theory, and modern intellectual history—not to mention film history and popular culture. The result of Klinger’s exhaustive research is a multifaceted portrait of one of Western literature’s most divinely gifted prodigies, a young novelist who defied her era’s restrictions on female ambitions by independently supporting herself and her children as a writer and editor. Born in a world of men in the midst of a political and an emerging industrial revolution, Shelley crafted a horror story that, beyond its incisive commentary on her own milieu, is widely recognized as the first work of science fiction. The daughter of a pioneering feminist and an Enlightenment philosopher, Shelley lived and wrote at the center of British Romanticism, the “exuberant, young movement” that rebelled against tradition and reason and "with a rebellious scream gave birth to a world of gods and monsters" (del Toro). Following his best-selling The New Annotated H. P. Lovecraft and The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes, Klinger not only considers Shelley’s original 1818 text but, for the first time in any annotated volume, traces the effects of her significant revisions in the 1823 and 1831 editions. With an afterword by renowned literary scholar Anne K. Mellor, The New Annotated Frankenstein celebrates the prescient genius and undying legacy of the world’s "first truly modern myth." The New Annotated Frankenstein includes: Nearly 1,000 notes that provide information and historical context on every aspect of Frankenstein and of Mary Shelley’s life Over 200 illustrations, including original artwork from the 1831 edition and dozens of photographs of real-world locations that appear in the novel Extensive listings of films and theatrical adaptations An introduction by Guillermo del Toro and an afterword by Anne K. Mellor

Total Frankenstein

Download Total Frankenstein PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SeaWolf Press
ISBN 13 : 9781950435852
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (358 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Total Frankenstein by : Mary Shelley

Download or read book Total Frankenstein written by Mary Shelley and published by SeaWolf Press. This book was released on 2020-01-17 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Both the original 1818 version of this classic horror book and the revised 1831 version in one book.

Frankenstein: the Original 1818 Text

Download Frankenstein: the Original 1818 Text PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781958403082
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Frankenstein: the Original 1818 Text by : Mary Shelley

Download or read book Frankenstein: the Original 1818 Text written by Mary Shelley and published by . This book was released on 2022-05-24 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fiction, Horror // Read Mary Shelley's masterpiece in its purest form. Later editions introduced significant changes to the book. Most scholars and readers now consider the 1818 text to be "the superior work for its sharper, bolder telling of the story," according to editor Aldwin Grey, who prepared this edition for publication. The text was derived from page-scans of the 1818 book, then corrected for typos against the drafts and later editions. The design elements mimic those in the original. Included are a new editor's note and author bio. IN THE LATE 1700s, a daring seaman is at the north of the globe when he sees a huge figure cross the ice. The next day a half-frozen man drifts forth from the fog. This stranger, a brilliant Swiss scientist, proceeds to tell his tale, which begins with a boy in pursuit of knowledge and ends with a man on the brink of madness. At its core lies a great secret: the ability to give life to lifeless matter. But in its shadows, there may yet be two yellow eyes watching in wait of a promise.

Frankenstein

Download Frankenstein PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9788026838876
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (388 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Frankenstein by : Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley

Download or read book Frankenstein written by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This carefully crafted ebook: "Frankenstein (The Complete Uncensored 1818 Edition)" is formatted for your eReader with a functional and detailed table of contents. Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is the original 1818 'Uncensored' Edition of Frankenstein as first published anonymously in 1818. This original version is much more true to the spirit of the author's original intentions than the heavily revised 1831 edition, edited by Shelley, in part, because of pressure to make the story more conservative. Many scholars prefer the 1818 text to the more common 1831 edition. Frankenstein is a novel written by Mary Shelley about a creature produced by an unorthodox scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was nineteen, and the novel was published when she was twenty-one. Shelley had travelled in the region of Geneva, where much of the story takes place, and the topics of galvanism and other similar occult ideas were themes of conversation among her companions, particularly her future husband, Percy Shelley. The storyline emerged from a dream. Mary, Percy, Lord Byron, and John Polidori decided to have a competition to see who could write the best horror story. After thinking for weeks about what her possible storyline could be, Shelley dreamt about a scientist who created life and was horrified by what he had made. She then wrote Frankenstein.

FRANKENSTEIN (The Uncensored 1818 Edition)

Download FRANKENSTEIN (The Uncensored 1818 Edition) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : e-artnow
ISBN 13 : 8027232953
Total Pages : 191 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis FRANKENSTEIN (The Uncensored 1818 Edition) by : Mary Shelley

Download or read book FRANKENSTEIN (The Uncensored 1818 Edition) written by Mary Shelley and published by e-artnow. This book was released on 2017-12-06 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is a novel written by Mary Shelley about a creature produced by an unorthodox scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was nineteen, and the novel was published when she was twenty-one. The first edition was published anonymously in London in 1818. Shelley's name appears on the second edition, published in France in 1823. The original 1818 'Uncensored' Edition of Frankenstein as first published anonymously in 1818. This original version is much more true to the spirit of the author's original intentions than the heavily revised 1831 edition, edited by Shelley, in part, because of pressure to make the story more conservative. Many scholars prefer the 1818 text to the more common 1831 edition. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (1797–1851) was an English novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, and travel writer, best known for her Gothic novel Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus.

Frankenstein

Download Frankenstein PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : DigiCat
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (596 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Frankenstein by : Mary Shelley

Download or read book Frankenstein written by Mary Shelley and published by DigiCat. This book was released on 2022-11-13 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is the original 1818 'Uncensored' Edition of Frankenstein as first published anonymously in 1818. This original version is much more true to the spirit of the author's original intentions than the heavily revised 1831 edition, edited by Shelley, in part, because of pressure to make the story more conservative. Many scholars prefer the 1818 text to the more common 1831 edition. Frankenstein is a novel written by Mary Shelley about a creature produced by an unorthodox scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was nineteen, and the novel was published when she was twenty-one. Shelley had travelled in the region of Geneva, where much of the story takes place, and the topics of galvanism and other similar occult ideas were themes of conversation among her companions, particularly her future husband, Percy Shelley. The storyline emerged from a dream. Mary, Percy, Lord Byron, and John Polidori decided to have a competition to see who could write the best horror story. After thinking for weeks about what her possible storyline could be, Shelley dreamt about a scientist who created life and was horrified by what he had made. She then wrote Frankenstein.

Frankenstein; Or, the Modern Prometheus

Download Frankenstein; Or, the Modern Prometheus PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781781398869
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (988 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Frankenstein; Or, the Modern Prometheus by : Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley

Download or read book Frankenstein; Or, the Modern Prometheus written by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley and published by . This book was released on 2017-11-21 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is the world's most famous Gothic novel and the first work of science fiction, with Frankenstein's monster being a symbol of science gone awry. Shelley's masterpiece has inspired numerous films, plays and other books. This, the 1818 edition, published anonymously, contains the author's original vision. Later revisions, though edited by Mary Shelley, were made more conservative and palatable to nineteenth century readers.

Frankenstein

Download Frankenstein PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : e-artnow
ISBN 13 : 8027234832
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Frankenstein by : Mary Shelley

Download or read book Frankenstein written by Mary Shelley and published by e-artnow. This book was released on 2017-12-06 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eBook edition of "Frankenstein" has been formatted to the highest digital standards and adjusted for readability on all devices. Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is the original 1818 'Uncensored' Edition of Frankenstein as first published anonymously in 1818. This original version is much more true to the spirit of the author's original intentions than the heavily revised 1831 edition, edited by Shelley, in part, because of pressure to make the story more conservative. Many scholars prefer the 1818 text to the more common 1831 edition. Frankenstein is a novel written by Mary Shelley about a creature produced by an unorthodox scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was nineteen, and the novel was published when she was twenty-one. Shelley had travelled in the region of Geneva, where much of the story takes place, and the topics of galvanism and other similar occult ideas were themes of conversation among her companions, particularly her future husband, Percy Shelley. The storyline emerged from a dream. Mary, Percy, Lord Byron, and John Polidori decided to have a competition to see who could write the best horror story. After thinking for weeks about what her possible storyline could be, Shelley dreamt about a scientist who created life and was horrified by what he had made. She then wrote Frankenstein.

Frankenstein (The Uncensored 1818 Edition)

Download Frankenstein (The Uncensored 1818 Edition) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Good Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (596 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Frankenstein (The Uncensored 1818 Edition) by : Mary Shelley

Download or read book Frankenstein (The Uncensored 1818 Edition) written by Mary Shelley and published by Good Press. This book was released on 2024-01-06 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This carefully crafted ebook: "Frankenstein (The Uncensored 1818 Edition)" is formatted for your eReader with a functional and detailed table of contents. Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is the original 1818 'Uncensored' Edition of Frankenstein as first published anonymously in 1818. This original version is much more true to the spirit of the author's original intentions than the heavily revised 1831 edition, edited by Shelley, in part, because of pressure to make the story more conservative. Many scholars prefer the 1818 text to the more common 1831 edition. Frankenstein is a novel written by Mary Shelley about a creature produced by an unorthodox scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was nineteen, and the novel was published when she was twenty-one. Shelley had travelled in the region of Geneva, where much of the story takes place, and the topics of galvanism and other similar occult ideas were themes of conversation among her companions, particularly her future husband, Percy Shelley. The storyline emerged from a dream. Mary, Percy, Lord Byron, and John Polidori decided to have a competition to see who could write the best horror story. After thinking for weeks about what her possible storyline could be, Shelley dreamt about a scientist who created life and was horrified by what he had made. She then wrote Frankenstein.

Frankenstein

Download Frankenstein PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : DigiCat
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (596 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Frankenstein by : Mary Shelley

Download or read book Frankenstein written by Mary Shelley and published by DigiCat. This book was released on 2022-05-25 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is the original 1818 'Uncensored' Edition of Frankenstein as first published anonymously in 1818. This original version is much more true to the spirit of the author's original intentions than the heavily revised 1831 edition, edited by Shelley, in part, because of pressure to make the story more conservative. Many scholars prefer the 1818 text to the more common 1831 edition._x000D_ _x000D_ Frankenstein is a novel written by Mary Shelley about a creature produced by an unorthodox scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was nineteen, and the novel was published when she was twenty-one. Shelley had travelled in the region of Geneva, where much of the story takes place, and the topics of galvanism and other similar occult ideas were themes of conversation among her companions, particularly her future husband, Percy Shelley. The storyline emerged from a dream. Mary, Percy, Lord Byron, and John Polidori decided to have a competition to see who could write the best horror story. After thinking for weeks about what her possible storyline could be, Shelley dreamt about a scientist who created life and was horrified by what he had made. She then wrote Frankenstein.

Frankenstein - The 'Uncensored' Original 1818 Edition

Download Frankenstein - The 'Uncensored' Original 1818 Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (532 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Frankenstein - The 'Uncensored' Original 1818 Edition by : Mary Shelley

Download or read book Frankenstein - The 'Uncensored' Original 1818 Edition written by Mary Shelley and published by . This book was released on 2020-10-25 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 200 years after it was first published, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein has stood the test of time as a gothic masterpiece-a classic work of humanity and horror that blurs the line between man and monster...The story of Victor Frankenstein and the monstrous creature he created has held readers spellbound ever since it was published two centuries ago. On the surface, it is a novel of tense and steadily mounting horror; but on a more profound level, it offers searching illumination of the human condition in its portrayal of a scientist who oversteps the bounds of conscience, and of a monster brought to life in an alien world, ever more desperately attempting to escape the torture of his solitude. A novel of hallucinatory intensity, Frankenstein represents one of the most striking flowerings of the Romantic imagination.

Frankenstein; Or, The Modern Prometheus (Original Uncensored 1818 Edition)

Download Frankenstein; Or, The Modern Prometheus (Original Uncensored 1818 Edition) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781781397381
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (973 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Frankenstein; Or, The Modern Prometheus (Original Uncensored 1818 Edition) by : Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley

Download or read book Frankenstein; Or, The Modern Prometheus (Original Uncensored 1818 Edition) written by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley and published by . This book was released on 2016-11-01 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is the world's most famous Gothic novel and the first work of science fiction, with Frankenstein's monster being a symbol of science gone awry. Shelley's masterpiece has inspired numerous films, plays and other books. This, the 1818 edition, published anonymously, contains the author's original vision. Later revisions, though edited by Mary Shelley, were made more conservative and palatable to nineteenth century readers.

Frankenstein (Gothic Classic - The Uncensored 1818 Edition) 

Download Frankenstein (Gothic Classic - The Uncensored 1818 Edition)  PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : e-artnow
ISBN 13 : 8075830237
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (758 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Frankenstein (Gothic Classic - The Uncensored 1818 Edition)  by : Mary Shelley

Download or read book Frankenstein (Gothic Classic - The Uncensored 1818 Edition)  written by Mary Shelley and published by e-artnow. This book was released on 2017-04-20 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is the original 1818 'Uncensored' Edition of Frankenstein as first published anonymously in 1818. This original version is much more true to the spirit of the author's original intentions than the heavily revised 1831 edition, edited by Shelley, in part, because of pressure to make the story more conservative. Many scholars prefer the 1818 text to the more common 1831 edition. This eBook edition has been formatted to the highest digital standards and adjusted for readability on all devices. Frankenstein is a novel written by Mary Shelley about a creature produced by an unorthodox scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was nineteen, and the novel was published when she was twenty-one. Shelley had travelled in the region of Geneva, where much of the story takes place, and the topics of galvanism and other similar occult ideas were themes of conversation among her companions, particularly her future husband, Percy Shelley. The storyline emerged from a dream. Mary, Percy, Lord Byron, and John Polidori decided to have a competition to see who could write the best horror story. After thinking for weeks about what her possible storyline could be, Shelley dreamt about a scientist who created life and was horrified by what he had made. She then wrote Frankenstein.

FRANKENSTEIN; OR, THE MODERN PROMETHEUS. by Mary Wollstonecraft (Godwin) Shelley

Download FRANKENSTEIN; OR, THE MODERN PROMETHEUS. by Mary Wollstonecraft (Godwin) Shelley PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781006880193
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (81 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis FRANKENSTEIN; OR, THE MODERN PROMETHEUS. by Mary Wollstonecraft (Godwin) Shelley by : Mary Shelley

Download or read book FRANKENSTEIN; OR, THE MODERN PROMETHEUS. by Mary Wollstonecraft (Godwin) Shelley written by Mary Shelley and published by . This book was released on 1818 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (Godwin) (30 August 1797 - 1 February 1851) was an English novelist who wrote the Gothic novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (1818), which is considered an early example of science fiction. She also edited and promoted the works of her husband, the Romantic poet and philosopher Percy Bysshe Shelley. Her father was the political philosopher William Godwin and her mother was the philosopher and feminist activist Mary Wollstonecraft. Shelley's mother died less than a month after giving birth to her. She was raised by her father, who provided her with a rich if informal education, encouraging her to adhere to his own anarchist political theories. When she was four, her father married a neighbor, Mary Jane Clairmont, with whom Shelley came to have a troubled relationship. In 1814, Shelley began a romance with one of her father's political followers, Percy Bysshe Shelley, who was already married. Together with her stepsister, Claire Clairmont, she and Percy left for France and traveled through Europe. Upon their return to England, Shelley was pregnant with Percy's child. Over the next two years, she and Percy faced ostracism, constant debt, and the death of their prematurely born daughter. They married in late 1816, after the suicide of Percy Shelley's first wife, Harriet. In 1816, the couple and her stepsister famously spent a summer with Lord Byron and John William Polidori near Geneva, Switzerland, where Shelley conceived the idea for her novel Frankenstein. The Shelleys left Britain in 1818 for Italy, where their second and third children died before Shelley gave birth to her last and only surviving child, Percy Florence Shelley. In 1822, her husband drowned when his sailing boat sank during a storm near Viareggio. A year later, Shelley returned to England and from then on devoted herself to the upbringing of her son and a career as a professional author. The last decade of her life was dogged by illness, most likely caused by the brain tumor which killed her at age 53. Until the 1970s, Shelley was known mainly for her efforts to publish her husband's works and for her novel Frankenstein, which remains widely read and has inspired many theatrical and film adaptations. Recent scholarship has yielded a more comprehensive view of Shelley's achievements. Scholars have shown increasing interest in her literary output, particularly in her novels, which include the historical novels Valperga (1823) and Perkin Warbeck (1830), the apocalyptic novel The Last Man (1826) and her final two novels, Lodore (1835) and Falkner (1837). Studies of her lesser-known works, such as the travel book Rambles in Germany and Italy (1844) and the biographical articles for Dionysius Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia (1829-1846), support the growing view that Shelley remained a political radical throughout her life. Shelley's works often argue that cooperation and sympathy, particularly as practiced by women in the family, were the ways to reform civil society. This view was a direct challenge to the individualistic Romantic ethos promoted by Percy Shelley and the Enlightenment political theories articulated by her father, William Godwin.