Effectiveness of Tax and Price Policies for Tobacco Control

Download Effectiveness of Tax and Price Policies for Tobacco Control PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IARC Handbooks of Cancer Preve
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Effectiveness of Tax and Price Policies for Tobacco Control by : IARC Working Group on the Effectiveness of Tax and Price Policies for Tobacco Control

Download or read book Effectiveness of Tax and Price Policies for Tobacco Control written by IARC Working Group on the Effectiveness of Tax and Price Policies for Tobacco Control and published by IARC Handbooks of Cancer Preve. This book was released on 2011 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new volume of the IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention in Tobacco Control presents a critical review and evaluation of the evidence by 25 international experts from twelve countries on the economics, epidemiology, public policy and tobacco control aspects of tax and price policies. The working group draws conclusions about the effectiveness of tax and price measures to control tobacco use in the population. The Handbook covers an overview of tobacco taxation; industry pricing strategies and other industry initiatives diluting the effects of taxes on consumption; tax, price and aggregated demand for tobacco, as well as demand at the individual level in adults, young people and the economically disadvantaged; tax avoidance and tax evasion and the economic and health impacts of tobacco taxation. This body of evidence and the consensus evaluation of 18 concluding statements on the impact of interventions to increase the price of tobacco products, can assist policy makers, government officials, evaluators and researchers working in tobacco control and disease prevention, to base their decisions on the latest scientific evidence.

Pancreatic Cancer

Download Pancreatic Cancer PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421402556
Total Pages : 185 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pancreatic Cancer by : Michael J. Lippe

Download or read book Pancreatic Cancer written by Michael J. Lippe and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2011-06-15 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Michael J. Lippe was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2007. This is his story, and the story of pancreatic cancer, narrated by Lippe and Dr. Dung T. Le, the physician who is treating him. In telling these stories, Lippe and Le alternate chapters. Lippe writes about the early signs that something was wrong; Le continues with a description of pancreatic cancer, its symptoms, and its treatments. Lippe talks about his prognosis, contemplates the prospect of death, and describes how he began to cope; Le explains the importance, for both doctor and patient, of balancing hope and truth. Lippe speaks frankly about the toll the disease takes on his marriage and family; Le offers a general picture of what most patients can expect with their illness. The book concludes with Lippe and Le’s reflections on their partnership in treating cancer, lessons they have learned, and their thoughts about the positive things that sometimes emerge from illness. Pancreatic Cancer offers clear explanations of what the disease is, describes what people with the disease will feel physically and mentally, and discusses current treatments and future directions of research. The authors hope that their honest yet hopeful perspective will help all people with cancer and those who care about them.

The Emperor of All Maladies

Download The Emperor of All Maladies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1439170916
Total Pages : 624 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (391 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Emperor of All Maladies by : Siddhartha Mukherjee

Download or read book The Emperor of All Maladies written by Siddhartha Mukherjee and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2011-08-09 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the Pulitzer Prize and a documentary from Ken Burns on PBS, this New York Times bestseller is “an extraordinary achievement” (The New Yorker)—a magnificent, profoundly humane “biography” of cancer—from its first documented appearances thousands of years ago through the epic battles in the twentieth century to cure, control, and conquer it to a radical new understanding of its essence. Physician, researcher, and award-winning science writer, Siddhartha Mukherjee examines cancer with a cellular biologist’s precision, a historian’s perspective, and a biographer’s passion. The result is an astonishingly lucid and eloquent chronicle of a disease humans have lived with—and perished from—for more than five thousand years. The story of cancer is a story of human ingenuity, resilience, and perseverance, but also of hubris, paternalism, and misperception. Mukherjee recounts centuries of discoveries, setbacks, victories, and deaths, told through the eyes of his predecessors and peers, training their wits against an infinitely resourceful adversary that, just three decades ago, was thought to be easily vanquished in an all-out “war against cancer.” The book reads like a literary thriller with cancer as the protagonist. Riveting, urgent, and surprising, The Emperor of All Maladies provides a fascinating glimpse into the future of cancer treatments. It is an illuminating book that provides hope and clarity to those seeking to demystify cancer.

Encyclopedia of Cancer

Download Encyclopedia of Cancer PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540368477
Total Pages : 3307 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (43 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Cancer by : Manfred Schwab

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Cancer written by Manfred Schwab and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-09-23 with total page 3307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive encyclopedic reference provides rapid access to focused information on topics of cancer research for clinicians, research scientists and advanced students. Given the overwhelming success of the first edition, which appeared in 2001, and fast development in the different fields of cancer research, it has been decided to publish a second fully revised and expanded edition. With an A-Z format of over 7,000 entries, more than 1,000 contributing authors provide a complete reference to cancer. The merging of different basic and clinical scientific disciplines towards the common goal of fighting cancer makes such a comprehensive reference source all the more timely.

Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure

Download Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309267366
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure by : National Research Council

Download or read book Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-04-20 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lead is a ubiquitous metal in the environment, and its adverse effects on human health are well documented. Lead interacts at multiple cellular sites and can alter protein function in part through binding to amino acid sulfhydryl and carboxyl groups on a wide variety of structural and functional proteins. In addition, lead mimics calcium and other divalent cations, and it induces the increased production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. Adverse effects associated with lead exposure can be observed in multiple body systems, including the nervous, cardiovascular, renal, hematologic, immunologic, and reproductive systems. Lead exposure is also known to induce adverse developmental effects in utero and in the developing neonate. Lead poses an occupational health hazard, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) developed a lead standard for general industry that regulates many workplace exposures to this metal. The standard was promulgated in 1978 and encompasses several approaches for reducing exposure to lead, including the establishment of a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 50 μg/m3 in air (an 8-hour time-weighted average [TWA]), exposure guidelines for instituting medical surveillance, guidelines for removal from and return to work, and other risk-management strategies. An action level of 30 μg/m3 (an 8-hour TWA) for lead was established to trigger medical surveillance in employees exposed above that level for more than 30 days per year. Another provision is that any employee who has a blood lead level (BLL) of 60 μg/dL or higher or three consecutive BLLs averaging 50 μg/dL or higher must be removed from work involving lead exposure. An employee may resume work associated with lead exposure only after two BLLs are lower than 40 μg/dL. Thus, maintaining BLLs lower than 40 μg/dL was judged by OSHA to protect workers from adverse health effects. The OSHA standard also includes a recommendation that BLLs of workers who are planning a pregnancy be under 30μg/dL. In light of knowledge about the hazards posed by occupational lead exposure, the Department of Defense (DOD) asked the National Research Council to evaluate potential health risks from recurrent lead exposure of firing-range personnel. Specifically, DOD asked the National Research Council to determine whether current exposure standards for lead on DOD firing ranges protect its workers adequately.The committee also considered measures of cumulative lead dose. Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure will help to inform decisions about setting new air exposure limits for lead on firing ranges, about whether to implement limits for surface contamination, and about how to design lead-surveillance programs for range personnel appropriately.

The Goodbye Cancer Garden

Download The Goodbye Cancer Garden PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Av2 by Weigl
ISBN 13 : 9781621278955
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (789 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Goodbye Cancer Garden by : Janna Matthies

Download or read book The Goodbye Cancer Garden written by Janna Matthies and published by Av2 by Weigl. This book was released on 2013-09-15 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When a mother is diagnosed with breast cancer, she and her family plant a garden and watch it grow through the seasons as she undergoes treatments and gets better.

Immunoepidemiology

Download Immunoepidemiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030255530
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Immunoepidemiology by : Peter J. Krause

Download or read book Immunoepidemiology written by Peter J. Krause and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-10-24 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook focuses on the nascent field of Immunoepidemiology that addresses how differences in immune responses among individuals affect the epidemiology of infectious diseases, cancer, hypersensitivity, and autoimmunity. The idea for the book originated from a course entitled “Immunology for Epidemiologists“ at the Yale School of Public Health. While many fine textbooks are available that address the immunological responses of individuals to pathogens, these provided very little information regarding how immunological variation among populations affects the epidemiology of disease. And yet, it has long been recognized that there is great immunologic diversity among people, which can have a profound effect on the epidemiology of disease. Careful review of the immunologic and epidemiologic literature revealed that there have been relatively few publications concerning immunoepidemiology and that no textbook is available on the subject. This textbook therefore aims to fill this void by providing a much-needed tool to comprehensively and efficiently teach immunoepidemiology. The book includes a section on the basic principles of immunology, and then applies them to particular examples of disease in human populations. The target audience for this text book are Masters of Public Health students. Others who should also find it of interest include PhD students in epidemiology, immunology, medical students, generalists, and specialists in immunology, infectious diseases, cancer, and rheumatology.

Cancer: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2011 Edition

Download Cancer: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2011 Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : ScholarlyEditions
ISBN 13 : 1464900035
Total Pages : 3939 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (649 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cancer: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2011 Edition by :

Download or read book Cancer: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2011 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 3939 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cancer: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Cancer. The editors have built Cancer: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Cancer in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Cancer: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology

Download Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 1496318765
Total Pages : 3581 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (963 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology by : Philip A. Pizzo

Download or read book Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology written by Philip A. Pizzo and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2015-06-24 with total page 3581 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now thoroughly updated to include new advances in the field,and with regular content updates to the eBook, Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology, 7th Edition remains the gold standard text for the care and research of children with cancer. This authoritative reference is the single most comprehensive resource on the biology and genetics of childhood cancer and the diagnosis, multimodal treatment, and long-term management of young patients with cancer. Also addressed are a broad array of topics on the supportive and psychosocial aspects of care of children and families. Covering virtually every aspect of the breadth and depth of childhood cancer, this 7th Edition provides expert guidance on state-of-the-art, multidisciplinary care for children and families. Stay up to date with the most recent advances in the field with the contributions by new and returning contributors, including the perspective from patients and parents in the chapter titled “The Other Side of the Bed.” Reference your eBook version for key updates in the field during the life of the edition! Chapters included on palliative care and education. Supportive care is covered broadly and specifically – in contexts such as emergencies, infectious disease, and nutrition. The most updated and authoritative information is provided by the leading experts in the field. Gain a thorough understanding of every aspect of pediatric oncology, with comprehensive information regarding basic science, diagnostic tools, principles of treatment, and clinical trials, as well as highly detailed, definitive coverage of each pediatric malignancy. Collaborate more effectively with others on the cancer care team to enhance quality-of-life issues for patients and families. Understand the cooperative nature of pediatric oncology as a model for cancer research with information from cooperative clinical trial groups and consortia.

The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer

Download The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781502903853
Total Pages : 112 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer by : U.s. Department of Health and Human Services

Download or read book The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer written by U.s. Department of Health and Human Services and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2014-10-21 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States, yet most cases are preventable. Every year in the United States, nearly 5 million people are treated for skin cancer, at an estimated cost of $8.1 billion. Melanoma, the most deadly form of skin cancer, causes nearly 9,000 deaths each year. Despite recent efforts to address risk factors, skin cancer rates continue to rise. While those with lighter skin are more susceptible, anyone can get skin cancer—and it can be serious, even deadly. Almost all of the conditions can be caused by unnecessary ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure, usually from excessive time in the sun or from the use of indoor tanning devices. It is alarming that every year, nearly one out of every three young white women aged 16–25 engages in indoor tanning. It's important to shatter the myth that tanned skin is a sign of health. And a “base” tan is not a “safe” tan. Tanned skin is damaged skin. Understanding the risk of UV exposure is crucial to protecting ourselves and our loved ones. That is why “The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer” is important for all of us. It outlines action steps we can all take—as individuals, parents, educators, employers, policy makers, health care professionals, and communities—to reverse this alarming trend. As a nation, we can all do more to address skin cancer as a serious public health challenge. Everyone is urged to find out more about the risk of skin cancer—and what we all can do to prevent it.

The Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism

Download The Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 331977736X
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism by : Anne Le

Download or read book The Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism written by Anne Le and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-26 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetic alterations in cancer, in addition to being the fundamental drivers of tumorigenesis, can give rise to a variety of metabolic adaptations that allow cancer cells to survive and proliferate in diverse tumor microenvironments. This metabolic flexibility is different from normal cellular metabolic processes and leads to heterogeneity in cancer metabolism within the same cancer type or even within the same tumor. In this book, we delve into the complexity and diversity of cancer metabolism, and highlight how understanding the heterogeneity of cancer metabolism is fundamental to the development of effective metabolism-based therapeutic strategies. Deciphering how cancer cells utilize various nutrient resources will enable clinicians and researchers to pair specific chemotherapeutic agents with patients who are most likely to respond with positive outcomes, allowing for more cost-effective and personalized cancer therapeutic strategies.

Nutrition and Cancer

Download Nutrition and Cancer PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1444329308
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (443 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nutrition and Cancer by : Clare Shaw

Download or read book Nutrition and Cancer written by Clare Shaw and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-11-29 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nutrition plays a crucial role in supporting patients receiving treatment for cancer. Carefully considered nutritional options can help to manage patients with weight loss and cachexia, support the patient’s ability to recover from surgery and cope with treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Patients living with and beyond cancer can also benefit from advice on optimal nutrition and lifestyle changes. Edited by Dr Clare Shaw, Consultant Dietitian at The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Nutrition and Cancer takes an unrivalled look at this prevalent disease, offering the reader: An insight into the nutritional challenges faced for patients with cancer A practical guide to nutrition and dietetic practice in cancer care A detailed look at nutritional options for different diagnostic groups Contributions from a wide range of cancer specialists An excellent resource for dietitians, clinical nutritionists, doctors, nurses and other health professionals working with cancer patients, this book is also a fascinating reference for students and researchers with an interest in the area.

Tumor Models in Cancer Research

Download Tumor Models in Cancer Research PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1592591000
Total Pages : 745 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (925 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tumor Models in Cancer Research by : Beverly A. Teicher

Download or read book Tumor Models in Cancer Research written by Beverly A. Teicher and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2001-11-07 with total page 745 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beverly A. Teicher and a panel of leading experts comprehensively describe for the first time in many years the state-of-the-art in animal tumor model research. The wide array of models detailed form the basis for the selection of compounds and treatments that go into clinical testing of patients, and include syngeneic models, human tumor xenograft models, orthotopic models, metastatic models, transgenic models, and gene knockout models. Synthesizing many years experience with all the major in vivo models currently available for the study of malignant disease, Tumor Models in Cancer Research provides preclinical and clinical cancer researchers alike with a comprehensive guide to the selection of these models, their effective use, and the optimal interpretation of their results.

Handbook of Cancer Chemotherapy

Download Handbook of Cancer Chemotherapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 160831782X
Total Pages : 896 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (83 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Cancer Chemotherapy by : Roland T. Skeel

Download or read book Handbook of Cancer Chemotherapy written by Roland T. Skeel and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2011 with total page 896 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Skeel's Handbook of Cancer Chemotherapy combines in one place the most current rationale and specific details necessary to safely administer chemotherapy for most adult cancers. The handbook is a practical, diseased-focused pocket reference that emphasizes the best current medical practice as it relates to the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs. By focusing on specific plans for treatment, the book is an invaluable resource for the daily care of cancer patients.

Issues in Cancer and Oncology: 2011 Edition

Download Issues in Cancer and Oncology: 2011 Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : ScholarlyEditions
ISBN 13 : 1464967806
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (649 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Issues in Cancer and Oncology: 2011 Edition by :

Download or read book Issues in Cancer and Oncology: 2011 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Issues in Cancer and Oncology / 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Cancer and Oncology. The editors have built Issues in Cancer and Oncology: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Cancer and Oncology in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Cancer and Oncology: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Issues in Cancer Epidemiology and Research: 2011 Edition

Download Issues in Cancer Epidemiology and Research: 2011 Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : ScholarlyEditions
ISBN 13 : 1464963533
Total Pages : 3512 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (649 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Issues in Cancer Epidemiology and Research: 2011 Edition by :

Download or read book Issues in Cancer Epidemiology and Research: 2011 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 3512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Issues in Cancer Epidemiology and Research / 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Cancer Epidemiology and Research. The editors have built Issues in Cancer Epidemiology and Research: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Cancer Epidemiology and Research in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Cancer Epidemiology and Research: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Vitamin D and Cancer

Download Vitamin D and Cancer PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441971882
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Vitamin D and Cancer by : Donald L. Trump

Download or read book Vitamin D and Cancer written by Donald L. Trump and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-12-09 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Substantial data indicate the broad importance of vitamin D-based signaling in normal human physiology and the broad effects of vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D may play a role not only in the control of bone and mineral metabolism, but also appears to be involved in immune function, cardiovascular health, thrombosis and vasculogenesis and neuromuscular function. Considerable epidemiologic data demonstrate that low vitamin D serum levels occur very commonly in normal adult populations and that vitamin D deficiency is associated with an enhanced risk of cancer death from lung, prostate, head & neck, colorectal and other gastrointestinal cancers. In addition, preclinical data provide evidence that calcitriol and other active analogues of calcitriol have anti-proliferative, pro-differentiative, pro-apoptotic and anti-angiogenic activity in numerous in-vitro and in-vivo models. It is quite clear that, while it requires high exposure to calcitriol to induce these effects, such exposure can be readily achieved when high dose intermittent therapy is given.