Read Books Online and Download eBooks, EPub, PDF, Mobi, Kindle, Text Full Free.
Wireless Power Transfer For Electric Vehicles Foundations And Design Approach
Download Wireless Power Transfer For Electric Vehicles Foundations And Design Approach full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Wireless Power Transfer For Electric Vehicles Foundations And Design Approach ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Book Synopsis Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles: Foundations and Design Approach by : Alicia Triviño-Cabrera
Download or read book Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles: Foundations and Design Approach written by Alicia Triviño-Cabrera and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-19 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the fundamentals and applications of wireless power transfer (WPT) in electric vehicles (EVs). Wireless power transfer (WPT) is a technology that allows devices to be powered without having to be connected to the electrical grid by a cable. Electric vehicles can greatly benefit from WPT, as it does away with the need for users to manually recharge the vehicles’ batteries, leading to safer charging operations. Some wireless chargers are available already, and research is underway to develop even more efficient and practical chargers for EVs. This book brings readers up to date on the state-of-the-art worldwide. In particular, it provides: • The fundamental principles of WPT for the wireless charging of electric vehicles (car, bicycles and drones), including compensation topologies, bi-directionality and coil topologies. • Information on international standards for EV wireless charging. • Design procedures for EV wireless chargers, including software files to help readers test their own designs. • Guidelines on the components and materials for EV wireless chargers. • Review and analysis of the main control algorithms applied to EV wireless chargers. • Review and analysis of commercial EV wireless charger products coming to the market and the main research projects on this topic being carried out worldwide. The book provides essential practical guidance on how to design wireless chargers for electric vehicles, and supplies MATLAB files that demonstrate the complexities of WPT technology, and which can help readers design their own chargers.
Book Synopsis Wireless Power Transfer Technologies for Electric Vehicles by : Xi Zhang
Download or read book Wireless Power Transfer Technologies for Electric Vehicles written by Xi Zhang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-01-22 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces the most state-of-the-art wireless power transfer technologies for electric vehicles from the fundamental theories to practical designs and applications, especially on the circuit analysis methods, resonant compensation networks, magnetic couplers, and related power electronics converters. Moreover, some other necessary design considerations, such as communication systems, detection of foreign and living objects, EMI issues, and battery charging strategies, are also introduced to provide sufficient insights into the industrial applications. Finally, some future points are mentioned in brief. Different from other works, all the WPT technologies in this book are applied in real EV applications, whose effectiveness and reliability have been already tested and verified. From this book, readers who are interested in the area of wireless power transfer can have a broad view of modern WPT technologies. Readers who have no experience in the WPT area can learn the basic concept, analysis methods, and design principles of the WPT system for EV charging. Even for the readers who are occupied in this area, this book also provides rich knowledge on engineering applications and future trends of EV wireless charging.
Book Synopsis Wireless Power Transfer by : Zhen Zhang
Download or read book Wireless Power Transfer written by Zhen Zhang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-11-29 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wireless Power Transfer Presents a detailed overview of multiple-objective wireless power transfer (WPT) technologies, including the latest research developments and emerging applications Wireless Power Transfer: Principles and Applications offers comprehensive coverage of all key aspects of wireless power transfer (WPT) technologies, including fundamental theory, intelligent control, configuration analysis, and emerging power electronics techniques. This unique resource is the first book of its kind to provide in-depth discussion of energy transmission control schemes with emphasis on omni-directional vector control, energy-encryption-based security control, demand-based optimal designs for transmitter, pickup, and self-resonance coils, multiple-objective power distribution, and maximum efficiency and power control under various conditions. In addition, this text: Presents the methodologies and approaches of emerging multiple-objective WPT technologies Discusses various applications for wireless charging techniques, including contactless power for electric vehicles, in-flight charging for unmanned aerial vehicles, and underwater wireless charging Covers both intermittent and continuous impedance matching methods for different classes of coils Features more than 400 high-quality illustrations and numerous figures and tables throughout Wireless Power Transfer: Principles and Applications is an invaluable technical reference for academic researchers and industry professionals in power and energy engineering, and an excellent textbook for postgraduate courses in relevant areas of industrial and electronic engineering.
Book Synopsis Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles and Mobile Devices by : Chun T. Rim
Download or read book Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles and Mobile Devices written by Chun T. Rim and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-06-05 with total page 632 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From mobile, cable-free re-charging of electric vehicles, smart phones and laptops to collecting solar electricity from orbiting solar farms, wireless power transfer (WPT) technologies offer consumers and society enormous benefits. Written by innovators in the field, this comprehensive resource explains the fundamental principles and latest advances in WPT and illustrates key applications of this emergent technology. Key features and coverage include: The fundamental principles of WPT to practical applications on dynamic charging and static charging of EVs and smartphones. Theories for inductive power transfer (IPT) such as the coupled inductor model, gyrator circuit model, and magnetic mirror model. IPTs for road powered EVs, including controller, compensation circuit, electro-magnetic field cancel, large tolerance, power rail segmentation, and foreign object detection. IPTs for static charging for EVs and large tolerance and capacitive charging issues, as well as IPT mobile applications such as free space omnidirectional IPT by dipole coils and 2D IPT for robots. Principle and applications of capacitive power transfer. Synthesized magnetic field focusing, wireless nuclear instrumentation, and future WPT. A technical asset for engineers in the power electronics, internet of things and automotive sectors, Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles and Mobile Devices is an essential design and analysis guide and an important reference for graduate and higher undergraduate students preparing for careers in these industries.
Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Wireless Communication by : David Tse
Download or read book Fundamentals of Wireless Communication written by David Tse and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-05-26 with total page 598 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook takes a unified view of the fundamentals of wireless communication and explains cutting-edge concepts in a simple and intuitive way. An abundant supply of exercises make it ideal for graduate courses in electrical and computer engineering and it will also be of great interest to practising engineers.
Book Synopsis Wireless Power Transfer by : Johnson I. Agbinya
Download or read book Wireless Power Transfer written by Johnson I. Agbinya and published by River Publishers. This book was released on 2015-12-01 with total page 767 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wireless Power Transfer is the second edition of a well received first book, which published in 2012. It represents the state-of-the-art at the time of writing, and addresses a unique subject of great international interest in terms of research. Most of the chapters are contributed by the main author, though as in the first edition several chapters are contributed by other authors. The authors of the various chapters are experts in their own right on the specific topics within wireless energy transfer. Compared to the first edition, this new edition is more comprehensive in terms of the concepts discussed, and the range of current industrial applications which are presented, such as those of magnetic induction. From the eleven chapters of the first edtion, this second edition has expanded to twenty chapters. More chapters on the theoretical foundations and applications have been included. This new edition also contains chapters which deal with techniques for reducing power losses in wireless power transfer systems. In this regard, specific chapters discuss impedance matching methods, frequency splitting and how to deploy systems based on frequency splitting. A new chapter on multi-dimensional wireless power transfer has also been added. The design of wireless power transfer systems based on bandpass filtering approach has been included, in addition to the two techniques using couple mode theory and electronic circuits. The book has retained chapters on how to increase efficiency of power conversion and induction, and also how to control the power systems. Furthermore, detailed techniques for power relay, including applications, which were also discussed in the first edition, have been updated and kept. The book is written in a progressive manner, with a knowledge of the first chapters making it easier to understand the later chapters. Most of the underlying theories covered in the book are clearly relevant to inductive near field communications, robotic control, robotic propulsion techniques, induction heating and cooking and a range of mechatronic systems.
Book Synopsis Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles by : Adel El-Shahat
Download or read book Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles written by Adel El-Shahat and published by Mdpi AG. This book was released on 2022-12-29 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this book is to publish the most recent technological advancements, and theoretical and practical research outcomes, alongside high-quality literature reviews on wireless power transfer to charge electric vehicles. More substantial research is proposed due to the fast-growing market for electric vehicles, and recent advances in wireless power transfer techniques have the potential to make this technology available for all consumers by overcoming its drawbacks. For instance, one of the major downsides to EVs is the requirement for an automobile to be idle during charging times. This problem can be solved by implementing dynamic wireless power transfer (WPT) with a higher power transfer efficiency (PTE). So, this book endeavors to create a major forum for investigating recent advances and the envisioned future in wireless power transfer for electric vehicles in terms of modeling, design, performance, operation, control, implementation, storage, electric machines, power electronics converters, optimization, cost, charging techniques, and applications. This book provides valuable contributions to the field of electric vehicles: inductive power transfer concepts; airport inductive charging infrastructures; the design of a wireless charging system for an e-bike with grid connection; control of renewables; social, economic, political, and technical factors for dynamic wireless charging; the influence of posture and coil position on the safety of a WPT; double-coil dynamic shielding technology for WPT; reduction in cogging torque in a PM brushless DC motor; and optimal dynamic scheduling of EVs in a parking lot.
Book Synopsis Wireless Power Transfer by : Fouad Sabry
Download or read book Wireless Power Transfer written by Fouad Sabry and published by One Billion Knowledgeable. This book was released on 2022-10-15 with total page 763 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What Is Wireless Power Transfer The transmission of electrical energy in the absence of cables as a physical connection is referred to variously as wireless power transfer (WPT), wireless power transmission (WPT), wireless energy transmission (WET), or electromagnetic power transfer (EPT). In a system for wirelessly transmitting power, a transmitter device is propelled by electric power derived from a power source. This drives the device to generate a time-varying electromagnetic field, which in turn transmits power across space to a receiver device. The receiver device then extracts power from the field and supplies it to an electrical load. By removing the need for cables and batteries, the technology of wireless power transfer may increase the portability, convenience, and safety of an electronic gadget for all of its users. It is helpful to employ wireless power transmission in order to power electrical equipment in situations where physically connecting cables would be difficult, harmful, or otherwise impossible. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Wireless power transfer Chapter 2: Microwave Chapter 3: Electromagnetic compatibility Chapter 4: Antenna (radio) Chapter 5: Klystron Chapter 6: Near and far field Chapter 7: Index of electronics articles Chapter 8: Resonator Chapter 9: Spark-gap transmitter Chapter 10: Loop antenna Chapter 11: Index of electrical engineering articles Chapter 12: Grid dip oscillator Chapter 13: Coupling (electronics) Chapter 14: Inductive charging Chapter 15: Dielectric resonator antenna Chapter 16: WREL (technology) Chapter 17: Resonant inductive coupling Chapter 18: Qi (standard) Chapter 19: Magnetoquasistatic field Chapter 20: Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering Chapter 21: History of the Tesla coil (II) Answering the public top questions about wireless power transfer. (III) Real world examples for the usage of wireless power transfer in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of wireless power transfer' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of wireless power transfer.
Book Synopsis Coherent Wireless Power Charging and Data Transfer for Electric Vehicles by : Chih-Cheng Huang
Download or read book Coherent Wireless Power Charging and Data Transfer for Electric Vehicles written by Chih-Cheng Huang and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2022-01-04 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on reducing emissions and improving fuel economy, automotive manufacturers are developing electric vehicles (EV) to replace fuel and diesel vehicles starting in 2030 onwards. The EVs, with their green power supplies maximize environmental benefits with zero emissions thereby lowering air pollution levels. There is now an increased demand for stable electric storage systems (ESS) that are part of the design of new electric vehicles. This timely reference gives an overview of modern electrical power systems applied in the current generation of electric vehicles which require an ESS, and how these can be utilized for simultaneous power and data communication. The book starts with an introduction to the topic, before giving a summary of the green power trend for the electric vehicle market. The book then delves into the theoretical and analytical framework required to understand adaptive compensation of the magnetic inductive system (ACMIS), based on zero voltage switch (ZVS). The chapters demonstrate how these systems are used for transmitting electric power from a single-end inverter combined with a compensated network of parallel to parallel (P-P) type and an auto-tuning impedance of LC tank. The book also covers the experimental method for a multifunctional contactless power flow of the G2V mode and bidirectional outer communication and inner communication with giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect for car parking guidance. The experiment shows how to analyze data transferring performance including the current trimming method and how to evaluate data transmission quality according to the relevant parameters. Overall the book serves to familiarize automotive engineers and industry professionals involved in the electric vehicle market with the issues that surround wireless power charging and data transfer systems for electric vehicles, and introduces them to more coherent designs.
Book Synopsis Wireless Power Transfer by : Eugen Coca
Download or read book Wireless Power Transfer written by Eugen Coca and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2016-06-29 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wireless power transfer techniques have been gaining researchers' and industry attention due to the increasing number of battery-powered devices, such as mobile computers, mobile phones, smart devices, intelligent sensors, mainly as a way to replace the standard cable charging, but also for powering battery-less equipment. The storage capacity of batteries is an extremely important element of how a device can be used. If we talk about battery-powered electronic equipment, the autonomy is one factor that may be essential in choosing a device or another, making the solution of remote powering very attractive. A distinction has to be made between the two forms of wireless power transmission, as seen in terms of how the transmitted energy is used at the receiving point: - Transmission of information or data, when it is essential for an amount of energy to reach the receiver to restore the transmitted information; - Transmission of electric energy in the form of electromagnetic field, when the energy transfer efficiency is essential, the power being used to energize the receiving equipment. The second form of energy transfer is the subject of this book.
Book Synopsis Wireless Power Transfer by : Johnson I. Agbinya
Download or read book Wireless Power Transfer written by Johnson I. Agbinya and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-09-01 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nikola Tesla's dream in the early 20th century of a "World Wireless System" led him to build the Wardenclyffe Tower, a prototype base station serving as an emitter for his "World Wireless System". The base station was to supply wireless electrical energy to a distant receiver. This book builds upon that dream and is a result of intensive research interest in powerline, machine to machine communications and wireless power transfer globally. Wireless energy transfer or Witricity (WIreless elecTRICITY) transfers electricity instead of data. The technology is useful in cases where instantaneous or continuous energy is needed but interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or impossible. The transfer is made through inductive coupling and electromagnetic radiation. Inductive coupling provides optimum power delivery to a receiver load if both the emitter and the receiver achieve magnetic resonance concurrently. Energy transfer systems mostly use antennas operating in their near field regions. As fossil energy sources are being depleted rapidly worldwide and oil prices soar, solar energy enhanced with wireless power transfer (WPT) have become reasonable alternatives for renewable energy and power harvesting. They are finding use in transportation, electric and hybrid vehicles, very fast trains and the emerging field of Internet of Things. This book is written by the leading experts on wireless energy transfer technology and its applications. It introduces and explains the technology in great details and provides the theory and practice of WPT through the two approaches of coupled mode theory and circuit theory. Both approaches are dependent on resonance techniques. The level of presentation is suitable for design and training. In depth coverage is provided on near field concepts; coupled-mode theory and models; circuit models of inductive antennas; radiative and inductive wireless power transfer, wireless power relay concepts, optimization techniques for wireless power transfer systems, control of wireless power transfer systems, wireless charging concepts; wireless energy transfer applications in electric vehicles, embedded medical systems and propagation in human tissues. Each chapter is written by experts on a selected aspect of wireless energy transfer. The authors have gone to great lengths to provide worked examples to assist the reader in working through some of the difficult concepts and to allow more understanding. The book is an excellent foundation for applying wireless energy transfer technologies in most fields including transportation, communication, home automation, biomedical systems and home appliances. The book is recommended to practitioners and engineers in the power industry, students in universities and research institutes. Honours and post graduate students in Physics, electrical/electronic engineering and computer science will find the book easy to read and apply because of the mode of presentation.
Book Synopsis Emerging Capabilities and Applications of Wireless Power Transfer by : Triviño-Cabrera, Alicia
Download or read book Emerging Capabilities and Applications of Wireless Power Transfer written by Triviño-Cabrera, Alicia and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2018-09-21 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Technologies that enable powering a device without the need for being connected with a cable to the grid are gaining attention in recent years due to the advantages that they provide. They are a commodity to users and provide additional functionalities that promote autonomy among the devices. Emerging Capabilities and Applications of Wireless Power Transfer is an essential reference source that analyzes the different applications of wireless power transfer technologies and how the technologies are adapted to fulfill the electrical, magnetic, and design-based requirements of different applications. Featuring research on topics such as transfer technologies, circuital analysis, and inductive power transfer, this book is a vital resource for academicians, electrical engineers, scientists, researchers, and industry professionals seeking coverage on device power and creating autonomy through alternative power options for devices.
Book Synopsis Wireless Power Transfer for E-Mobility by : Mauro Feliziani
Download or read book Wireless Power Transfer for E-Mobility written by Mauro Feliziani and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-12-13 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wireless Power Transfer for e-Mobility: Fundamentals and Design Guidelines for Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles provides a comprehensive resource for researchers and engineers engaged in the development of automotive WPT systems. The book opens with an overview of wireless technologies for power transfer and their evolution over time, then focusing on the application of this technology to electric mobility highlighting its importance in terms of impact and perspectives on the development of sustainable transport and autonomous driving. Chapters discuss the fundamentals of electromagnetic field in WPT systems and the circuit modelling. In addition, they examine core current electric vehicle systems and present-day automotive WPT standards. Design techniques of magnetic couplers, including compensation networks are explored in-depth alongside power electronics techniques for automotive WPT systems. Both stationary and dynamic automotive WPT systems are rigorously assessed. Finally, the problems of electromagnetic compatibility and electromagnetic field safety are described with particular attention to shielding techniques for the mitigation of magnetic field emissions. Addressing essential knowledge from foundational to advanced levels, Wireless Power Transfer for e-Mobility provides practical guidance to engineers and researchers developing the future of electric mobility. Provides an advanced foundation for research and current industrial applications in automotive WPT systems Develops proven methodologies linked to some case studies using examples drawn from global practice Explores the role of WPT in near-future mobility scenarios, with featured coverage of electrified transportation Includes an extensive usage of equations from MATLAB, Spice and COMSOL
Book Synopsis Electric and Hybrid Vehicles by : Iqbal Husain
Download or read book Electric and Hybrid Vehicles written by Iqbal Husain and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-02-22 with total page 702 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A thoroughly revised third edition of this widely praised, bestselling textbook presents a comprehensive systems-level perspective of electric and hybrid vehicles with emphasis on technical aspects, mathematical relationships and basic design guidelines. The emerging technologies of electric vehicles require the dedication of current and future engineers, so the target audience for the book is the young professionals and students in engineering eager to learn about the area. The book is concise and clear, its mathematics are kept to a necessary minimum and it contains a well-balanced set of contents of the complex technology. Engineers of multiple disciplines can either get a broader overview or explore in depth a particular aspect of electric or hybrid vehicles. Additions in the third edition include simulation-based design analysis of electric and hybrid vehicles and their powertrain components, particularly that of traction inverters, electric machines and motor drives. The technology trends to incorporate wide bandgap power electronics and reduced rare-earth permanent magnet electric machines in the powertrain components have been highlighted. Charging stations are a critical component for the electric vehicle infrastructure, and hence, a chapter on vehicle interactions with the power grid has been added. Autonomous driving is another emerging technology, and a chapter is included describing the autonomous driving system architecture and the hardware and software needs for such systems. The platform has been set in this book for system-level simulations to develop models using various softwares used in academia and industry, such as MATLAB®/Simulink, PLECS, PSIM, Motor-CAD and Altair Flux. Examples and simulation results are provided in this edition using these software tools. The third edition is a timely revision and contribution to the field of electric vehicles that has reached recently notable markets in a more and more environmentally sensitive world.
Book Synopsis Wireless Power Transfer by : Wenxing Zhong
Download or read book Wireless Power Transfer written by Wenxing Zhong and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-14 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on inductive wireless power transfer (WPT), which relies on coil resonators and power converters, this book begins by providing the background and basic theories of WPT, which are essential for newcomers to the field. Then two major challenges of WPT – power transfer distance and efficiency – are subsequently addressed, and multi-resonator WPT systems, which not only offer a way to extend power transfer distance but also provide more flexibility, are investigated. Recent findings on techniques to maximize the power transfer efficiency of WPT systems, e.g. maximum efficiency point tracking, are also introduced. Without the constraint of cables, wireless power transfer (WPT) is an elegant technique for charging or powering a range of electrical devices, e.g. electric vehicles, mobile phones, artificial hearts, etc. Given its depth of coverage, the book can serve as a technical guideline or reference guide for engineers and researchers working on WPT.
Book Synopsis Key Technologies of Magnetically-Coupled Resonant Wireless Power Transfer by : Yiming Zhang
Download or read book Key Technologies of Magnetically-Coupled Resonant Wireless Power Transfer written by Yiming Zhang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-12-21 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis focuses on the key technologies involved in magnetically coupled Wireless Power Transfer (WPT). Starting from the basic structures and theories of WPT, it addresses four fundamental aspects of these systems. Firstly, it analyzes the factors affecting transfer efficiency and compares various methods for reducing the working frequency. Secondly, it discusses frequency splitting and offers a physical explanation. Thirdly, it proposes and assesses three multiple-load transfer structures. Lastly, it investigates WPT systems with active voltage-source and current-source load. As such, the thesis offers readers a deeper understanding of WPT technology, while also proposing insightful new advances.
Book Synopsis Wireless Charging Technology and the Future of Electric Transportation by : In-Soo Suh
Download or read book Wireless Charging Technology and the Future of Electric Transportation written by In-Soo Suh and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2015-06-08 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Around the world, the major automakers are developing their strategies for conductive and wireless charging technologies, with concerted efforts to establish technical standards on wireless electric vehicle charging, mainly focused on the safety considerations and inter-operability. Wireless Charging Technology and the Future of Electric Transportation covers the current status of wireless power transfer (WPT) technology and its potential applications to the future road and rail transportation systems. Focusing on the applications of WPT technology to electric vehicle charging and the future green transportation field, Wireless Charging Technology and the Future of Electric Transportation was written collaboratively by nine experts in the field, led by Dr. In-Soo Suh, a professor and researcher from the Korean Advanced Institute of Technology (KAIST). This book brings an in-depth analysis of the most important areas of interest in this new area, such as: • Working principles of wireless power transfer technology • Current technology and its projected future impact on electric vehicles • Comparison between conductive and wireless charging of electric vehicles • Introduction to dynamic wireless charging systems • Technological challenges and international technical standards activities • Applications in consumer electronics, rail, aviation, marine, and off-road transportation • Long-distance electrical energy transfer
