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The Controversy Over Hormone Replacement Therapy Evaluating Related Risk Of Breast Cancer And Other Diseases
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Book Synopsis The Controversy over Hormone Replacement Therapy: Evaluating Related Risk of Breast Cancer and Other Diseases by :
Download or read book The Controversy over Hormone Replacement Therapy: Evaluating Related Risk of Breast Cancer and Other Diseases written by and published by Am Cncl on Science, Health. This book was released on with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Controversy over Hormone Replacement Therapy by :
Download or read book The Controversy over Hormone Replacement Therapy written by and published by Am Cncl on Science, Health. This book was released on with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :U. S. Department of Health and Human Services Publisher :CreateSpace ISBN 13 :9781490565552 Total Pages :132 pages Book Rating :4.5/5 (655 download)
Book Synopsis Hormone Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer by : U. S. Department of Health and Human Services
Download or read book Hormone Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer written by U. S. Department of Health and Human Services and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2013-06-28 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this systematic evidence review, we evaluate data on the relationship between the use of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and the risk of breast cancer (BCA). The context of this review is in the overall evaluation of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy as chemoprophylaxis for chronic conditions. The results from this report will be used as part of an overall report on the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy for postmenopausal women. Hormone replacement therapy is used in the United States and worldwide to treat symptoms of menopause and to prevent chronic conditions such as osteoporosis. It is one of the most commonly prescribed drugs in the U.S.; a recent survey in the U.S. of postmenopausal women ages 50 to 75 showed that nearly 38% of women were currently using estrogen or hormone replacement therapy (58.7% of those with prior hysterectomy and 19.6% without hysterectomy). A major and as yet unanswered clinical question is whether hormone replacement therapy increases a woman's risk of breast cancer. This issue is a critical one because the use of HRT is prevalent and because breast cancer is a relatively common disease, so that even a small increase in breast cancer in association with hormone use could significantly influence public health. The importance of endogenous estrogen in the development of breast cancer has been evaluated and confirmed in multiple studies of differing methodologies. Studies in animals have shown that breast cancer can be induced by the administration of estrogen. Among humans, some studies have shown that women with increased levels of circulating estrogen are at higher risk for the subsequent development of breast cancer. Other studies have had conflicting findings, and some have shown this relationship in postmenopausal women only. Reproductive events are important risk factors for breast cancer. Those shown to increase risk include early menarche and late menopause, both of which prolong exposure to higher levels of estrogen as well as other reproductive hormones. Other reproductive experiences, such as late age at first pregnancy and nulliparity, increase breast cancer risk. Oopherectomy among premenopausal women is protective against breast cancer, possibly because of reduced exposure to estrogen. Other risk factors also suggest an important role for estrogen in BCA development. In postmenopausal women, obesity, which correlates with increased estrogen levels, is also associated with an increased risk of BCA. Recent studies have also shown that increased bone density, possibly a reflection of lifetime estrogen exposure, is associated with increased rates of breast cancer. Finally, age-adjusted rates of increase in breast cancer incidence slow at menopause when estrogen levels fall. There are several critical key questions to consider when evaluating the research describing the role of exogenous estrogen or estrogen/progesterone in breast cancer development and prognosis. First, is either estrogen alone or estrogen with progesterone associated with a change in breast cancer mortality? Second, does short-term estrogen use increase the risk of breast cancer? The third question, which is most relevant to the use of estrogen to prevent chronic conditions, is whether long-term estrogen increases breast cancer risk. The fourth question, which reflects the current standard of practice, is whether the combination of estrogen and progesterone, either short-term or long-term, increases the risk of breast cancer. Fifth, is current use of estrogen or hormone replacement therapy associated with increased risk of breast cancer? Sixth, are there subpopulations of women who might be at increased risk of breast cancer when using HRT? Finally, because increased breast mammographic density is independently associated with an increase in breast cancer risk, as well as with decreased accuracy of mammography, does estrogen or estrogen/progestins change breast density?
Book Synopsis Hormone Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer by : Linda L. Humphrey
Download or read book Hormone Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer written by Linda L. Humphrey and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and update the prior review evaluating the risk of breast cancer and breast cancer (BCA) death associated with the use of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) by reviewing the medical literature which has been published since the last US Preventive Services Task Force update. DATA SOURCE: All English language studies identified in the Medline database from 1992-2000 and all previously published meta-analyses. In addition, reference lists of key articles, letters, and editorials were reviewed for all related studies, including those pre-dating the database search. STUDY SELECTION: All studies that evaluated breast cancer incidence or mortality as a primary or secondary outcome in association with hormone replacement therapy published between 1992-2000. Studies evaluating the effect of hormone replacement therapy on breast density were also reviewed. DATA EXTRACTION: The following studies met inclusion criteria: 8 meta-analyses from the years 1988-1997, 1 nested case-control study, 14 case-control studies, and 15 cohort studies all evaluating breast cancer incidence, mortality, or both. Of the 15 cohort studies, 10 represented unique cohorts and of the 14 case control studies, 2 involved updates of the same case set. Data from each study were abstracted to prepared forms. When more than one study from the same population was reported, data from the most recent publication were reviewed. If data from the same population were analyzed by cohort and by case-control analysis, both results were reported if they evaluated different outcomes. In addition, several studies evaluating breast density and HRT were reviewed, and the best studies summarized. DATA SYNTHESIS: For ever or short-term use of estrogen, 7 of the 8 meta-analyses, 8 of the 11 case-control studies, and 6 of the 7 cohort studies evaluating incidence showed no increase in breast cancer with hormone replacement therapy. Of the original studies reviewed evaluating incidence, 12 of 19 showed no increased risk of breast cancer with long duration ERT or HRT use. However, 5 of the meta-analyses showed increased risk with duration over 5 years and 2 important cohort studies showed increased risk with longer duration use. Eleven original studies evaluated combined estrogen and progestin, and one showed increased risk of BCA with short-term use; 3 of the 5 evaluating duration with combined therapy showed increased risk that was statistically significant. Current use of ERT was associated with significantly increased risk of breast cancer in two of the best cohort studies; use of combined therapy was associated with increased risk in 3 studies. Six recent cohort studies (1992-2000) evaluated breast cancer mortality in association with hormone use: 1 showed increased risk of death, 4 showed decreased risk of death, and one showed no association. Several recent studies show that post-menopausal estrogen therapy is associated with increased breast density by mammography and that adding progesterone to estrogen results in even greater increases in breast density. Finally, there is evidence suggesting an important interaction between HRT and alcohol use and HRT and lower body weight. CONCLUSIONS: The association of short-term hormone replacement therapy with the development of breast cancer is uncertain based on multiple studies with inconsistent findings. Among studies indicating increased risk, the risk is largely confined to current and long-term use (>5-10 years), and the risk is relatively small (RR 1.2-1.5). Reduced mortality is a fairly consistent finding among the studies evaluating breast cancer mortality and HRT use. The addition of progesterone to estrogen and current, as well as long-term, use may be associated with breast cancer risk above that of estrogen itself. Although the biological plausibility of an association between postmenopausal hormone use and breast cancer is high, the studies showing risk or benefit from the use of post-menopausal hormones are limited by the observational nature of the epidemiologic data existing to date. Data from randomized controlled trials are needed to validly evaluate the relationship.
Book Synopsis Menopause and Hormone Replacement by : Hilary O. D. Critchley
Download or read book Menopause and Hormone Replacement written by Hilary O. D. Critchley and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis International Differences in Mortality at Older Ages by : National Research Council
Download or read book International Differences in Mortality at Older Ages written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-02-27 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1950 men and women in the United States had a combined life expectancy of 68.9 years, the 12th highest life expectancy at birth in the world. Today, life expectancy is up to 79.2 years, yet the country is now 28th on the list, behind the United Kingdom, Korea, Canada, and France, among others. The United States does have higher rates of infant mortality and violent deaths than in other developed countries, but these factors do not fully account for the country's relatively poor ranking in life expectancy. International Differences in Mortality at Older Ages: Dimensions and Sources examines patterns in international differences in life expectancy above age 50 and assesses the evidence and arguments that have been advanced to explain the poor position of the United States relative to other countries. The papers in this deeply researched volume identify gaps in measurement, data, theory, and research design and pinpoint areas for future high-priority research in this area. In addition to examining the differences in mortality around the world, the papers in International Differences in Mortality at Older Ages look at health factors and life-style choices commonly believed to contribute to the observed international differences in life expectancy. They also identify strategic opportunities for health-related interventions. This book offers a wide variety of disciplinary and scholarly perspectives to the study of mortality, and it offers in-depth analyses that can serve health professionals, policy makers, statisticians, and researchers.
Book Synopsis Prospective Evaluation of Hormone Replacement Therapy, Body Mass Index, Estrogen Metabolism and Breast Cancer Risk by :
Download or read book Prospective Evaluation of Hormone Replacement Therapy, Body Mass Index, Estrogen Metabolism and Breast Cancer Risk written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this project is to prospectively evaluate the extent to which BMI and estrogen metabolism are related to breast cancer associated with HRT use. We will specifically test the following hypotheses: Among postmenopausal women using HRT: a). the risk of breast cancer is higher for women with higher serum 16-OH levels b). lower BMI is associated with higher serum 16-OH levels c). therefore: the risk of breast cancer increases with decreasing BMI We will also test the relationship between serum 2-OH levels, the 2:16-OH ratio, BMI and breast cancer risk. This will be done using a nested case/control study within the observational arm of the Womens Health initiative.
Book Synopsis Hormone Replacement: Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk by : R.D. Mann
Download or read book Hormone Replacement: Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk written by R.D. Mann and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1992-07-15 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers a topic of considerable current interest and presents many of the most significant research findings available to date. Workers at the forefront of research on hormone replacement therapy and the implications for the risk of breast cancer were invited to attend a special Conference at the Royal Society of Medicine in London in September, 1991, where the latest data were presented to a distinguished audience and the implications of this research were discussed. The volume reviews various aspects of HRT and breast cancer, the physiology of the menopause, the current use of HRT in practice, osteoporosis and epidemiology and presents results from a range of European, American and Australian studies on the role of breast cancer and HRT, finishing with an overview of benefits, use and cost-effectiveness and a general summary. The book represents a definitive statement of current knowledge in this field and an informative update on the implications of recent research. It will be a valuable addition of special significance to the libraries of all those concerned with hormone replacement therapy and the study of breast cancer.
Book Synopsis Oestrogen Matters by : Dr Avrum Bluming
Download or read book Oestrogen Matters written by Dr Avrum Bluming and published by Hachette UK. This book was released on 2018-09-04 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'I believe it is an ethical imperative for all clinicians who treat women in menopause or women with breast cancer to alert their patients to this book' Michael Baum, MD, Professor Emeritus of Surgery and visiting professor of Medical Humanities, University College London 'A thorough, careful and unbiased assessment . . . This extremely valuable message deserves to be widely disseminated' Lord Turnberg, former President of the Royal College of Physicians A compelling defence of hormone replacement therapy, exposing the faulty science behind its fall from prominence and empowering readers to make informed decisions about their health. For years, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was hailed as a miracle. Study after study showed that HRT, if initiated at the onset of menopause, could ease symptoms ranging from hot flushes to memory loss; reduce the risk of heart disease, Alzheimer's, osteoporosis, and some cancers; and even extend a woman's overall life expectancy. But when a large study by the Women's Health Initiative announced results showing an uptick in breast cancer among women taking HRT, the winds shifted abruptly, and HRT, officially deemed a carcinogen, was abandoned. Now, sixteen years after HRT was left for dead, Dr Bluming, a medical oncologist, and Dr Tavris, a social psychologist, track its strange history and present a compelling case for its resurrection. They investigate what led the public - and much of the medical establishment - to accept the Women's Health Initiative's often exaggerated claims, while also providing a fuller picture of the science that supports HRT. A sobering and revelatory read, Oestrogen Matters sets the record straight on this beneficial treatment and provides an empowering path to wellness for women everywhere.
Author :IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Publisher :World Health Organization ISBN 13 : Total Pages :692 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (91 download)
Book Synopsis Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy by : IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
Download or read book Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy written by IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 1999 with total page 692 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evaluates evidence for an increased risk of cancer in women using combined oral contraceptives, progestogen-only hormonal contraceptives, post-menopausal estrogen therapy, and post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy. Although the carcinogenicity of these preparations has been extensively investigated, the book stresses the many complex methodological issues that must be considered when interpreting findings and weighing results. Evidence of an association between use of these preparations and positive effects on health, including a reduced risk of some cancers, is also critically assessed. The first and most extensive monograph evaluates evidence of an association between the use of combined oral contraceptives and cancer at nine sites. Concerning breast cancer, the evaluation concludes that, even if the association is causal, the excess risk for breast cancer associated with patterns of use that are typical today is very small. Studies of predominantly high-dose preparations found an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of hepatitis viruses. Citing these findings, the evaluation concludes that there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of combined oral contraceptives. The evaluation also found sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of some, but not all, combined preparations in animals. Combined oral contraceptives were classified as carcinogenic to humans. The evaluation also cites conclusive evidence that these agents have a protective effect against cancers of the ovary and endometrium. Progestogen-only contraceptives are evaluated in the second monograph, which considers the association with cancer at six sites. The evaluation found no evidence of an increased risk for breast cancer. Although the evaluation found sufficient evidence in animals for the carcinogenicity of medroxyprogesterone acetate, evidence for the carcinogenicity of progestogen-only contraceptives in humans was judged inadequate. Progestogen-only contraceptives were classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. The third monograph, on post-menopausal estrogen therapy, considers evidence of an association with cancer at eight sites. Findings from a large number of epidemiological studies indicate a small increase in the risk of breast cancer in women who have used these preparations for five years or more. Studies consistently show an association between use of post-menopausal estrogen therapy and an increased risk for endometrial cancer. Data on the association with other cancers were either inconclusive or suggested no effect on risk. The evaluation concludes that post-menopausal estrogen therapy is carcinogenic to humans. The final monograph evaluates the association between the use of post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy and cancer at four sites. The evaluation of limited data on breast cancer found an increased relative risk observed with long-term use. Data were judged insufficient to assess the effects of past use and of different progestogen compounds, doses, and treatment schedules. For endometrial cancer, the evaluation found an increase in risk relative to non-users when the progestogen was added to the cycle for 10 days or fewer. Post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy was classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Concerning post-menopausal therapy in general, the book notes that evidence of carcinogenic risks must be placed in perspective of potential benefits. The prevention of osteoporotic fractures is cited as the best-established benefit. Evidence also suggests that estrogen prevents heart disease and may prevent memory loss and dementia.
Book Synopsis Fatal Breast Cancer Risk in Relation to Use of Unopposed Estrogen and Combined Hormone Therapy by :
Download or read book Fatal Breast Cancer Risk in Relation to Use of Unopposed Estrogen and Combined Hormone Therapy written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Use of combined menopausal hormone therapy (CHT) is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer, but it remains unclear to what degree the increase in incidence translates into an increase in breast cancer mortality. We evaluated fatal breast cancer risk in relation to recency and duration of use of CHT and unopposed estrogen hormone therapy (EHT). We conducted a large population-based nested case-control study in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan, where a population-based prescription drug database has existed since 1975. Cases (n = 1,288) were women who died of breast cancer in Saskatchewan between 1990-2008 at 50-79 years of age, and were eligible for Saskatchewan Prescription Drug Plan benefits for at least 5 years prior to their first primary breast cancer diagnosis (index date). Controls (n = 12,535) were matched to cases on duration of eligibility for health benefits prior to the index date and year of birth. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using unconditional logistic regression. Exclusive use of EHT was not associated with risk of fatal breast cancer, neither overall nor within categories of recency and duration of use (OR for current use versus never use = 1.05; 95% CI: 0.83-1.34). Use of CHT (includes women who had also used EHT) was also not associated with fatal breast cancer risk (OR for current use versus never use = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.67-1.28), except for a suggestion of an increased risk associated with current long-term use. However, the number of women in this category of use was small and the confidence intervals wide. Consistent with several other studies, we observed no association between fatal breast cancer risk and use of EHT. Only a few studies have evaluated the association between fatal breast cancer risk and use of CHT, and collectively the results have been inconsistent. It remains to be seen whether women who take CHT are at an increased risk of dying from breast cancer.
Book Synopsis Estrogen Prevention for Breast Cancer by : Zsuzsanna Suba
Download or read book Estrogen Prevention for Breast Cancer written by Zsuzsanna Suba and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the early 80s of the past century, clinical and epidemiological studies have increasingly pointed to an elevated breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer risk from high circulating oestrogen levels. Oestrogen deficiency as a cancer risk factor emerged first in 2007 in a study on Hungarian oral cancer cases based on the gender and age-related differences in tumour prevalence. Critical re-evaluation of the contradictory results of hormone replacement therapy yielded a complete conversion that oestrogen deficiency may confer cancer initiation. This book examines the deleterious interactions between oestrogen deficiency and further hormonal disorders which illuminate the apparently controversial associations of obesity, light exposure and alcohol intake with breast cancer risk.
Book Synopsis Hormone Replacement Therapy by : Donald P. Swartz
Download or read book Hormone Replacement Therapy written by Donald P. Swartz and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 1992 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Older women and specifically post-menopausal women comprise about one-third of the female population. These women are expected to survive another one-third of their lives in that state. This book addresses the needs of ovarian deficient women by providing comprehensive in-depth coverage of sex steroid hormone replacement and its relationship to the total health of women.
Book Synopsis Current Therapy in Oncology by : John E. Niederhuber
Download or read book Current Therapy in Oncology written by John E. Niederhuber and published by Decker. This book was released on 1993 with total page 696 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A multidisciplinary reference work in oncology providing discussions of the biology, diagnosis and treatment of a broad range of clinical cancer problems. The book presents an integrated approach to the treatment of patients with cancer covering medical oncology, radiation and more.
Download or read book Menopause written by Antonio Cano and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-02 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an evidence-based approach to the universal experience of menopause. Its structured format clearly separates the biological basis from the clinical impact and quality of life, while also examining menopause within the context of healthy ageing in females. Accordingly, the book addresses factors including lifestyle, frailty, sarcopenia, and new ICT technologies. Written by respected experts in the field, the book offers a valuable guide for gynecologists and professionals devoted to women’s healthcare and ageing quality of life, while also sharing revealing insights for non-professionals.
Book Synopsis Cancer Policy: Research and Methods by : C.L. Bennett
Download or read book Cancer Policy: Research and Methods written by C.L. Bennett and published by Springer. This book was released on 2007-08-20 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Policy and outcome studies represent a new area of research in oncology. Understanding the factors that affect quality of life, costs of care, patterns of care, and outcomes in oncology is important to providing comprehensive care. Health services is meant to be both a productive area of research as well as a discipline that improves patient decision making. In sum, Cancer Policy highlights some of the important areas of health services research in oncology.
Book Synopsis The New Testosterone Treatment by : Edward Friedman
Download or read book The New Testosterone Treatment written by Edward Friedman and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2023-12-21 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by the leading authority on hormone receptors and prostate cancer, this book reveals the surprising truth about how you can prevent and treat breast cancer, prostate cancer, and Alzheimer's with testosterone and other FDA-approved drugs.For decades, doctors have sought to combat prostate cancer under the mistaken assumption that testosterone fueled its growth. But the latest research into the nature of hormone receptors and therapies using bioidentical instead of synthetic hormones have caused a shift in thinking and new hope for treating this cancer with testosterone. Today the medical profession equates a diagnosis of Alzheimer's with a death sentence. In fact, the only thing doctors do is throw ineffective drugs at it and resign themselves to failure. For the first time, this book explains how testosterone can halt the disease and cure early-stage Alzheimer's. Similar breakthroughs for fighting breast cancer follow close on the heels of these revelations, outlining how the avoidance of synthetic progestins and the use of aromatase inhibitors are crucial tools in prevention and treatment. At the core of this book is the remarkable observation that we experience our highest hormone levels during our teen years--a time of life when there is no breast cancer, prostate cancer, or Alzheimer's. Could bringing hormones back to teen levels be the key to vibrant good health? The answer is a resounding yes. This thoroughly researched guide to the latest biomedical research is must-reading for medical professionals and anyone concerned about their health.
