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Stem Cells And Prostate Cancer
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Book Synopsis Stem Cells and Prostate Cancer by : Scott D. Cramer
Download or read book Stem Cells and Prostate Cancer written by Scott D. Cramer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-12 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent evidence demonstrates that normal prostate tissue contains stem cells. There is also accumulating evidence that prostate cancer contains a population of cells with stem cell-like characteristics referred to as cancer stem cells, or tumor initiating cells. Both the normal prostate stem cell and cancer stem cell populations have important implications for the generation, therapeutic targeting, and prevention of prostate cancer. The purpose of this book is to explore the role of stem cells in prostate cancer, which is becoming an increasingly hot trend in cancer research.
Book Synopsis Cancer Stem Cells: New Horizons in Cancer Therapies by : Surajit Pathak
Download or read book Cancer Stem Cells: New Horizons in Cancer Therapies written by Surajit Pathak and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-10-17 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the recent developments in the therapeutic implications of cancer stem cells for the effective diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer. It summarizes the various stem cells of common cancers including colon, pancreas, lungs, prostate, melanoma, and glioblastoma, and reviews the potential role of cancer stem cells in tissue aggressiveness, examining the functional contribution of cancer stem cells in the establishment and recurrence of cancerous tumors. Further, it explores the potential of cancer stem cells as novel therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of tumor progression. The book also discusses the various approaches for detecting, isolating, and characterizing different cancer stem cells and signaling pathways that control their replication, survival, and differentiation. Lastly, it explores the key features and mechanisms of drug resistance, chemo-resistance, and radio-resistance in cancer stem cells to improve therapeutic rationale.
Book Synopsis Pathology of the Prostate by : Christopher Foster
Download or read book Pathology of the Prostate written by Christopher Foster and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An addition to the Major Problems in Pathology Series, this book addresses all the recent, major advances in the rapidly expanding field of prostate pathology. The concise, focused text reflects a wide variety of opinions regarding the diagnosis of prostate disorders. Includes the work of internationally renowned contributors.
Book Synopsis Stem Cells and Cancer by : Lopa Mishra
Download or read book Stem Cells and Cancer written by Lopa Mishra and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2007 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes the role of cancer stem cells and progenitor cells in the progression to cancer. This volume refers to the role of stem cells in well-characterized diseases such as prostate and hepatocellular cancer, melanoma, chronic myeloid leukaemia and stem cell/cancer stem cell properties.
Book Synopsis Cancer Stem Cell Resistance to Targeted Therapy by : Cristina Maccalli
Download or read book Cancer Stem Cell Resistance to Targeted Therapy written by Cristina Maccalli and published by Springer. This book was released on 2020-08-14 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book represents an up-dated summary of the state of the art of the characterization of cancer stem cell/ cancer initiating cell (CSC/CIC) properties. An overview of the definition and biological properties of CSCs/CICs as well as the role of these cells in determining the resistance to standard and immune-based therapies is provided. It also discusses limitations in the achievement of a definitive biological characterization of CSCs/CICs due to their high extent of plasticity and heterogeneity that is also mutually driven by the interaction of these cells with the tumor microenvironment. The limitations in targeting CSCs/CICs with immunotherapy are also explained together with explorative combination approaches that could increase the susceptibility of these cells to the recognition by immune cells. This book is conceived for a broad audience, including students, teachers, scientific experts. The critical revision of available results in terms of immunological profile of CSCs/CICs and the efficacy in targeting these cells by immunological approaches, results in a comprehensive and up to date recapitulation of the field and provides interesting suggestions on how to focus future investigations in order to assess the role of CSCs/CICs as prognostic and predictive biomarkers of responsiveness to therapies for cancer patients.
Book Synopsis Identifying and Understanding the Functional Significance of Cancer Stem Cells in Prostate and Pancreatic Cancer Initiation and Chemoresistance by : Antreas Agop Hindoyan
Download or read book Identifying and Understanding the Functional Significance of Cancer Stem Cells in Prostate and Pancreatic Cancer Initiation and Chemoresistance written by Antreas Agop Hindoyan and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The functional heterogeneity of cancer phenotypes and responses to therapeutics is a huge obstacle to clinical cures and an intense area of study. A relatively new hypothesis posits the existence of a subpopulation of tumor cells, termed cancer stem cells, which are primarily responsible for tumor propagation and resistance to therapy. Identification of such cells may be important to develop targeted therapies for more effective cancer treatment. This dissertation focuses on the validation and functional study of cancer stem cells associated with human prostate and pancreatic cancers. By leveraging the fact that surgical castration leads to enrichment of stem/progenitor cells in the prostate, we idenitifed CD166 as a novel marker for prostate stem cells. We show that CD166 can further enrich and refine the established prostate stem/progenitor cell and cancer stem cell population in both murine and human systems. While genetic deletion of CD166 would not inhibit the development of the prostate gland or the formation of prostate cancer in our genetically engineered model systems, this protein may serve as an attractive marker for identifying and targeting prostate cancer stem cells. Further attempts were made at identifying stem/progenitor populations for prostate and pancreatic cancer through various discovery and targeted approaches. We found that Lgr5, a marker of stem cells in the gut and skin, is not expressed in prostate and pancreatic epithelial tissue, but only in prostatic stroma. Novel surface markers such as CD138 were found to be highly upregulated in pancreatic tumors, but specificity for cancer stem cells was lacking. Lastly, we studied the functional role of cancer stem cells in gemcitabine therapy resistance in a human pancreatic cancer model. We found that the PI3K and ubiquitin-mediated proteosomal degradation pathways can be used to stratify gemcitabine treatment response in patient tumors. Inhibition of Skp2 expression and therapeutic treatment with PI3K inhibitors proved to be effective sensitiziers to gemcitabine treatment. Importantly, cancer stem cell content and function did not mediate gemcitabine relapse. As such, our studies reveal the cancer stem cell paradigm may be more complicated and cancer context-dependent, and must be rigorously functionally proven prior to clinical adoption.
Book Synopsis Principles of Stem Cell Biology and Cancer by : Tarik Regad
Download or read book Principles of Stem Cell Biology and Cancer written by Tarik Regad and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-05-06 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Principles of Stem Cell Biology and Cancer: Future Applications and Therapeutics Tarik Regad, The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, UK, Thomas J. Sayers, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, USA and Robert Rees The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, UK The field of cancer stem cells is expanding rapidly, with many groups focusing on isolating and identifying cancer stem cell populations. Although some progress has been made developing efficient cancer therapies, targeting cancer stem cells remains one of the important challenges facing the growing stem cell research community. Principles of Stem Cell Biology and Cancer brings together original contributions from international experts in the field to present the very latest information linking stem cell biology and cancer. Divided into two parts, the book begins with a detailed introduction to stem cell biology with a focus on the characterization of these cells, progress that has been made in their identification, as well as future therapeutic applications of stem cells. The second part focuses on cancer stem cells and their role in cancer development, progression and chemo-resistance. This section of the book includes an overview of recent progress concerning therapies targeting cancer stem cells. Features: An authoritative introduction to the link between stem cell biology and cancer. Includes contributions from leading international experts in the field. Well-illustrated with full colour figures throughout. This book will prove an invaluable resource for basic and applied researchers and clinicians working on the development of new cancer treatments and therapies, providing a timely publication of high quality reviews outlining the current progress and exciting future possibilities for stem cell research.
Book Synopsis Cancer Stem Cells by : Vinagolu K. Rajasekhar
Download or read book Cancer Stem Cells written by Vinagolu K. Rajasekhar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-04-14 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cancer Stem Cells covers a wide range of topics in cancer stem cell biology, including the functional characteristics of cancer stem cells and how they're generated, where they are localized, the means by which cancer stem cells can be targeted, and how cancer stem cells can be reprogrammed back to normal tissue stem cells. Each chapter begins with a brief historical note and concept summary, followed by a description of the latest basic or clinical advance associated with the topic. Cancer Stem Cells builds systematically from coverage of the basic research stage to an advanced research level, from clinical relevance to therapeutic potential, and will be a valuable resource for professionals in the fields of cancer research and stem cell biology.
Book Synopsis The Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism by : Anne Le
Download or read book The Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism written by Anne Le and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-26 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetic alterations in cancer, in addition to being the fundamental drivers of tumorigenesis, can give rise to a variety of metabolic adaptations that allow cancer cells to survive and proliferate in diverse tumor microenvironments. This metabolic flexibility is different from normal cellular metabolic processes and leads to heterogeneity in cancer metabolism within the same cancer type or even within the same tumor. In this book, we delve into the complexity and diversity of cancer metabolism, and highlight how understanding the heterogeneity of cancer metabolism is fundamental to the development of effective metabolism-based therapeutic strategies. Deciphering how cancer cells utilize various nutrient resources will enable clinicians and researchers to pair specific chemotherapeutic agents with patients who are most likely to respond with positive outcomes, allowing for more cost-effective and personalized cancer therapeutic strategies.
Book Synopsis Isolation and Characterization of Prostate Cancer Stem Cells by :
Download or read book Isolation and Characterization of Prostate Cancer Stem Cells written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cells derived from various organs and tumors that exhibit sphere-like growth in vitro include stem and early progenitors. Therefore, human prostate epithelial cells that can develop into "prostaspheres" may allow enrichment and characterization of these rare cell types. We have generated an extensive collection of prostaspheres, derived from normal and cancerous prostate specimens from patients undergoing urologic surgery at UCLA Medical Center. These prostaspheres have been evaluated for the functional abilities to self-renew and differentiate into the full complement of prostate epithelial cell types. In addition to interrogating stem-cell qualities, we evaluated whether normal and cancer prostaspheres could be distinguished. To do this, we performed FISH analysis on paraffin-embedded prostaspheres with probes detecting the TMPRSS-ERG translocation that has been described in the majority of human prostate cancers. We found that although approximately 70% of the prostate cancer specimens in our collection displayed the TMPRSS-ERG rearrangement, it was not present in the prostaspheres. The aims of our project are to define factors that enable prostate cancer cells containing the TMPRSS-ERG translocation to be isolated and maintained in vitro and in vivo so that cancer stem/progenitor populations can be characterized and interrogated.
Book Synopsis Cancer Stem Cells by : Sharmila A. Bapat
Download or read book Cancer Stem Cells written by Sharmila A. Bapat and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-10-03 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Because the concept and discoveries of cancer stem cells are relatively new, scientists and researchers need an introduction to this dynamic area. Cancer Stem Cells presents a consolidated account of the research done to date and recent progresses in the studies of cancer stem cells. Such a presentation facilitates a better understanding of and draws attention to stem cell and cancer biology - two fields that enhance, move, and evolve into each other continuously. It provides an informative study in designing approaches to apply stem cell principles to cancer biology while offering an overview of the challenges in developing combination stem and cancer biology targets for therapeutics. This book serves as a primer for new researchers in the field of cancer biology.
Book Synopsis Prostate Cancer Stem Cells and Their Involvement in Metastasis by : Hangwen Li
Download or read book Prostate Cancer Stem Cells and Their Involvement in Metastasis written by Hangwen Li and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The recently resurrected cancer stem cell (CSC) theory sheds new light on understanding tumor biology. Most solid tumors have now been shown to contain CSCs, i.e., stem cell-like cancer cells. These cells, although generally rare, appear to be highly tumorigenic and may be the cells that drive tumor formation, maintain tumor homeostasis, and mediate tumor metastasis. In order to test whether any given human tumor cell population has CSC properties, the relatively enriched single tumor cells have to be put into a foreign microenvironment in a recipient animal to test their tumorigenic potential. Furthermore, various in vitro assays can be performed to demonstrate that the presumed CSCs have certain biological properties normally associated with the stem cells (SCs). Herein, I first present a comprehensive review of the experimental methodologies that our lab has been using in assaying putative prostate cancer (PCa) SCs in culture, xenograft tumors, and primary tumor samples. Clonal morphology is one of the critical properties of cultured cancer cells that has been largely ignored. Interestingly, long term-cultured human epithelial cancer cells form holoclones, meroclones, and paraclones, and tumor cell holoclones have been hypothesized to harbor stem-like cells. Using PC3 human prostate carcinoma cells as a model, we provide direct experimental evidence that tumor cell holoclones contain stem-like cells that can initiate serially transplantable tumors. Importantly, holoclones derived from either cultured PC3 cells or holoclone-initiated tumors can be serially passaged and regenerate all three types of clones. In contrast, meroclones and paraclones cannot be continuously propagated and fail to initiate tumor development. Phenotypic characterizations reveal high levels of CD44, [alpha]2[beta]1 integrin, and [beta]-catenin expression in holoclones, whereas meroclones and paraclones show markedly reduced expression of these markers. These observations have important implications in understanding morphologic heterogeneities and tumorigenic hierarchies in human epithelial cancer cells. PCa metastasis represents the worst outcome, and, if unchecked, will eventually kill the patient. Although many PCa cell-intrinsic molecules and end-organ factors have been implicated in the metastatic dissemination of PCa cells, the role of primary tumor microenvironment and the nature of the metastatic PCa cells remain poorly defined. By establishing a reliable and quantifiable experimental PCa metastasis model in NOD/SCID mice, we show that PCa cells implanted orthotopically (i.e., in the prostate) metastasize much more extensively and widely than those implanted ectopically (i.e., subcutaneously or s.c). Microarray-based gene expression profiling reveals that the orthotopically implanted human PCa cells prominently overexpress not only several classes of molecules involved in proteolysis/invasion/angiogenesis and inflammation, but also numerous developmental and SC regulating genes. These latter observations suggest that the orthotopic microenvironment (i.e. mouse prostate) appears to be promoting the manifestation of CSC phenotypes and these CSCs might be involved in enhanced metastasis in the orthotopic microenvironment and later distant organ metastasis. In support, shRNA-mediated knockdown in many metastatic and CSC genes greatly inhibits PCa cell metastasis. Importantly, PCa cells that express high levels of osteopontin (OPN) or CD24, when prospectively purified out and used in spontaneous metastasis assays, demonstrate high metastatic capacities characteristic of metastatic CSCs. In sharp contrast, PCa cells negative for OPN and CD24 expression show little metastatic property. Finally, we provide multiple pieces of additional evidence that metastatic/metastasizing PCa cells possess CSC properties.
Book Synopsis Cancer Stem Cells by : Vinagolu K. Rajasekhar
Download or read book Cancer Stem Cells written by Vinagolu K. Rajasekhar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-01-27 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cancer Stem Cells covers a wide range of topics in cancer stem cell biology, including the functional characteristics of cancer stem cells and how they're generated, where they are localized, the means by which cancer stem cells can be targeted, and how cancer stem cells can be reprogrammed back to normal tissue stem cells. Each chapter begins with a brief historical note and concept summary, followed by a description of the latest basic or clinical advance associated with the topic. Cancer Stem Cells builds systematically from coverage of the basic research stage to an advanced research level, from clinical relevance to therapeutic potential, and will be a valuable resource for professionals in the fields of cancer research and stem cell biology.
Book Synopsis The Isolation and Characterization of Prostate Stem Cells by :
Download or read book The Isolation and Characterization of Prostate Stem Cells written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stem cells are of considerable importance in prostate cancer because of the theory that cancer cells represent the malignant counterparts of normal tissue stem cells. We have shown that murine prostatic stem cells reside in the proximal region of the prostatic ducts. The in vivo growth properties and proliferative potential of the proximal cells were examined in a tissue transplantation model and in an orthotopic model. Some in vitro characteristics of their growth have also been examined. Cells were isolated from the proximal and distal regions of the prostate and were embedded in collagen gels in the absence or presence of smooth muscle cells (SMC) or fetal mouse or rat urogenital mesenchyme (UGM). The collagen pellets were implanted under the renal capsule of athymic mice and left for 8 weeks, after which the grafts were removed and weighed. No significant difference was noted in grafts containing either proximal or distal cells. This result was unaffected by SMC or fetal mouse UGM. In the presence of fetal rat UGM, grafts containing proximal cells were l3.8 times larger than those containing distal cells, indicating a high proliferative potential in the proximal cells compared with the distal cells. In the orthotopic model, prostatic cells expressing GFP were injected into either intact prostates of juvenile mice or into the involuted prostates of castrated adult mice that were then given androgens to stimulate prostatic regrowth. In both cases, the GFP- expressing cells engrafted into the growing prostates, demonstrating the regenerative ability of the injected cells. Finally, to characterize the stem cells, in vitro growth assays were performed. Proximal cells were grown in vitro in the presence or absence of stem cell factor (SCF) and antibodies to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-13).
Book Synopsis Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells, Volume 10 by : M.A. Hayat
Download or read book Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells, Volume 10 written by M.A. Hayat and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-20 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presenting contributions by 66 experts representing 13 countries, Volume 10 of the series Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells synthesizes current understanding of the causes, diagnosis, and therapy of major human diseases and debilitating tissue and organ injuries, using cell-based treatment. This volume presents contemporary research into generation, preservation, and uses of stem cells in fighting disease and tissue/organ injuries. The contents of the volume are organized into five sections. Mesenchymal Stem Cells section includes chapters on the use of stem cells in bone regeneration, studies and trials of stem cells in autoimmune diseases, and differences between adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells as regulators of immune response. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells section offers chapters on drug discovery using human IPSC-based disease models, and on generation of antigen-specific lymphocytes from IPSCs. Neural Cells and Neural Stem Cells section discusses use of bacterial artificial chromosomes in the genetic identification of stem cell-derived neural cell types, and use of moderate low temperature to preserve the stemness of neural stem cells. The section, Role of Stem Cells in Disease, discusses stem cell support in high-dose chemotherapy of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas; potential targets for drug resistant leukemic stem cells, bone marrow stem cell therapies for diabetes mellitus. This section also discusses the use of stem cells in treating thyroid, breast and bone cancers, hempophilia and Parkinson’s Disease. The section, Stem Cell Transplantation, includes chapters on reducing fungal infection in allogenic stem cell transplantation patients, use of Bulsufan/Fludarabine for conditioning in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and interleukin-7 receptor alpha polymorphisms in allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The editor, M.A. Hayat, is a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Biological, Sciences at Kean University, Union, New Jersey, USA.
Book Synopsis Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling in Prostate Stem Cells and Prostate Cancer by : Yanqing Huang
Download or read book Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling in Prostate Stem Cells and Prostate Cancer written by Yanqing Huang and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The prostate is an androgen-dependent male reproductive organ that is comprised of epithelial and stromal compartments. The epithelial compartment contains basal, luminal, and neuroendocrine cells. Two types of prostate epithelial stem cells (P-SCs), basal stem cells and luminal stem cells, have been identified in both human and mouse adult prostates based on tissue recombination models, cell lineage tracing, and in vitro prostasphere or organoid cultures. Using lineage-tracing with P63[superscript CreERT2] and prostasphere culture, we show here that the sphere-forming P-SCs are P63-expressing cells and reside in the basal compartment. Therefore we designate them as basal P-SCs (P-bSCs). P-bSCs are capable of differentiating into AR+ and CK18+ organoid cells, but not vice versa. We also report that prostaspheres contain quiescent stem cells, which possess more potent self-renewal capacity. Distinct from other tissue stem cells, P-bSCs do not contain Lgr5+ cells. The fibroblast growth factor signaling axis regulates embryonic stem cell development as well as tissue specific stem cell maintenance and differentiation. However, the role of FGF signaling in P-SC self-renewal and differentiation is still elusive. We show that the type 2 FGF receptor (FGFR2) signaling axis is crucial for preserving self-renewal and preventing the differentiation of P-bSCs. FGFR2 signaling mediated by FGFR substrate 2[alpha] (FRS2[alpha]) is indispensable for formation and maintenance of prostaspheres derived from P63+ P-bSCs. Ablation of Fgfr2 in vivo reduces P63-expressing basal cells, and promotes basal-to-luminal differentiation. In addition, ablation of Fgfr2 in P63+ cells disrupts postnatal development of the prostate. Accumulating evidence has also shown that prostate cancer (PCa) progression is frequently associated with dysregulation of FGF signaling. Herein, we report that forced expression of FGF9 in prostate epithelial cells leads to high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Overexpression of FGF9 in TRAMP mice induces more malignant PCa and higher frequency of metastasis. Hyperproliferative stromal cells are shown in the F9TG and F9TRAMP mouse prostates. Reactive stroma which upregulates TGF-[beta]1, was observed in F9TG and F9TRAMP prostates. We also show that transcription factor c-Jun is a mediator in the FGF9-TGF[beta]1 axis. Collectively, our study provides new insights into prostate stem cells and prostate cancer. Upset of the intricate balance of FGF signaling in the prostate disrupts stem cell homeostastasis and prostate development, and initiates prostate tumorigenesis. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/155497
Book Synopsis In Pursuit of Prostate Cancer Stem Cells by :
Download or read book In Pursuit of Prostate Cancer Stem Cells written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recently, various human tumors have been shown to contain cancer stem cells. These cells, although rare, appear to be the only cells that can regenerate tumor and mediate metastasis. Therefore, these rare cancer stem cells may be the only cells that actually matter to a tumor and to therapeutic interventions. Of great interest, these putative cancer stem cells preferentially express markers that are expressed on normal stem/progenitor cells. Prostate cancer (PCa) stem cells have not been definitively identified. Recently, I identified several populations of PCa stem/progenitor cells with different tumorigenicities and primitiveness in human PCa xenografts and cell lines. In this study, we seek to reevaluate the relevancy of my findings in human PCa samples. At present, we have worked with 25 human PCa samples of varying Gleason grades to set up tumorigenicity assays to test tumorigenic potential of CD133 and CD44-positive cells. Importantly, we have performed our homework in terms of fine-tuning conditions to give us prostatospheres and establish primary xenografts in order to carry out our proposed experiments. Preliminary in vitro experiments indicate that CD133 could mark self-renewing PCa stem-like cells in primary PCa samples. We currently have a number of tumorigenicity experiments in incubation and expect to obtain a readout within the next couple of months. We also expect to begin studies on the invasive and metastatic potentials of the populations sorted for our markers of interest in the near future.
