Staying Alive, Third Edition: Critical Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Health Care

Download Staying Alive, Third Edition: Critical Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Health Care PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Canadian Scholars
ISBN 13 : 177338130X
Total Pages : 500 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (733 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Staying Alive, Third Edition: Critical Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Health Care by : Dennis Raphael

Download or read book Staying Alive, Third Edition: Critical Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Health Care written by Dennis Raphael and published by Canadian Scholars. This book was released on 2019-12-13 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition of Staying Alive provides readers with a fresh perspective on health, health care, and illness in Canada and abroad. Grounded in a human rights approach to health, this edited collection includes chapters on the social construction of illness and disability, social determinants of health, and current critical issues in the field. The third edition has been thoroughly updated and includes recent national and international developments in health care, with current world statistics and an emphasis on austerity-related changes and their effects on health and health care systems. It includes chapters on pharmaceutical policy, social class, women’s health, and the impact of economic forces such as globalization and privatization in health care.

STAYING ALIVE, THIRD EDITION

Download STAYING ALIVE, THIRD EDITION PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781773381329
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (813 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis STAYING ALIVE, THIRD EDITION by : Toba Bryant

Download or read book STAYING ALIVE, THIRD EDITION written by Toba Bryant and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This new edition of Staying Alive provides readers with a fresh perspective on health, health care, and illness in Canada and abroad. Grounded in a human rights approach to health, this edited collection includes chapters on the social construction of illness and disability, social determinants of health, and current critical issues in the field. The third edition has been thoroughly updated and includes recent national and international developments in health care, with current world statistics and an emphasis on austerity-related changes and their effects on health and health care systems. It includes chapters on pharmaceutical policy, social class, women's health, and the impact of economic forces such as globalization and privatization in health care."--

Concepts and Cases in Nursing Ethics - Third Edition

Download Concepts and Cases in Nursing Ethics - Third Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Broadview Press
ISBN 13 : 1551117355
Total Pages : 419 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (511 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Concepts and Cases in Nursing Ethics - Third Edition by : Michael Yeo

Download or read book Concepts and Cases in Nursing Ethics - Third Edition written by Michael Yeo and published by Broadview Press. This book was released on 2010-09-08 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concepts and Cases in Nursing Ethics is a case-based exploration of the core principles of health care ethics applied to nursing. The book is a collaboration between philosopher-ethicist Michael Yeo and nurse-ethicist and educators Anne Moorhouse, Pamela Khan, and Patricia Rodney. It thus combines philosophical and ethical analysis with extensive knowledge and experience in nursing and health care. The book is organized around six main concepts in health care ethics: beneficence, autonomy, truthfulness, confidentiality, justice, and integrity. A chapter is devoted to the elucidation of each of these concepts. In each chapter, historical background and conceptual analysis are supplemented by case studies that exemplify issues and show how the concept applies in health care and nursing practice. In this new edition, the conceptual analysis throughout has been updated and reworked in view of changes in the health care system. In addition, there is a new chapter specifically devoted to recent developments affecting nursing and other health professions. Previous case studies have been modified and new ones added to address current and emerging issues. Although the text focuses mainly on the social and political situation of nursing, the analysis has relevance also for medicine and the allied health professions, and indeed for anyone working in the health system.

Oppression

Download Oppression PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Fernwood Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1773634445
Total Pages : 355 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (736 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Oppression by : Elizabeth McGibbon

Download or read book Oppression written by Elizabeth McGibbon and published by Fernwood Publishing. This book was released on 2021-04-30T00:00:00Z with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this current environment, it is urgent to understand how oppression and health are closely connected. Oppression: A Social Determinant of Health offers a thorough and accessible overview of the root or structural causes of ill health, such as capitalism, globalization, colonialism, medicalization and neoliberalism. The contributors to this volume insist that the key to tackling these structural forces is understanding and changing oppressive practices that cause ill health, thus reframing growing health inequities within the scope of moral responsibility and social change. This thoroughly updated second edition contains contributions from internationally recognized experts in the field of critical social science analyses in health systems and health sciences studies. New chapters provide timely discussions about oppression, Treaty Rights, Big Pharma, the Anthropocene and the COVID-19 pandemic. This book provides a comprehensive overview of core ideas for investigating how oppression “gets under the skin” to perpetuate health inequities.

About Canada: Health and Illness, 3rd Edition

Download About Canada: Health and Illness, 3rd Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Fernwood Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1773636626
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (736 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis About Canada: Health and Illness, 3rd Edition by : Dennis Raphael

Download or read book About Canada: Health and Illness, 3rd Edition written by Dennis Raphael and published by Fernwood Publishing. This book was released on 2024-05-02T00:00:00Z with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Living a long, healthy life is one obvious goal of pretty much all of us. We are told, over and over, to change our “lifestyles” and accept that if we become ill, we have likely brought it on ourselves. Yet, hundreds of studies, over the past four decades, tell the real story: the living and working conditions we experience every day play a determining role in our health. How income and wealth, housing, education and adequate food are distributed, whether or not we are employed, and the working conditions we experience — not medical treatments nor so-called wellness lifestyles — determine whether we stay healthy or become ill. These living and working conditions reflect the social inequalities that are associated with social class, gender, race and other social locations in Canadian society. The third edition of Health and Illness shows how inequitable distribution of the social determinants of health are determined by public policy decisions. Dennis Raphael updates information that connects health and illness to the worsening levels of inequality in Canada – the rich are getting richer and the rest of us are getting sick! This edition also includes a chapter on the social determinants of who got sick and died from COVID-19. The experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic make the clear case that we need to restructure work and living conditions through public policy that more equitably distributes economic resources. It is only through such actions that we will be able to promote the health of Canadians and prevent illness in an effective manner.

About Canada: Health and Illness, 2nd ed.

Download About Canada: Health and Illness, 2nd ed. PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Fernwood Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1552669025
Total Pages : 177 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (526 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis About Canada: Health and Illness, 2nd ed. by : Dennis Raphael

Download or read book About Canada: Health and Illness, 2nd ed. written by Dennis Raphael and published by Fernwood Publishing. This book was released on 2017-01-13T00:00:00Z with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most Canadians believe that their experiences of health and illness are shaped by genetics, medical care and lifestyle choices. Governments, the media and disease associations reinforce this perception by pointing to medical research and a healthy lifestyle as the keys to health. About Canada: Health and Illness tells a different story. In this new, updated edition, Dennis Raphael shows that living and working conditions, income, employment and quality of education, as well as access to food, housing and social services — the social determinants of health — are what dictate the health of Canadians. And these social determinants are shaped by the public-policy decisions of Canadian governments. Whether you stay healthy or become ill has more to do with policies, laws and regulations than genetics or lifestyle. Over the past thirty years, policymakers — operating under the influence of neoliberalism — have threatened health by allowing the growth of corporate power, which has led to growing inequality in these social determinants of health. This book is a wake-up call to Canadians. Public pressure needs to be put on elected representatives to create policies that are in the interest of the majority of Canadians, not just the wealthy.

Social Determinants of Health

Download Social Determinants of Health PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Canadian Scholars’ Press
ISBN 13 : 1551308975
Total Pages : 648 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (513 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Social Determinants of Health by : Dennis Raphael

Download or read book Social Determinants of Health written by Dennis Raphael and published by Canadian Scholars’ Press. This book was released on 2016-05-06 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the current environment of deepening class and income inequality, it is essential to understand the socio-economic conditions that shape the health of individuals and communities. Now in its third edition, Dennis Raphael’s Social Determinants of Health offers a comprehensive discussion of the primary factors that influence the health of Canada’s population. This seminal text on the social determinants of health contains contributions from top academics and high-profile experts from across the country. Taking a public policy approach, the authors in this edited collection critically analyze the structural inequalities embedded in our society and the socio-economic factors that affect health, including income, education, employment, housing, food security, gender, and race. The thorough updates to this edition include a greater focus on the political mechanisms that explain the distribution of the social determinants of health and additional material on public policy, early childhood education in Canada, and the determinants of Indigenous peoples’ health. Rich in pedagogical tools including critical thinking questions and lists of recommended readings and online resources, this book will actively engage students and researchers alike.

Poverty in Canada

Download Poverty in Canada PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Canadian Scholars
ISBN 13 : 177338192X
Total Pages : 538 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (733 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Poverty in Canada by : Dennis Raphael

Download or read book Poverty in Canada written by Dennis Raphael and published by Canadian Scholars. This book was released on 2020-08-28 with total page 538 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its third edition, this comprehensive text provides an in-depth examination of poverty and its impact on the health and quality of life of Canadians. Considering a broad range of topics, Dennis Raphael covers the central issues of defining and measuring poverty; situational and societal causes of poverty; health and social implications for individuals, communities, and society as a whole; and the means of reducing poverty’s incidence through public policy action. Poverty in Canada will foster greater insight into the repercussions of poverty throughout society, encouraging readers to reflect on provocative questions at the end of each chapter. Well updated to reflect current statistics and recent public policy changes, this new edition explores why specific groups of Canadians are over-represented amongst those living in poverty and provides a more developed analysis of the barriers to reducing poverty, including economic globalization and the increased power and influence of the corporate sector under neo liberalism. Emphasizing the lived experiences of poverty, this interdisciplinary volume is a valuable resource to those studying or working in health studies, social work, sociology, and equity studies.

Promoting Health and Well-being in Social Work Education

Download Promoting Health and Well-being in Social Work Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317966864
Total Pages : 179 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (179 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Promoting Health and Well-being in Social Work Education by : Beth R. Crisp

Download or read book Promoting Health and Well-being in Social Work Education written by Beth R. Crisp and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-10-18 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social work educators can play an important part in ensuring that the promotion of health and well-being is firmly on the social work agenda for service users, as well as for students and educators. Nevertheless, this has not been a priority within social work education and presents a challenge which requires some re-thinking in terms of curriculum content, pedagogy, and how social workers respond to social problems. Furthermore, if the promotion of health and well-being is not considered a priority for social workers, this raises important questions about the role and relevance of social work in health, and thus poses challenges to social work education, both now and in the future. This book contains contributions from social work educators from Australia, America, Canada, New Zealand and the UK. They reflect on how best to prepare students to put health and well-being to the forefront of practice, drawing on research on quality of life, subjective well-being, student well-being, community participation and social connectedness, religion and spirituality, mindful practices, trauma and health inequalities. This book is an extended version of a special issue of Social Work Education.

Global Handbook on Noncommunicable Diseases and Health Promotion

Download Global Handbook on Noncommunicable Diseases and Health Promotion PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461475945
Total Pages : 481 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Global Handbook on Noncommunicable Diseases and Health Promotion by : David V. McQueen

Download or read book Global Handbook on Noncommunicable Diseases and Health Promotion written by David V. McQueen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-07-03 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global Handbook on Noncommunicable Diseases and Health Promotion David V. McQueen, editor A scan of health challenges around the globe readily brings to mind a range of infectious illnesses, from HIV to influenza. Yet chronic non-contagious conditions--heart disease, asthma, diabetes, cancer--are more prevalent, and their rates soaring, across the developed and developing worlds. The Global Handbook on Noncommunicable Diseases and Health Promotion is an important resource for understanding and approaching chronic illnesses and their prevention. This timely text balances theory and strategies to provide an integrative context for health-affecting behaviors regarding tobacco use, food choices, and physical activity. Coverage expands on current medical/clinical public health perspectives, arguing that closer attention to social context is crucial to better use of health resources and more relevant preventive efforts. Possible roles for hospitals, the workplace, government agencies, NGOs, and other institutions are analyzed, as is the potential for addressing larger underlying health factors (e.g., inequities and poverty) at the societal level. Topics covered include: The nature of causality: beyond traditional evidence Learning from the social sciences in chronic disease health promotion Contextual factors in health and illness Understanding and applying a social determinants of health framework for addressing NCDs Public health, NCDs, health promotion and business partnering NCDs and civil society: a history and a roadmap As the authors of the Global Handbook on Noncommunicable Diseases and Health Promotion make abundantly clear, opportunities are as numerous as the issues, and researchers and graduate students in global public health, health promotion, and chronic disease epidemiology will find these chapters positive and realistic.p>

Iatrogenicity

Download Iatrogenicity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rutgers University Press
ISBN 13 : 0813586429
Total Pages : 427 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (135 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Iatrogenicity by : Ihor B. Gussak

Download or read book Iatrogenicity written by Ihor B. Gussak and published by Rutgers University Press. This book was released on 2018-02-15 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Iatrogenesis is the occurrence of untoward effects resulting from actions of health care providers, including medical errors, medical malpractice, practicing beyond one’s expertise, adverse effects of medication, unnecessary treatment, inappropriate screenings, and surgical errors. This is a huge public health issue: tens to hundreds of thousands of deaths are attributed to iatrogenic causes each year in the U.S., and vulnerable populations such as the elderly and minorities are particularly susceptible. Edited by two renowned cardiology experts, Iatrogenicity: Causes and Consequences of Iatrogenesis in Cardiovascular Medicine addresses both the iatrogenicity that arises with cardiovascular interventions, as well as non-cardiovascular interventions that result in adverse consequences on the cardiovascular system. The book aims to achieve three things: to summarize the available information on this topic in a single high-yield volume; to highlight the human and financial cost of iatrogenesis; and to describe and propose potential interventions to ameliorate the effects of iatrogenesis. This accessible book is a practical reference for any practicing physician who sees patients with cardiovascular issues. .

Staying Alive

Download Staying Alive PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1510713964
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Staying Alive by : Matthew Hahn

Download or read book Staying Alive written by Matthew Hahn and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2017-01-10 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Staying Alive is the ultimate medical survival guide for the twenty-first-century patient. Written by the award-winning family physician Dr. Matthew Hahn, the book details what most effectively saves patients’ lives and keeps them well. Drawing on his extensive experience, Dr. Hahn teaches you to spot life-threatening symptoms and recognize medical emergencies in time. He then follows up with advice on taking advantage of available preventative care and changing your lifestyle to avoid these emergencies in the future. The book is divided into three sections: 1.Sixty-Two Medical Complaints That Should Never Be Ignored. As part of their medical education, doctors are taught certain classic symptoms that are the first sign of a serious medical condition. The intent of this section is to teach you those important signs and symptoms so that you know when you need to see a doctor immediately. 2.The Miracles of Twenty-First-Century Medicine. A revolution has taken place in the medical sciences. In this important section, you will learn about the true miracle that is modern preventive medical care. 3.The Be Healthy Workbook. The true secret to health and wellness is healthy eating and regular exercise. The Be Healthy Workbook provides a tested simple systematic method to developing and maintaining healthy eating and exercise habits. Each section includes real-life cases and illustrations that will bring this essential advice to life.

Social Determinants of Health

Download Social Determinants of Health PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Canadian Scholars’ Press
ISBN 13 : 9781551303505
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Social Determinants of Health by : Dennis Raphael

Download or read book Social Determinants of Health written by Dennis Raphael and published by Canadian Scholars’ Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetics and traditional risk factors such as activity, diet, and tobacco use cannot reliably predict whether we stay healthy or become ill. What then are the primary predictors of adult-onset diabetes, heart attacks, stroke, and many other diseases? The social determinants of health provide the answer: these are the socio-economic conditions that shape the health of individuals, communities, and jurisdictions as a whole. Social determinants establish the extent to which Canadians possess the resources to identify and achieve personal aspirations, satisfy needs, and cope with the environment. This perspective is the key to understanding patterns of health and illness in Canada today. Uniting top academics and high profile experts from across the country, this contributed volume is a unique undertaking that combines analysis of the current state of the social determinants of health, with explication of their effects. The contributions take a public policy approach that sees the mainsprings of health emerging from the social distribution of resources. The collection as a whole integrates insights from the health sciences, the sociology of health, and the political economy of health. Critical areas of investigation: Aboriginal status early life, education, and literacy work and unemployment food security gender health care services housing income and its distribution social safety net social exclusion

Medical Humanities, Sociology and the Suffering Self

Download Medical Humanities, Sociology and the Suffering Self PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000293009
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Medical Humanities, Sociology and the Suffering Self by : Wendy Lowe

Download or read book Medical Humanities, Sociology and the Suffering Self written by Wendy Lowe and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-12-22 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following criticisms of the traditionally polarized view of understanding suffering through either medicine or social justice, Lowe makes a compelling argument for how the medical humanities can help to go beyond the traditional biographical and epistemic breaks to see into the nature and properties of suffering and what is at stake. Lowe demonstrates through analysis of major healthcare workforce issues and incidence of burnout how key policies and practices influence healthcare education and experiences of both patients and health professionals. By including first person narratives from health professionals as a tool and resource, she illustrates how dominant ideas about the self enter practice as a refusal of suffering. Demonstrating the relationship between personal experience, theory and research, Lowe argues for a pedagogy of suffering that shows how the moral anguish implicit in suffering is an ethical response of the emergent self. This is an important read for all those interested in medical humanities, health professional education, person-centred care and the sociology of health and illness.

Staying Alive

Download Staying Alive PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781787477889
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (778 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Staying Alive by : Phil Hammond

Download or read book Staying Alive written by Phil Hammond and published by . This book was released on 2019-02-07 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NEW UPDATED EDITION In this committed and compassionate book, Phil Hammond - a doctor, journalist, campaigner and patient - argues for a bidet revolution in the NHS - from the bottom up, with patients leading the charge. What we can do for ourselves to live well often far outweighs what modern medicine and the NHS can do for us. And when we do need to use the NHS, getting involved, speaking up and sharing our expertise can improve not just our care, but the care of others. We won't always succeed, but we can learn from failure as we try to get the best care possible in our precious and precarious health service. Dr Phil shares his own experiences of working in and investigating the NHS for 30 years, and combines it with the testimony and tactics of inspirational patients and carers. Some have survived and thrived in the NHS, some are planning a gentle death at home, and some have suffered greatly but are determined to improve the NHS so others don't have to.

Communities in Action

Download Communities in Action PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309452961
Total Pages : 583 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Communities in Action by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Communities in Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.

Social Determinants of Health

Download Social Determinants of Health PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780968348420
Total Pages : 94 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (484 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Social Determinants of Health by : Toba Bryant

Download or read book Social Determinants of Health written by Toba Bryant and published by . This book was released on 2020-08-10 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary factors that shape the health of Canadians are not medical treatments or lifestyle choices but rather the living conditions they experience. These conditions have come to be known as the social determinants of health. This information - based on decades of research and hundreds of studies in Canada and elsewhere - is unfamiliar to most Canadians. Canadians are largely unaware that our health is shaped by how income and wealth is distributed, whether or not we are employed and if so, the working conditions we experience. Our health is also determined by the health and social services we receive, and our ability to obtain quality education, food and housing, among other factors. And contrary to the assumption that Canadians have personal control over these factors, in most cases these living conditions are - for better or worse - imposed upon us by the quality of the communities, housing situations, work settings, health and social service agencies, and educational institutions with which we interact. Improving the health of Canadians requires we think about health and its determinants in a more sophisticated manner than has been the case to date. Social Determinants of Health: The Canadian Facts considers 17 social determinants of health: 1. Income and Income Distribution 2. Education 3. Unemployment and Job Security 4. Employment and Working Conditions 5. Early Child Development 6. Food Insecurity 7. Housing 8. Social Exclusion 9. Social Safety Net 10. Health Services 11. Geography 12. Disability 13. Indigenous Ancestry 14. Gender 15. Immigration 16. Race 17. Globalization The publication outlines why they are important; how Canada is doing in addressing them; and what can be done to improve their quality. The purpose of the document is to provide promote greater awareness of the social determinants of health and the development and implementation of public policies that improve their quality.