Split HPWHs as an Efficient Solution for Multifamily Buildings with In-Unit Water Heaters: Preprint

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Book Synopsis Split HPWHs as an Efficient Solution for Multifamily Buildings with In-Unit Water Heaters: Preprint by :

Download or read book Split HPWHs as an Efficient Solution for Multifamily Buildings with In-Unit Water Heaters: Preprint written by and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A quarter of all housing units in the country are found in multifamily buildings but few efficiency innovations have been made to improve electric water heating systems in this building type. Domestic hot water in multifamily buildings can either be provided by a large central water heater or smaller in-unit water heaters. Integrated heat pump water heaters that are installed in single family homes are often a poor fit for individual multifamily units since the water heaters are often located in small internal closets. This confined space can limit the air flow to the heat pump and the cold exhaust air can cause discomfort and reduced efficiency. Split CO2 HPWHs separate the tank from the heat pump, which allows for installation location flexibility. Further, CO2 heat pumps can operate under colder ambient conditions, making them a better fit for multifamily units across a wide range of climate regions. As part of a larger project to characterize split HPWH performance, we evaluated the feasibility of installing an additional, parallel tank that could provide hot water to a second housing unit using a single CO2 heat pump. This approach would reduce the first costs of these more expensive units. Based on the high draw volume that we imposed on both tanks, the same heat pump may be able to support more tanks, depending on hot water usage. This paper will describe the split CO2 HPWH technology, how the two-tank system was controlled, and results from our laboratory evaluation.

Split HPWHs as an Efficient Solution for Multifamily Buildings with In-Unit Water Heaters

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Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Split HPWHs as an Efficient Solution for Multifamily Buildings with In-Unit Water Heaters by :

Download or read book Split HPWHs as an Efficient Solution for Multifamily Buildings with In-Unit Water Heaters written by and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A quarter of all housing units in the United States are found in multifamily buildings, but few efficiency innovations have been made to improve electric water heating systems in this building type. Domestic hot water in multifamily buildings can either be provided by a large central water heater or smaller in-unit water heaters. Integrated heat pump water heaters that are installed in single-family homes are often a poor fit for individual multifamily units because the water heaters are often located in small internal closets. This confined space can limit the airflow to the heat pump, and the cold exhaust air can cause discomfort and reduced efficiency. Split CO2 HPWHs separate the tank from the heat pump, which allows for installation location flexibility. Further, CO2 heat pumps can operate under colder ambient conditions, making them a better fit for multifamily units across a wide range of climate regions. As part of a larger project to characterize split HPWH performance, we evaluated the feasibility of installing an additional, parallel tank that could provide hot water to a second housing unit using a single CO2 heat pump. This approach would reduce the first costs of these more expensive units. Based on the high draw volume that we imposed on both tanks, the same heat pump may be able to support more tanks, depending on hot water usage. This paper will describe the split CO2 HPWH technology, how the two-tank system was controlled, and results from our laboratory evaluation.

Building America Case Study

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (982 download)

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Book Synopsis Building America Case Study by :

Download or read book Building America Case Study written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) have gained significant attention in recent years as a high efficiency electric water heating solution for single family homes, central HPWHs for commercial or multi-family applications are not as well documented in terms of measured performance and cost effectiveness. To evaluate this technology, the Alliance for Residential Building Innovation team monitored the performance of a 10.5 ton central HPWH installed on a student apartment building at the West Village Zero Net Energy Community in Davis, California. Monitoring data collected over a 16-month period were then used to validate a TRNSYS simulation model. The TRNSYS model was then used to project performance in different climates using local electric rates. Results of the study indicate that after some initial commissioning issues, the HPWH operated reliably with an annual average efficiency of 2.12 (Coefficient of Performance). The observed efficiency was lower than the unit's rated efficiency, primarily due to the fact that the system rarely operated under steady-state conditions. Changes in the system configuration, storage tank sizing, and control settings would likely improve the observed field efficiency. Modeling results suggest significant energy savings relative to electric storage water heating systems (typical annual efficiencies around 0.90) providing for typical simple paybacks of six to ten years without any incentives. The economics versus gas water heating are currently much more challenging given the current low natural gas prices in much of the country. Increased market size for this technology would benefit cost effectiveness and spur greater technology innovation.

Multifamily Heat Pump Water Heater Evaluation

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 33 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (985 download)

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Book Synopsis Multifamily Heat Pump Water Heater Evaluation by : M. Hoeschele

Download or read book Multifamily Heat Pump Water Heater Evaluation written by M. Hoeschele and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) have gained significant attention in recent years as a high efficiency electric water heating solution for single family homes, central HPWHs for commercial or multi-family applications are not as well documented in terms of measured performance and cost effectiveness. To evaluate this technology, the Alliance for Residential Building Innovation team monitored the performance of a 10.5 ton central HPWH installed on a student apartment building at the West Village Zero Net Energy Community in Davis, California. Monitoring data collected over a 16 month period were then used to validate a TRNSYS simulation model. The TRNSYS model was then used to project performance in different climates using local electric rates. Results of the study indicate that after some initial commissioning issues, the HPWH operated reliably with an annual average efficiency of 2.12 (Coefficient of Performance). The observed efficiency was lower than the unit's rated efficiency, primarily due to the fact that the system rarely operated under steady-state conditions. Changes in the system configuration, storage tank sizing, and control settings would likely improve the observed field efficiency. Modeling results suggest significant energy savings relative to electric storage water heating systems (typical annual efficiencies around 0.90) providing for typical simple paybacks of six to ten years without any incentives. The economics versus gas water heating are currently much more challenging given the current low natural gas prices in much of the country. Increased market size for this technology would benefit cost effectiveness and spur greater technology innovation

Multifamily Heat Pump Water Heater Evaluation

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Multifamily Heat Pump Water Heater Evaluation by :

Download or read book Multifamily Heat Pump Water Heater Evaluation written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) have gained significant attention in recent years as a high efficiency electric water heating solution for single family homes, central HPWHs for commercial or multi-family applications are not as well documented in terms of measured performance and cost effectiveness. To evaluate this technology, the Alliance for Residential Building Innovation team monitored the performance of a 10.5 ton central HPWH installed on a student apartment building at the West Village Zero Net Energy Community in Davis, California. Monitoring data collected over a 16 month period were then used to validate a TRNSYS simulation model. The TRNSYS model was then used to project performance in different climates using local electric rates. Results of the study indicate that after some initial commissioning issues, the HPWH operated reliably with an annual average efficiency of 2.12 (Coefficient of Performance). The observed efficiency was lower than the unit's rated efficiency, primarily due to the fact that the system rarely operated under steady-state conditions. Changes in the system configuration, storage tank sizing, and control settings would likely improve the observed field efficiency. Modeling results suggest significant energy savings relative to electric storage water heating systems (typical annual efficiencies around 0.90) providing for typical simple paybacks of six to ten years without any incentives. The economics versus gas water heating are currently much more challenging given the current low natural gas prices in much of the country. Increased market size for this technology would benefit cost effectiveness and spur greater technology innovation.

Technology Solutions for New and Existing Homes Case Study

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (982 download)

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Book Synopsis Technology Solutions for New and Existing Homes Case Study by :

Download or read book Technology Solutions for New and Existing Homes Case Study written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sun Light & Power, a San Francisco Bay Area solar design-build contractor, teamed with the U.S. Department of Energy's Building America partner the Alliance for Residential Building Innovation (ARBI) to study this heat-loss issue. The team added three-way valves to the solar water heating systems for two 40-unit multifamily buildings. In these systems, when the stored solar hot water is warmer than the recirculated hot water returning from the buildings, the valves divert the returning water to the solar storage tank instead of the water heater. This strategy allows solar-generated heat to be applied to recirculation heat loss in addition to heating water that is consumed by fixtures and appliances.

Building America Case Study: Addressing Multifamily Piping Losses with Solar Hot Water, Davis, California

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Building America Case Study: Addressing Multifamily Piping Losses with Solar Hot Water, Davis, California by :

Download or read book Building America Case Study: Addressing Multifamily Piping Losses with Solar Hot Water, Davis, California written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solar thermal water heating is most cost effective when applied to multifamily buildings and some states offer incentives or other inducements to install them. However, typical solar water heating designs do not allow the solar generated heat to be applied to recirculation losses, only to reduce the amount of gas or electric energy needed for hot water that is delivered to the fixtures. For good reasons, hot water that is recirculated through the building is returned to the water heater, not to the solar storage tank. The project described in this report investigated the effectiveness of using automatic valves to divert water that is normally returned through the recirculation piping to the gas or electric water heater instead to the solar storage tank. The valves can be controlled so that the flow is only diverted when the returning water is cooler than the water in the solar storage tank.

Building America Case Study

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Building America Case Study by :

Download or read book Building America Case Study written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solar domestic hot water (SDHW) systems have been installed on buildings for decades, but because of relatively high costs they have not achieved significant market penetration in most of the country. As more buildings move towards zero net energy consumption, however, many designers and developers are looking more closely at SDHW. In multifamily buildings especially, SDHW may be more practical for several reasons: (1) When designing for zero net energy consumption, solar water heating may be part of the lowest cost approach to meet water heating loads. (2.) Because of better scale, SDHW systems in multifamily buildings cost significantly less per dwelling than in single-family homes. (3) Many low-load buildings are moving away from fossil fuels entirely. SDHW savings are substantially greater when displacing electric resistance water heating. (4) In addition to federal tax incentives, some states have substantial financial incentives that dramatically reduce the costs (or increase the benefits) of SDHW systems in multifamily buildings. With support form the U.S. DOE Building America program, the Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings (CARB) worked with a developer in western Massachusetts to evaluate a SDHW system on a 12-unit apartment building. Olive Street Development completed construction in spring of 2014, and CARB has been monitoring performance of the water heating systems since May 2014.

Building America Case Study

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (967 download)

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Book Synopsis Building America Case Study by :

Download or read book Building America Case Study written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solar thermal water heating is most cost effective when applied to multifamily buildings and some states offer incentives or other inducements to install them. However, typical solar water heating designs do not allow the solar generated heat to be applied to recirculation losses, only to reduce the amount of gas or electric energy needed for hot water that is delivered to the fixtures. For good reasons, hot water that is recirculated through the building is returned to the water heater, not to the solar storage tank. The project described in this report investigated the effectiveness of using automatic valves to divert water that is normally returned through the recirculation piping to the gas or electric water heater instead to the solar storage tank. The valves can be controlled so that the flow is only diverted when the returning water is cooler than the water in the solar storage tank.

Building America Case Study

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (951 download)

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Book Synopsis Building America Case Study by :

Download or read book Building America Case Study written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solar domestic hot water (SDHW) systems have been installed on buildings for decades, but because of relatively high costs they have not achieved significant market penetration in most of the country. As more buildings move towards zero net energy consumption, however, many designers and developers are looking more closely at SDHW. In multifamily buildings especially, SDHW may be more practical for several reasons: (1) When designing for zero net energy consumption, solar water heating may be part of the lowest cost approach to meet water heating loads. (2) Because of better scale, SDHW systems in multifamily buildings cost significantly less per dwelling than in single-family homes. (3) Many low-load buildings are moving away from fossil fuels entirely. SDHW savings are substantially greater when displacing electric resistance water heating. (4) In addition to federal tax incentives, some states have substantial financial incentives that dramatically reduce the costs (or increase the benefits) of SDHW systems in multifamily buildings. With support from the U.S. DOE Building America program, the Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings (CARB) worked with a developer in western Massachusetts to evaluate a SDHW system on a 12-unit apartment building. Olive Street Development completed construction in spring of 2014, and CARB has been monitoring performance of the water heating systems since May 2014.

Using Solar Hot Water to Address Piping Heat Losses in Multifamily Buildings

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Using Solar Hot Water to Address Piping Heat Losses in Multifamily Buildings by :

Download or read book Using Solar Hot Water to Address Piping Heat Losses in Multifamily Buildings written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solar thermal water heating is most cost effective when applied to multifamily buildings and some states offer incentives or other inducements to install them. However, typical solar water heating designs do not allow the solar generated heat to be applied to recirculation losses, only to reduce the amount of gas or electric energy needed for hot water that is delivered to the fixtures. For good reasons, hot water that is recirculated through the building is returned to the water heater, not to the solar storage tank. The project described in this report investigated the effectiveness of using automatic valves to divert water that is normally returned through the recirculation piping to the gas or electric water heater instead to the solar storage tank. The valves can be controlled so that the flow is only diverted when the returning water is cooler than the water in the solar storage tank.

Technology Solutions Case Study

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis Technology Solutions Case Study by :

Download or read book Technology Solutions Case Study written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over recent years, heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) have become more readily available and more widely adopted in the marketplace. For a 6-month period, the Building America team Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings monitored the performance of a GE Geospring HPWH in Windermere, Florida. The study found that the HPWH performed 144% more efficiently than a traditional electric resistance water heater, saving approximately 64% on water heating annually. The monitoring showed that the domestic hot water draw was a primary factor affecting the system's operating efficiency.

Energy Efficiency in Domestic Appliances and Lighting

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783030791261
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (912 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Efficiency in Domestic Appliances and Lighting by : Paolo Bertoldi

Download or read book Energy Efficiency in Domestic Appliances and Lighting written by Paolo Bertoldi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2023-05-20 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains peer-reviewed papers presented at the 10th International Conference on Energy Efficiency in Domestic Appliances and Lighting (EEDAL'19), held in Jinan, China from 6-8 November 2019. Energy efficiency helps to mitigate CO2 emissions and at the same time increases the security of energy supply. Energy efficiency is recognized as the cleanest, quickest and cheapest energy source. Not only this, but energy efficiency brings several additional benefits for society and end-users, such as lower energy costs, reduced local pollution, better outdoor and indoor air quality, etc. However, in some sectors, such as the residential sector, barriers to investments in energy efficiency remain. Legislation adopted in several jurisdictions (EU, Japan, USA, China, India, Australia, Brazil, etc.) helps in removing barriers and fosters investments in energy efficiency. These initiatives complement innovative financing schemes for energy efficiency, the provision of energy services by energy service companies and different types of information programs. At the same time, progress in appliance technologies and in solid state lighting offer high levels of efficiency. LED lighting is an example. As with previous conferences in this series, EEDAL’19 provided a unique forum to discuss and debate the latest developments in energy and environmental impact of households, including appliances, lighting, heating and cooling equipment, electronics, smart meters, consumer behavior, and policies and programs. EEDAL addressed non-technical issues such as consumer behavior, energy access in developing countries, and demand response.

The Smart Grid

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000355314
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis The Smart Grid by : Clark W. Gellings

Download or read book The Smart Grid written by Clark W. Gellings and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-12-17 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The power system has often been cited as the greatest and most complex machine ever built, yet it is predominantly a mechanical system. Technologies and intelligent systems are now available that can significantly enhance the overall functionality of power distribution and make it ready to meet the needs of the 21st century. This book explains how sensors, communications technologies, computational ability, control, and feedback mechanisms can be effectively combined to create this new, continually adjusting "smart grid" system. It provides an understanding of both IntelliGridSM architecture and EnergyPortSM as well as how to integrate intelligent systems to achieve the goals of reliability, cost containment, energy efficiency in power production and delivery, and end-use energy efficiency.

Scenarios for a Clean Energy Future

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Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1428918442
Total Pages : 371 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (289 download)

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Book Synopsis Scenarios for a Clean Energy Future by : United States. Department of Energy. Interlaboratory Working Group on Energy-Efficient and Clean Energy Technologies

Download or read book Scenarios for a Clean Energy Future written by United States. Department of Energy. Interlaboratory Working Group on Energy-Efficient and Clean Energy Technologies and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2000 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Domestic Water Heating Design Manual

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ISBN 13 : 9781891255038
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (55 download)

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Book Synopsis Domestic Water Heating Design Manual by : American Society of Plumbing Engineers

Download or read book Domestic Water Heating Design Manual written by American Society of Plumbing Engineers and published by . This book was released on 1998-01-01 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

A Golden Thread

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ISBN 13 : 9780442213794
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis A Golden Thread by : Ken Butti

Download or read book A Golden Thread written by Ken Butti and published by . This book was released on 1981-05-01 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: