Reasoning Necessity And Logic

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Reasoning, Necessity, and Logic

Author : Willis F. Overton
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1134735219
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (347 download)

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Book Synopsis Reasoning, Necessity, and Logic by : Willis F. Overton

Download or read book Reasoning, Necessity, and Logic written by Willis F. Overton and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A presentation of current work that systematically explores and articulates the nature, origin and development of reasoning, this volume's primary aim is to describe and examine contemporary theory and research findings on the topic of deductive reasoning. Many contributors believe concepts such as "structure," "competence," and "mental logic" are necessary features for a complete understanding of reasoning. As the book emanates from a Jean Piaget Symposium, his theory of intellectual development as the standard contemporary treatment of deductive reasoning is used as the context in which the contributors elaborate on their own perceptions.

The Nature of Necessity

Author : Alvin Plantinga
Publisher : Clarendon Press
ISBN 13 : 0191037176
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Nature of Necessity by : Alvin Plantinga

Download or read book The Nature of Necessity written by Alvin Plantinga and published by Clarendon Press. This book was released on 1978-02-01 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a reissue of a book which is an exploration and defence of the notion of modality 'de re', the idea that objects have both essential and accidental properties. It is one of the first full-length studies of the modalities to emerge from the debate to which Saul Kripke, David Lewis, Ruth Marcus and others have contributed. The argument is developed by means of the notion of possible worlds, and ranges over key problems including the nature of essence, trans-world identity, negative existential propositions, and the existence of unactual objects in other possible worlds. In the final chapters Professor Plantinga applies his logical theories to the clarification of two problems in the philosophy of religion - the Problem of Evil and the Ontological Argument.

Logic, Probability, and Presumptions in Legal Reasoning

Author : Scott Brewer
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135642818
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (356 download)

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Book Synopsis Logic, Probability, and Presumptions in Legal Reasoning by : Scott Brewer

Download or read book Logic, Probability, and Presumptions in Legal Reasoning written by Scott Brewer and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-06-17 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At least since plato and Aristotle, thinkers have pondered the relationship between philosophical arguments and the "sophistical" arguments offered by the Sophists -- who were the first professional lawyers. Judges wield substantial political power, and the justifications they offer for their decisions are a vital means by which citizens can assess the legitimacy of how that power is exercised. However, to evaluate judicial justifications requires close attention to the method of reasoning behind decisions. This new collection illuminates and explains the political and moral importance in justifying the exercise of judicial power.

Intelligence, Mind, and Reasoning

Author : A. Demetriou
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 9780080867601
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (676 download)

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Book Synopsis Intelligence, Mind, and Reasoning by : A. Demetriou

Download or read book Intelligence, Mind, and Reasoning written by A. Demetriou and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1994-03-17 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume aims to contribute to the integration of three traditions that have remained separate in psychology. Specifically, the developmental, the psychometric, and the cognitive tradition. In order to achieve this aim, the text deals with these three aspects of human knowing that have been the focus of one or more of the three traditions for many years. Answers are provided to questions such as the following: What is common to intelligence, mind, and reasoning? What is specific to each of these three aspects of human knowing? How does each of them affect the functioning and development of the other? The chapters are organized into two parts. Part I focuses on intelligence and mind and has reasoning at the background. The papers in this part present new theories and methods that systematically attempt to bridge psychometric theories of intelligence with theories of cognitive development or information processing theories. Part II focuses on mind and reasoning and has intelligence at the background. The papers in this part develop models of reasoning and attempt to show how reasoning interacts with mind and intelligence. Two discussion chapters are also included. These highlight the convergences and the divergences of the various traditions as represented in the book.

The Handbook of Life-Span Development, Volume 1

Author : Richard M. Lerner
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470634359
Total Pages : 1624 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (76 download)

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Book Synopsis The Handbook of Life-Span Development, Volume 1 by : Richard M. Lerner

Download or read book The Handbook of Life-Span Development, Volume 1 written by Richard M. Lerner and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-12-14 with total page 1624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past fifty years, scholars of human development have been moving from studying change in humans within sharply defined periods, to seeing many more of these phenomenon as more profitably studied over time and in relation to other processes. The Handbook of Life-Span Development, Volume 1: Cognition, Biology, and Methods presents the study of human development conducted by the best scholars in the 21st century. Social workers, counselors and public health workers will receive coverage of of the biological and cognitive aspects of human change across the lifespan.

The Development of Thinking and Reasoning

Author : Pierre Barrouillet
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1135083959
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis The Development of Thinking and Reasoning by : Pierre Barrouillet

Download or read book The Development of Thinking and Reasoning written by Pierre Barrouillet and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-06-26 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thinking and reasoning are key activities for human beings. In this book a distinguished set of contributors provides a wide readership with up-to-date scientific advances in the developmental psychology of thinking and reasoning, both at the theoretical and empirical levels. The first part of the book illustrates how modern approaches to the study of thinking and reasoning have gone beyond the Piagetian legacy: through the investigation of avenues previously not explored, and by demonstrating that young children have higher capacities than was assumed within the Piagetian tradition. The second part focuses upon theoretical and empirical investigations of the interplay between logic and intuition in reasoning and decision making, and how these forms of thinking evolve with age, through the general framework of what is known as dual-process theories. Contrary to Piaget’s claim, it becomes apparent that elaborate adult reasoning could rely on some form of intuition. The Development of Thinking and Reasoning provides psychologists, educators and everyone interested in child development with an integrated and up-to-date series of chapters, written by prominent specialists in the areas of thinking, reasoning, and decision making.

The Dialectical Necessity of Morality

Author : Deryck Beyleveld
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 9780226044828
Total Pages : 618 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (448 download)

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Book Synopsis The Dialectical Necessity of Morality by : Deryck Beyleveld

Download or read book The Dialectical Necessity of Morality written by Deryck Beyleveld and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 1991 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alan Gewirth's Reason and Morality, in which he set forth the Principle of Generic Consistency, is a major work of modern ethical theory that, though much debated and highly respected, has yet to gain full acceptance. Deryck Beyleveld contends that this resistance stems from misunderstanding of the method and logical operations of Gewirth's central argument. In this book Beyleveld seeks to remedy this deficiency. His rigorous reconstruction of Gewirth's argument gives its various parts their most compelling formulation and clarifies its essential logical structure. Beyleveld then classifies all the criticisms that Gewirth's argument has received and measures them against his reconstruction of the argument. The overall result is an immensely rich picture of the argument, in which all of its complex issues and key moves are clearly displayed and its validity can finally be discerned. The comprehensiveness of Beyleveld's treatment provides ready access to the entire debate surrounding the foundational argument of Reason and Morality. It will be required reading for all who are interested in Gewirth's theory and deontological ethics and will be of central importance to moral and legal theorists.

Logic as a Tool

Author : Valentin Goranko
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118880048
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (188 download)

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Book Synopsis Logic as a Tool by : Valentin Goranko

Download or read book Logic as a Tool written by Valentin Goranko and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-09-02 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written in a clear, precise and user-friendly style, Logic as a Tool: A Guide to Formal Logical Reasoning is intended for undergraduates in both mathematics and computer science, and will guide them to learn, understand and master the use of classical logic as a tool for doing correct reasoning. It offers a systematic and precise exposition of classical logic with many examples and exercises, and only the necessary minimum of theory. The book explains the grammar, semantics and use of classical logical languages and teaches the reader how grasp the meaning and translate them to and from natural language. It illustrates with extensive examples the use of the most popular deductive systems -- axiomatic systems, semantic tableaux, natural deduction, and resolution -- for formalising and automating logical reasoning both on propositional and on first-order level, and provides the reader with technical skills needed for practical derivations in them. Systematic guidelines are offered on how to perform logically correct and well-structured reasoning using these deductive systems and the reasoning techniques that they employ. •Concise and systematic exposition, with semi-formal but rigorous treatment of the minimum necessary theory, amply illustrated with examples •Emphasis both on conceptual understanding and on developing practical skills •Solid and balanced coverage of syntactic, semantic, and deductive aspects of logic •Includes extensive sets of exercises, many of them provided with solutions or answers •Supplemented by a website including detailed slides, additional exercises and solutions For more information browse the book's website at: https://logicasatool.wordpress.com

Logical Modalities from Aristotle to Carnap

Author : Max Cresswell
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316760456
Total Pages : 365 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (167 download)

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Book Synopsis Logical Modalities from Aristotle to Carnap by : Max Cresswell

Download or read book Logical Modalities from Aristotle to Carnap written by Max Cresswell and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-09-15 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interest in the metaphysics and logic of possible worlds goes back at least as far as Aristotle, but few books address the history of these important concepts. This volume offers new essays on the theories about the logical modalities (necessity and possibility) held by leading philosophers from Aristotle in ancient Greece to Rudolf Carnap in the twentieth century. The story begins with an illuminating discussion of Aristotle's views on the connection between logic and metaphysics, continues through the Stoic and mediaeval (including Arabic) traditions, and then moves to the early modern period with particular attention to Locke and Leibniz. The views of Kant, Peirce, C. I. Lewis and Carnap complete the volume. Many of the essays illuminate the connection between the historical figures studied, and recent or current work in the philosophy of modality. The result is a rich and wide-ranging picture of the history of the logical modalities.

The Nature of Reasoning

Author : Jacqueline P. Leighton
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521009287
Total Pages : 484 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis The Nature of Reasoning by : Jacqueline P. Leighton

Download or read book The Nature of Reasoning written by Jacqueline P. Leighton and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We are bombarded with information - press releases, television news, Internet websites, and office memos, just to name a few - on a daily basis. However, the important conclusions that may or need to be inferred from such information are typically not provided. We must draw the conclusions by ourselves. How do we draw these conclusions? This book addresses how we reason to reach sensible conclusions. The purpose of this book is to organize in one volume what is known about reasoning, such as its structural prerequisites, its mechanisms, its susceptibility to pragmatic influences, its pitfalls, and the bases for its development. Given that reasoning underlies so many of our intellectual activities - when we learn, criticize, analyze, judge, infer, evaluate, optimize, apply, discover, imagine, devise, and create - we stand to gain a great deal if we can learn to define, operate, apply, and nurture our reasoning.

Rationality and Logic

Author : Robert Hanna
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262263114
Total Pages : 341 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (622 download)

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Book Synopsis Rationality and Logic by : Robert Hanna

Download or read book Rationality and Logic written by Robert Hanna and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2009-01-23 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An argument that logic is intrinsically psychological and human psychology is intrinsically logical, and that the connection between human rationality and logic is both constitutive and mutual. In Rationality and Logic, Robert Hanna argues that logic is intrinsically psychological and that human psychology is intrinsically logical. He claims that logic is cognitively constructed by rational animals (including humans) and that rational animals are essentially logical animals. In order to do so, he defends the broadly Kantian thesis that all (and only) rational animals possess an innate cognitive "logic faculty." Hanna's claims challenge the conventional philosophical wisdom that sees logic as a fully formal or "topic-neutral" science irreconcilably separate from the species- or individual-specific focus of empirical psychology.Logic and psychology went their separate ways after attacks by Frege and Husserl on logical psychologism—the explanatory reduction of logic to empirical psychology. Hanna argues, however, that—despite the fact that logical psychologism is false—there is an essential link between logic and psychology. Rational human animals constitute the basic class of cognizers or thinkers studied by cognitive psychology; given the connection between rationality and logic that Hanna claims, it follows that the nature of logic is significantly revealed to us by cognitive psychology. Hanna's proposed "logical cognitivism" has two important consequences: the recognition by logically oriented philosophers that psychologists are their colleagues in the metadiscipline of cognitive science; and radical changes in cognitive science itself. Cognitive science, Hanna argues, is not at bottom a natural science; it is both an objective or truth-oriented science and a normative human science, as is logic itself.

Integrating the Mind

Author : Maxwell J. Roberts
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1135420297
Total Pages : 580 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (354 download)

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Book Synopsis Integrating the Mind by : Maxwell J. Roberts

Download or read book Integrating the Mind written by Maxwell J. Roberts and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2008-03-10 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are currently several debates taking place simultaneously in various fields of psychology which address the same fundamental issue: to what extent are the processes and resources that underlie higher cognition domain-general versus domain-specific? Extreme Domain Specificity argues that people are effective thinkers only in contexts which they have directly experienced, or in which evolution has equipped them with effective solutions. The role of general cognitive abilities is ignored, or denied altogether. This book evaluates the evidence and arguments put forward in support of domain specific cognition, at the expense of domain generality. The contributions reflect a range of expertise, and present research into logical reasoning, problem solving, judgement and decision making, cognitive development, and intelligence. The contributors suggest that domain general processes are essential, and that domain specific processes cannot function without them. Rather than continuing to divide the mind’s function into ever more specific units, this book argues that psychologists should look for greater integration and for people’s general cognitive skills to be viewed as an integral part of their lives. Integrating the Mind will be valuable reading for students and researchers in psychology interested in the fields of cognition, cognitive development, intelligence and skilled behaviour.

The Science of Reason

Author : Ken Manktelow
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1136939091
Total Pages : 473 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis The Science of Reason by : Ken Manktelow

Download or read book The Science of Reason written by Ken Manktelow and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2010-10-18 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is a state-of-the-art survey of the psychology of reasoning, based around, and in tribute to, one of the field’s most eminent figures: Jonathan St B.T. Evans. In this collection of cutting edge research, Evans’ collaborators and colleagues review a wide range of important and developing areas of inquiry. These include biases in thinking, probabilistic and causal reasoning, people’s use of ‘if’ sentences in arguments, the dual-process theory of thought, and the nature of human rationality. These foundational issues are examined from various angles and finally integrated in a concluding panoramic chapter written by Evans himself. The eighteen chapters, all written by leading international researchers, combine state-of the-art research with investigation into the most fundamental questions surrounding human mental life, such as: What is the architecture of the human mind? Are humans rational, and what is the nature of this rationality? How do we think hypothetically? The Science of Reason offers a unique combination of breadth, depth and integrative vision, making it an indispensable resource for researchers and students of human reason.

Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty

Author : Claudio Sossai
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642029051
Total Pages : 951 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty by : Claudio Sossai

Download or read book Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty written by Claudio Sossai and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-06-19 with total page 951 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These are the proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty, ECSQARU 2009, held in Verona (Italy), July 1–3, 2009. The biennial ECSQARU conferences are a major forum for advances in the theory and practice of reasoning under uncertainty. The ?rst ECSQARU conf- ence was held in Marseille (1991), and since then it has been held in Granada (1993), Fribourg (1995), Bonn (1997), London (1999), Toulouse (2001), Aalborg (2003), Barcelona (2005) and Hammamet (2007). The 76 papers gathered in this volume were selected out of 118 submissions from 34 countries, after a rigorous review process. In addition, the conference included invited lectures by three outstanding researchers in the area: Isabelle Bloch (“Fuzzy and bipolar mathematical morphology, applications in spatial reasoning”), Petr Cintula (“From (deductive) fuzzy logic to (logic-based) fuzzy mathematics”),andDaniele Mundici(“Conditionalsandindependence inma- valued logics”). Twospecialsessionswerepresentedduringtheconference:“Conditioning,- dependence, inference” (organizedby Giulianella Coletti and BarbaraVantaggi) and “Mathematicalfuzzy logic” (organizedby Stefano Aguzzoli,Brunella Gerla, Llu´ ?s Godo, Vincenzo Marra, Franco Montagna) On the whole, the program of the conference provided a broad, rich and up-to-date perspective of the current high-level research in the area which is re?ected in the contents of this volume.

Perspectives On Thinking And Reasoning

Author : Stephen Newstead
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1134834330
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (348 download)

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Book Synopsis Perspectives On Thinking And Reasoning by : Stephen Newstead

Download or read book Perspectives On Thinking And Reasoning written by Stephen Newstead and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-06-20 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of essays focuses on three reasoning problems devised by Peter Wason - the selection task, the 2-4-6 task, and the THOG problem - which have had a considerable influence since their invention.; The reasons why people make so many errors in these seemingly simple tasks are still not fully understood. A variety of different theoretical perspectives have been used in trying to explain performance. These include the mental models approach, the pragmatic reasoning approach, and the mental logic approach. This book contains chapters which discuss all these theories. Other chapters review the literature or offer alternative theoretical perspectives. A final chapter by Peter Wason describes how he came to create the tasks discussed.

New Waves in China's Philosophical Studies

Author : Ruiquan Gao
Publisher : World Scientific Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9813235985
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis New Waves in China's Philosophical Studies by : Ruiquan Gao

Download or read book New Waves in China's Philosophical Studies written by Ruiquan Gao and published by World Scientific Publishing. This book was released on 2018-11-15 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New Waves of China's Philosophical Studies collects important research findings of China's philosophical studies conducted by the academics at East China Normal University (ECNU) in recent years. The book covers topics including Confucian ethics and virtue ethics, true value semantics vs. commonsensible reasoning semantics, criticisms of dogmatism, consequentialism, among others. This book is the first volume of the WSPC-ECNU Series on China. This Series showcases the significant contributions to scholarship in social sciences and humanities studies about China. It is jointly launched by World Scientific Publishing, the most reputable English academic publisher in Asia, and ECNU, a top University in China with a long history of exchanges with the international academic community.

Reasoning, Rationality and Dual Processes

Author : Jonathan Evans
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1134610211
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (346 download)

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Book Synopsis Reasoning, Rationality and Dual Processes by : Jonathan Evans

Download or read book Reasoning, Rationality and Dual Processes written by Jonathan Evans and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-10-30 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the World Library of Psychologists series, international experts themselves present career-long collections of what they judge to be their finest pieces - extracts from books, key articles, salient research findings, and their major theoretical and practical contributions. Jonathan St B T Evans is amongst the foremost cognitive psychologists of his generation, having been influential in spearheading developments in the psychological study of reasoning from its very beginnings in the 1970s up to the present day. This volume of self-selected papers recognises Professor Evan’s major contribution to the psychological study of thinking and reasoning by bringing together his most influential and important works. Early selections in the book focus upon experimental studies of reasoning - matching bias in the Wason selection task, belief bias in syllogistic reasoning, and also seminal work on the understanding of conditional statements. The later selections include Evans’ work on more general forms of dual process and dual system theory, and his recent account of two minds in one brain. The volume also contains chapters which highlight Evans’ contribution to the topic of human rationality, and also his influence on the development of the "new paradigm" in the psychology of reasoning. The key developments in the psychology of reasoning are paralleled by those in Evans’s own intellectual history, and the book will therefore make essential reading for all researchers in the psychology of reasoning, and a wider audience of graduate and upper-level undergraduate students with an interest in reasoning and/or dual process theory.