Practical Reason And Norms

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Practical Reason and Norms

Author : Joseph Raz
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191018589
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Practical Reason and Norms by : Joseph Raz

Download or read book Practical Reason and Norms written by Joseph Raz and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 1999-09-09 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Practical Reason and Norms focuses on three problems: In what way are rules normative, and how do they differ from ordinary reasons? What makes normative systems systematic? What distinguishes legal systems, and in what consists their normativity? All three questions are answered by taking reasons as the basic normative concept, and showing the distinctive role reasons have in every case, thus paving the way to a unified account of normativity. Rules are a structure of reasons to perform the required act and an exclusionary reason not to follow some competing reasons. Exclusionary reasons are explained, and used to unlock the secrets of orders, promises, and decisions as well as rules. Games are used to exemplify normative systems. Inevitably, the analysis extends to some aspects of normative discourse, which is truth-apt, but with a diminished assertoric force.

Rules, Norms, and Decisions

Author : Friedrich V. Kratochwil
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521409711
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (97 download)

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Book Synopsis Rules, Norms, and Decisions by : Friedrich V. Kratochwil

Download or read book Rules, Norms, and Decisions written by Friedrich V. Kratochwil and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1991-04-26 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book assesses the impact of norms on decision-making. It argues that norms influence choices not by being causes for actions, but by providing reasons. Consequently it approaches the problem via an investigation of the reasoning process in which norms play a decisive role. Kratochwil argues that, depending upon the strictness the guidance norms provide in arriving at a decision, different styles of reasoning with norms can be distinguished. While the focus in this book is largely analytical, the argument is developed through the interpretation of the classic thinkers in international law (Grotius, Vattel, Pufendorf, Rousseau, Hume, Habermas).

Evidence and Agency

Author : Berislav Marusic
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191023434
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Evidence and Agency by : Berislav Marusic

Download or read book Evidence and Agency written by Berislav Marusic and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2015-10-01 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evidence and Agency is concerned with the question of how, as agents, we should take evidence into account when thinking about our future actions. Suppose you are promising or resolving to do something that you have evidence is difficult for you to do. For example, suppose you are promising to be faithful for the rest of your life, or you are resolving to quit smoking. Should you believe that you will follow through, or should you believe that there is a good chance that you won't? If you believe the former, you seem to be irrational since you believe against the evidence. Yet if you believe the latter, you seem to be insincere since you can't sincerely say that you will follow through. Hence, it seems, your promise or resolution must be improper. Nonetheless, we make such promises and resolutions all the time. Indeed, as the examples illustrate, such promises and resolutions are very important to us. The challenge is to explain this apparent inconsistency in our practice of promising and resolving. To meet this challenge, Berislav Marusic considers a number of possible responses, including an appeal to 'trying', an appeal to non-cognitivism about practical reason, an appeal to 'practical knowledge', and an appeal to evidential constraints on practical reasoning. He rejects all these and defends a solution inspired by the Kantian tradition and by Sartre in particular: as agents, we have a distinct view of what we will do. If something is up to us, we can decide what to do, rather than predict what we will do. But the reasons in light of which a decision is rational are not the same as the reasons in light of which a prediction is rational. That is why, provided it is important to us to do something we can rationally believe that we will do it, even if our belief goes against the evidence.

Norms and Practices

Author : James D. Wallace
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 0801459621
Total Pages : 153 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Norms and Practices by : James D. Wallace

Download or read book Norms and Practices written by James D. Wallace and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2011-03-15 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We spend a great deal of time learning our vocations and avocations as we work at jobs, participate in home life, and take part in civic activities and politics. In doing so, we engage in practices that consist of complex bodies of norms. These practices themselves are bodies of knowledge-often acquired from others-about what we take to be good ways or right ways to do certain things. As we learn how to solve problems and act on this knowledge, the practice itself changes. In Norms and Practices, James D. Wallace shows that norms of all kinds, including ethical norms, are intensely social constructs learned through constant interaction with others. Wallace suggests that ethical norms have long been misunderstood as practice-independent prescriptions for behavior; he regards them instead as items of practical knowledge that are constituents of practices. We are given the luxury of learning from others' mistakes and successes, often in a very informal way. Such lessons from collective or individual experience often carry more weight than do pronouncements from an external source. Wallace shows that practices and norms, including ethical norms within such spheres as biomedical research, family life, and politics, continually change as practitioners face novel problems.

Facts, Values, and Norms

Author : Peter Railton
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521426930
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (269 download)

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Book Synopsis Facts, Values, and Norms by : Peter Railton

Download or read book Facts, Values, and Norms written by Peter Railton and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003-03-17 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In our everyday lives we struggle with the notions of why we do what we do and the need to assign values to our actions. Somehow, it seems possible through experience and life to gain knowledge and understanding of such matters. Yet once we start delving deeper into the concepts that underwrite these domains of thought and actions, we face a philosophical disappointment. In contrast to the world of facts, values and morality seem insecure, uncomfortably situated, easily influenced by illusion or ideology. How can we apply this same objectivity and accuracy to the spheres of value and morality? In the essays included in this collection, Peter Railton shows how a fairly sober, naturalistically informed view of the world might nonetheless incorporate objective values and moral knowledge. This book will be of interest to professionals and students working in philosophy and ethics.

Practical Reason

Author : Stephan Körner
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780300105421
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (54 download)

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Book Synopsis Practical Reason by : Stephan Körner

Download or read book Practical Reason written by Stephan Körner and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2001-09-10 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers a wide spectrum of connected topics in the field of practical and moral thinking. It contains papers and discussions on the logic of practical reasoning and moral obligation; on the decision-theoretical approach to morality; on the relation between practical and theoretical reason; and on the political aspects of morality. The contributors are, for the most part, well-known philosophers who have not been content with merely restating their positions, but have sued this as a forum for proposing new ideas. The value of the collection lies not only in the originality of the contributions on the various topics mentioned but equally in its demonstration of the interrelations among these topics.

Explaining Norms

Author : Geoffrey Brennan
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199654689
Total Pages : 301 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (996 download)

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Book Synopsis Explaining Norms by : Geoffrey Brennan

Download or read book Explaining Norms written by Geoffrey Brennan and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013-09-05 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the concept of norms by four different philosophers. They discuss how norms emerge, persist, change, and how they serve to explain what we do.

Norms of Rhetorical Culture

Author : Thomas B. Farrell
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780300065022
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (65 download)

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Book Synopsis Norms of Rhetorical Culture by : Thomas B. Farrell

Download or read book Norms of Rhetorical Culture written by Thomas B. Farrell and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 1993-01-01 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rhetoric is widely regarded as a kind of antithesis to reason. Here, Farrell restores rhetoric as an art of practical reason and enlightened civic participation, grounding it in its classical tradition - particularly in the rhetoric of Aristotle.

Legal Directives and Practical Reasons

Author : Noam Gur
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191059064
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Legal Directives and Practical Reasons by : Noam Gur

Download or read book Legal Directives and Practical Reasons written by Noam Gur and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-11-21 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book investigates law's interaction with practical reasons. What difference can legal requirements-e.g. traffic rules, tax laws, or work safety regulations-make to normative reasons relevant to our action? Do they give reasons for action that should be weighed among all other reasons? Or can they, instead, exclude and take the place of some other reasons? The book critically examines some of the existing answers and puts forward an alternative understanding of law's interaction with practical reasons. At the outset, two competing positions are pitted against each other: Joseph Raz's view that (legitimate) legal authorities have pre-emptive force, namely that they give reasons for action that exclude some other reasons; and an antithesis, according to which law-making institutions (even those that meet prerequisites of legitimacy) can at most provide us with reasons that compete in weight with opposing reasons for action. These two positions are examined from several perspectives, such as justified disobedience cases, law's conduct-guiding function in contexts of bounded rationality, and the phenomenology associated with authority. It is found that, although each of the above positions offers insight into the conundrum at hand, both suffer from significant flaws. These observations form the basis on which an alternative position is put forward and defended. According to this position, the existence of a reasonably just and well-functioning legal system constitutes a reason that fits neither into a model of ordinary reasons for action nor into a pre-emptive paradigm-it constitutes a reason to adopt an (overridable) disposition that inclines its possessor towards compliance with the system's requirements.

Legal Reasoning

Author : Martin P. Golding
Publisher : Broadview Press
ISBN 13 : 9781551114224
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (142 download)

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Book Synopsis Legal Reasoning by : Martin P. Golding

Download or read book Legal Reasoning written by Martin P. Golding and published by Broadview Press. This book was released on 2001-03-02 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a book that is a blend of text and readings, Martin P. Golding explores legal reasoning from a variety of angles—including that of judicial psychology. The primary focus, however, is on the ‘logic’ of judicial decision making. How do judges justify their decisions? What sort of arguments do they use? In what ways do they rely on legal precedent? Golding includes a wide variety of cases, as well as a brief bibliographic essay (updated for this Broadview Encore Edition).

Spheres of Reason

Author : Simon Robertson
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199572933
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (995 download)

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Book Synopsis Spheres of Reason by : Simon Robertson

Download or read book Spheres of Reason written by Simon Robertson and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2009-10 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spheres of Reason comprises nine new articles on normativity. They make a timely and distinctive contribution to our understanding of how normative thought may or may not be unified across the spheres of actions, belief and feeling. It is essential reading for anyone interested in the nature of normativity and the bearing it has on human thought.

Oxford Handbook of Reasons and Normativity

Author : Daniel Star
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192549006
Total Pages : 1105 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis Oxford Handbook of Reasons and Normativity by : Daniel Star

Download or read book Oxford Handbook of Reasons and Normativity written by Daniel Star and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-05-31 with total page 1105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford Handbook of Reasons and Normativity maps a central terrain of philosophy, and provides an authoritative guide to it. Few concepts have received as much attention in recent philosophy as the concept of a reason to do or believe something. And one of the most contested ideas in philosophy is normativity, the 'ought' in claims that we ought to do or believe something. This is the first volume to provide broad coverage of the study of reasons and normativity across multiple philosophical subfields. In addition to focusing on reasons in ethics, epistemology, and the philosophy of mind, action, and language, the Handbook explores philosophical work on the nature of normativity in general. Topics covered include: the unity of normativity; the fundamentality of reasons; attempts to explain reasons in other terms; the relation of motivational reasons to normative reasons; the internalist constraint; the logic and language of reasons and 'ought'; connections between reasons, intentions, choices, and actions; connections between reasons, reasoning, and rationality; connections between reasons, knowledge, understanding and evidence; reasons encountered in perception and testimony; moral principles, prudence and reasons; agent-relative reasons; epistemic challenges to our access to reasons; normativity in relation to meaning, concepts, and intentionality; instrumental reasons; pragmatic reasons for belief; aesthetic reasons; and reasons for emotions.

Contemporary Phenomenologies of Normativity

Author : Sara Heinämaa
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000553930
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis Contemporary Phenomenologies of Normativity by : Sara Heinämaa

Download or read book Contemporary Phenomenologies of Normativity written by Sara Heinämaa and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-03-30 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume investigates forms of normativity through the phenomenological methods of description, analysis, and interpretation. It takes a broad approach to norms, covering not only rules and commands but also goals, values, and passive drives and tendencies. Part I "Basic Perspectives" begins with an overview of the phenomena of normativity and then clarifies the constitution of norms by Husserlian and Heideggerian concepts. It offers phenomenological alternatives to the neo-Kantian and neo-Hegelian approaches that dominate contemporary debates on the "sources of normativity." Part II "From Perception to Imagination" turns to the normativity of three basic types of experiences. This part first sheds light on the normativity of perception and then illuminates the kind of normativity characteristic of imagination and drive intentionality. Part III "Social Dimensions" analyzes the norms that regulate the formation of practical communities. It takes a broad view of practical norms, discussing social and moral norms as well as the epistemic norms of scientific practices. By clarifying the divergences and interrelations between various types and levels of norms, the volume demonstrates that normativity is not one phenomenon but a complex set of various phenomena with multiple sources. Contemporary Phenomenologies of Normativity: Norms, Goals, and Values will be of interest to researchers and advanced students working on issues of normativity in phenomenology, epistemology, ethics, and social philosophy.

Kant's Conception of Freedom

Author : Henry E. Allison
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107145112
Total Pages : 557 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Kant's Conception of Freedom by : Henry E. Allison

Download or read book Kant's Conception of Freedom written by Henry E. Allison and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-01-16 with total page 557 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traces the development of Kant's views on free will from earlier writings through the three Critiques and beyond.

Pure Theory of Law

Author : Hans Kelsen
Publisher : The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.
ISBN 13 : 1584775785
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (847 download)

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Book Synopsis Pure Theory of Law by : Hans Kelsen

Download or read book Pure Theory of Law written by Hans Kelsen and published by The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.. This book was released on 2005 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reprint of the second revised and enlarged edition, a complete revision of the first edition published in 1934. A landmark in the development of modern jurisprudence, the pure theory of law defines law as a system of coercive norms created by the state that rests on the validity of a generally accepted Grundnorm, or basic norm, such as the supremacy of the Constitution. Entirely self-supporting, it rejects any concept derived from metaphysics, politics, ethics, sociology, or the natural sciences. Beginning with the medieval reception of Roman law, traditional jurisprudence has maintained a dual system of "subjective" law (the rights of a person) and "objective" law (the system of norms). Throughout history this dualism has been a useful tool for putting the law in the service of politics, especially by rulers or dominant political parties. The pure theory of law destroys this dualism by replacing it with a unitary system of objective positive law that is insulated from political manipulation. Possibly the most influential jurisprudent of the twentieth century, Hans Kelsen [1881-1973] was legal adviser to Austria's last emperor and its first republican government, the founder and permanent advisor of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Austria, and the author of Austria's Constitution, which was enacted in 1920, abolished during the Anschluss, and restored in 1945. The author of more than forty books on law and legal philosophy, he is best known for this work and General Theory of Law and State. Also active as a teacher in Europe and the United States, he was Dean of the Law Faculty of the University of Vienna and taught at the universities of Cologne and Prague, the Institute of International Studies in Geneva, Harvard, Wellesley, the University of California at Berkeley, and the Naval War College. Also available in cloth.

Practical Reason

Author : Georg Henrik Wright
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Practical Reason by : Georg Henrik Wright

Download or read book Practical Reason written by Georg Henrik Wright and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume, Professor Von Wright explores a philosophical area that he has made peculiarly his own: deontic logic, the name he coined in 1951 for the logical study of action, normative concepts, and discourse. The present collection is in large part devoted to an important new essay entitled ?Norms, Truth, and Logic,? in which the author presents what he hopes will be his final thoughts on the controversies surrounding the subject.

The Emergence of Norms

Author : Edna Ullmann-Margalit
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191064580
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Emergence of Norms by : Edna Ullmann-Margalit

Download or read book The Emergence of Norms written by Edna Ullmann-Margalit and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2015-03-05 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Edna Ullmann-Margalit provides an original account of the emergence of norms. Her main thesis is that certain types of norms are possible solutions to problems posed by certain types of social interaction situations. The problems are such that they inhere in the structure (in the game-theoretical sense of structure) of the situations concerned. Three types of paradigmatic situations are dealt with. They are referred to as Prisoners' Dilemma-type situations; co-ordination situations; and inequality (or partiality) situations. Each of them, it is claimed, poses a basic difficulty, to some or all of the individuals involved in them. Three types of norms, respectively, are offered as solutions to these situational problems. It is shown how, and in what sense, the adoption of these norms of social behaviour can indeed resolve the specified problems.