Magmatic Rifting and Active Volcanism

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Publisher : Geological Society of London
ISBN 13 : 1862397295
Total Pages : 373 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (623 download)

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Book Synopsis Magmatic Rifting and Active Volcanism by : T.J. Wright

Download or read book Magmatic Rifting and Active Volcanism written by T.J. Wright and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2016-09-06 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A major rifting episode began in the Afar region of northern Ethiopia in September 2005. Over a ten-day period, c. 2.5 km3 of magma were intruded along a 60 km-long dyke separating the Arabian and Nubian plates. Over the next five years, a further 13 dyke intrusions caused continued extension, eruptions and seismicity. This activity led to a renewed international focus on the role of magmatism in rifting, with major international collaborative projects working in Afar and Ethiopia to study the ongoing activity and to place it in a broader context. This book brings together articles that explore the role of magmatism in rifting, from the initiation of continental break-up through to full seafloor spreading. We also explore the hazards related to rifting and the associated volcanism. This work has implications for our understanding of how continents break-up and the associated distribution of resources in rift basins and continental margins.

Volcanism in Antarctica: 200 Million Years of Subduction, Rifting and Continental Break-up

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Publisher : Geological Society of London
ISBN 13 : 178620536X
Total Pages : 802 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (862 download)

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Book Synopsis Volcanism in Antarctica: 200 Million Years of Subduction, Rifting and Continental Break-up by : J.L. Smellie

Download or read book Volcanism in Antarctica: 200 Million Years of Subduction, Rifting and Continental Break-up written by J.L. Smellie and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2021-06-09 with total page 802 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This memoir is the first to review all of Antarctica’s volcanism between 200 million years ago and the Present. The region is still volcanically active. The volume is an amalgamation of in-depth syntheses, which are presented within distinctly different tectonic settings. Each is described in terms of (1) the volcanology and eruptive palaeoenvironments; (2) petrology and origin of magma; and (3) active volcanism, including tephrochronology. Important volcanic episodes include: astonishingly voluminous mafic and felsic volcanic deposits associated with the Jurassic break-up of Gondwana; the construction and progressive demise of a major Jurassic to Present continental arc, including back-arc alkaline basalts and volcanism in a young ensialic marginal basin; Miocene to Pleistocene mafic volcanism associated with post-subduction slab-window formation; numerous Neogene alkaline volcanoes, including the massive Erebus volcano and its persistent phonolitic lava lake, that are widely distributed within and adjacent to one of the world’s major zones of lithospheric extension (the West Antarctic Rift System); and very young ultrapotassic volcanism erupted subglacially and forming a world-wide type example (Gaussberg).

Extreme Natural Hazards, Disaster Risks and Societal Implications

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107033861
Total Pages : 431 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Extreme Natural Hazards, Disaster Risks and Societal Implications by : Alik Ismail-Zadeh

Download or read book Extreme Natural Hazards, Disaster Risks and Societal Implications written by Alik Ismail-Zadeh and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-04-17 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A unique interdisciplinary approach to disaster risk research, including global hazards and case-studies, for researchers, graduate students and professionals.

Natural and Human-Induced Hazards and Disasters in Africa

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Publisher : Africa Institute of South Africa
ISBN 13 : 0798304944
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis Natural and Human-Induced Hazards and Disasters in Africa by : Simelane, Thokozani

Download or read book Natural and Human-Induced Hazards and Disasters in Africa written by Simelane, Thokozani and published by Africa Institute of South Africa. This book was released on 2019-02-25 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural and human-induced environmental hazards are becoming increasingly prominent. The frequency of recorded natural disasters rose markedly during the last century, from about 100 per in the years up to 1940 to nearly 2800 during the 1990s. Africa is the only continent whose share of reported disasters has increased over the past decade. Several factors contribute to Africa’s high vulnerability to disasters. These include the high rate of population growth, food insecurity, high levels of poverty, inappropriate use of natural resources, and failures of policy and institutional frameworks. Despite the huge negative impact of natural and human-induced hazards on Africa’s development, little is done to prevent them. Disaster prevention contributes to lasting improvement in safety and sustainable livelihoods and is essential as part of integrated disaster management strategies. The provision of effective scientific input to policy formulation on various issues related to hazards and disasters is an ambitious undertaking. It requires the collaborative effort of the African scientific community to develop comprehensive long-term strategies and human capacity-building initiatives that will enable science to benefit society. This will further require: a) Building strong research and training institutions in Africa at national and regional levels; b) Facilitating the exchange of scientific information and sharing of ideas across borders; c) Strengthening the link between scientific research and policy making; d) Promoting outreach activities to build resilience to disaster risk; and e) Tapping the knowledge base of rural and urban communities. In this volume, the ICSU ROA has brought together selected African scientific researchers to share their views on policy direction for facing challenges linked to natural and human-induced hazards. The book is intended for policy advisers, environmental scientists, government officials and members of the general public with a special interest in environmental issues.

Gombe Group and Pliocene Shield Volcanism in Turkana

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (584 download)

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Book Synopsis Gombe Group and Pliocene Shield Volcanism in Turkana by : Sahira M. Cancel Vazquez

Download or read book Gombe Group and Pliocene Shield Volcanism in Turkana written by Sahira M. Cancel Vazquez and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The magma-rich East African Rift System (EARS) is a modern rift zone that provides an opportunity to constrain the existing relationship between magmatism and strain in continental rifts. Within the EARS, the broadly rifted Turkana Depression has been identified as an important locus of strain. This study focused on the magmatic events in the Turkana Depression that began in the Pliocene (ca. 4 Ma) as part of a pulse of basaltic activity known as the Stratoid Phase - the last pulse of basaltic magmatism before strain was accommodated in the axial region of the Turkana Basin. This basaltic pulse began with the eruption of the widespread Gombe Stratoid Series and is followed by less voluminous basaltic activity in the form of shield volcanoes emplaced on top of the Gombe lava flows. We find that the Gombe Stratoid Series is representative of a high flux event with a complex magma plumbing system that was produced by large degrees of decompression melting of the upper mantle during a broad stretching event in Turkana. In contrast, the waning of magma flux resulted in the development of shield volcanoes subsequent to the eruption of the Gombe Stratoid Series. The timing of magmatic activity of some of the shield volcanoes suggests that there was a migration of magmatism towards Lake Turkana. Unlike the Gombe Stratoid Series lavas, we find that shield-volcano lavas require a component derived from metasomatized enriched lithospheric mantle. The contribution of this enriched component is more pronounced towards the east, coincident with a younging of magmatism in this direction. We suggest that the presence of easily fusible material in the continental lithospheric mantle in the vicinity of the Lake Turkana Basin may result in the generation of localized lithospheric melt following the broad plate stretching event that yielded the Gombe Stratoid Series. Lithospheric melts will promote the focusing of formerly broadly distributed plate stretching into a more localized region where plate melting may have occurred. We suggest that melting of enriched lithospheric mantle may account for the modern localization of strain and migration of magmatism and rifting towards the currently active volcanic centers in Lake Turkana Basin.

Tectonic-magmatic Controls on Volcanism, Rifting, and Volatile Release

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 738 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Tectonic-magmatic Controls on Volcanism, Rifting, and Volatile Release by : James D. Muirhead

Download or read book Tectonic-magmatic Controls on Volcanism, Rifting, and Volatile Release written by James D. Muirhead and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 738 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation examines the interplay between tectonic and magmatic processes that influence the nature of volcanically active regions. In particular, I address how faulting, fluid transport, and magma intrusion interact in a variety of settings, including continental rifts, large igneous provinces (LIPs), and monogenetic volcanic fields. In the East African Rift (EAR), I combine structural measurements and field observations with geochronology, geochemistry, and seismicity data to investigate how continental breakup initiates and evolves. Analyses of volcanic cone lineaments illustrate variations in the geometries and distributions of dike intrusions along the rift. In early stage basins (10 Ma), dikes begin to accommodate extension along the entire length of the basin. Measurements of diffuse gas flux in the EAR demonstrate that significant volumes of magmatic CO2 (>4 Mt yr−1) are rising along faults from upper mantle/lower crustal magma bodies. Over the entire EAR, this tectonic degassing (~71+/-33 Mt yr−1) contributes significantly to Earth's natural CO2 budget. Moreover, the release of magmatic volatiles assists strain localization and the development of new rift segmentation within existing half-graben depressions. Newly developing segments become kinematically linked with existing rift segments through the reactivation of rift-oblique basement fabrics. Resulting transverse faults postdate rift-parallel fault systems, indicating that preexisting weaknesses play a critical role at all stages of rift development. A regional synthesis of sill-fed dikes of the Ferrar LIP, Antarctica, and field and remote-sensing analysis of the Hopi Buttes volcanic field, Arizona, highlights the role of interconnected dike-sill systems in feeding eruptions. Measurements reveal a previously unrecognized feeder system to LIP eruptions----analogous to a "cracked lid" atop a sill network----that may be the archetypal model for LIPs that intrude sedimentary basins undergoing negligible regional extension. At Hopi Buttes, several characteristic shallow feeder systems are identified: (1) dike-dominated, (2) sill-dominated, and (3) interconnected dike-sill networks. Dike-fed eruptions are common, but sills also modulate the flow of magma toward and away from eruptive conduits, providing a novel mechanism for lateral vent migration and changes in magma-water ratios that lead to explosive volcanism.

Seismicity in Volcanic Areas

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Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889743306
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (897 download)

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Book Synopsis Seismicity in Volcanic Areas by : Derek Keir

Download or read book Seismicity in Volcanic Areas written by Derek Keir and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-11-04 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Volcanic and Igneous Plumbing Systems

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128097507
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Volcanic and Igneous Plumbing Systems by : Steffi Burchardt

Download or read book Volcanic and Igneous Plumbing Systems written by Steffi Burchardt and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-05-09 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volcanic and Igneous Plumbing Systems: Understanding Magma Transport, Storage, and Evolution in the Earth's Crust synthesizes research from various geoscience disciplines to examine volcanic and igneous plumbing systems (VIPS) in-depth. VIPS comprise a network of magma transport and storage features in the Earth’s crust. These features include dykes, sills and larger magma bodies that form the pathway and supply system of magma beneath active volcanoes. Combining basic principles with world-class research and informative illustrations, this unique reference presents a holistic view of each topic covered, including magma transport, magma chambers, tectonics and volcanism. Addressing a variety of approaches to these topics, this book offers researchers and academics in the Earth Science fields, such as geophysics, volcanology and igneous petrology the information they need to apply the information to their own disciplines. Provides an easily understandable overview of current research on volcanic and igneous plumbing systems Includes full color illustrations to increase understanding Covers fundamental information needed to optimize comprehension Features a field example from world-class research in each chapter, including photographs and maps

The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0123859395
Total Pages : 1447 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (238 download)

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Book Synopsis The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes by : Haraldur Sigurdsson

Download or read book The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes written by Haraldur Sigurdsson and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-03-06 with total page 1447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volcanoes are unquestionably one of the most spectacular and awe-inspiring features of the physical world. Our paradoxical fascination with them stems from their majestic beauty and powerful, sometimes deadly, destructiveness. Notwithstanding the tremendous advances in volcanology since ancient times, some of the mystery surrounding volcanic eruptions remains today. The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes summarizes our present knowledge of volcanoes; it provides a comprehensive source of information on the causes of volcanic eruptions and both the destructive and beneficial effects. The early chapters focus on the science of volcanism (melting of source rocks, ascent of magma, eruption processes, extraterrestrial volcanism, etc.). Later chapters discuss human interface with volcanoes, including the history of volcanology, geothermal energy resources, interaction with the oceans and atmosphere, health aspects of volcanism, mitigation of volcanic disasters, post-eruption ecology, and the impact of eruptions on organismal biodiversity. Provides the only comprehensive reference work to cover all aspects of volcanology Written by nearly 100 world experts in volcanology Explores an integrated transition from the physical process of eruptions through hazards and risk, to the social face of volcanism, with an emphasis on how volcanoes have influenced and shaped society Presents hundreds of color photographs, maps, charts and illustrations making this an aesthetically appealing reference Glossary of 3,000 key terms with definitions of all key vocabulary items in the field is included

Extreme Natural Hazards, Disaster Risks and Societal Implications

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139916394
Total Pages : 431 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (399 download)

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Book Synopsis Extreme Natural Hazards, Disaster Risks and Societal Implications by : Alik Ismail-Zadeh

Download or read book Extreme Natural Hazards, Disaster Risks and Societal Implications written by Alik Ismail-Zadeh and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-04-17 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a unique, interdisciplinary approach to disaster risk research, combining cutting-edge natural science and social science methodologies. Bringing together leading scientists, policy makers and practitioners from around the world, it presents the risks of global hazards such as volcanoes, seismic events, landslides, hurricanes, precipitation floods and space weather, and provides real-world hazard case studies from Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, the Middle East, Asia and the Pacific region. Avoiding complex mathematics, the authors provide insight into topics such as the vulnerability of society, disaster risk reduction policy, relations between disaster policy and climate change, adaptation to hazards, and (re)insurance approaches to extreme events. This is a key resource for academic researchers and graduate students in a wide range of disciplines linked to hazard and risk studies, including geophysics, volcanology, hydrology, atmospheric science, geomorphology, oceanography and remote sensing, and for professionals and policy makers working in disaster prevention and mitigation.

Geodynamics of Rifting

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1483295087
Total Pages : 914 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (832 download)

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Book Synopsis Geodynamics of Rifting by : P.A. Ziegler

Download or read book Geodynamics of Rifting written by P.A. Ziegler and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-12-04 with total page 914 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains papers giving an interdisciplinary review of 12 major rift systems from North and South America, Africa, Europe and Asia. These papers are written by an international group of academic and industrial specialists each of whom is most knowledgeable about the respective rift. The analyzed rifts were selected on the basis of availability of an as-complete-as-possible geological and geophysical data base. Thirteen papers deal with geodynamic processes governing the evolution of rifts. A comprehensive digest of the available stratigraphic, structural, geophysical and petrological data, together with an extensive list of references, is provided for each of the analyzed rift systems. The megatectonic setting and dynamics of evolution of each basin is discussed. Geodynamic models are tested against the record of the analyzed rifts. The question of "active" as against "passive" rifting is addressed. The rifts analyzed range in age from Precambrian to Recent and cover a wide spectrum of megatectonic settings. There is discussion of the evolution of rifts in a plate-tectonic frame. The case histories are followed by discussions addressing the global setting of rifts and geodynamic processes active during the development of rifted basins.

The Afar Volcanic Province Within the East African Rift System

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Author :
Publisher : Geological Society of London
ISBN 13 : 9781862391963
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (919 download)

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Book Synopsis The Afar Volcanic Province Within the East African Rift System by : G. Yirgu

Download or read book The Afar Volcanic Province Within the East African Rift System written by G. Yirgu and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2006 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The seismically and volcanically active East African Rift System is an ideal laboratory for continental break-up processes: it encompasses all stages of rift development. Its northernmost sectors within the Afar volcanic province include failed rifts, nascent sea-floor spreading, and youthful passive continental margins associated with one or more mantle plumes. A number of models have been proposed to explain the success and failure of continental rift zones, but there remains no consensus on how strain localizes to achieve rupture of initially 125-250 km-thick plates, or on the interaction between the plates and asthenospheric processes. This collection of papers provides new structural, stratigraphic, geochemical and geophysical data and numerical models needed to resolve fundamental questions concerning continental break-up and mantle plume processes. The focus is on how mantle melt intrudes and is distributed through the plate, and how this magma intrusion process controls along-axis segmentation and facilitates break-up.

Active Volcanism and Continental Rifting in Africa

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (144 download)

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Book Synopsis Active Volcanism and Continental Rifting in Africa by :

Download or read book Active Volcanism and Continental Rifting in Africa written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Stress Field Control of Eruption Dynamics

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Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889452778
Total Pages : 133 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (894 download)

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Book Synopsis Stress Field Control of Eruption Dynamics by : Roberto Sulpizio

Download or read book Stress Field Control of Eruption Dynamics written by Roberto Sulpizio and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-10-10 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing evidence supports the claim that stress changes play a fundamental role in triggering volcanic eruptions. Stress changes may vary in origin to include earthquakes, erosion and landslide processes, deglaciation, or tidal effects. The local stress can also change as response of magma influx from deeper reservoirs and an increase of the magma/gas pressure. The stress transfer may be of great importance in reawakening a dormant system. As an example, significant statistical correlation of large earthquakes and eruptions in time and space was suggested in many works. The interaction may be two-fold; where magma intrusions may change the stress at active faults and trigger earthquakes, while tectonic earthquakes may affect the magmatic system and change the eruption activity. The change in local tectonic stress has been claimed as trigger of large ignimbrite eruptions or for controlling the eruptive style of explosive eruptions. Sometimes volcano systems that are nested or closely located may become active in chorus; neighbouring volcanoes may interact in the sense that one volcano triggers its neighbouring volcano. However, although there is ample evidence of concurrence, the processes of interacting volcanoes and near- to far-field tectonic stress are not well understood. Some studies suggest that volcanic eruptions are triggered if compressive stress acts at the magma system and “squeezes” out magma. Other studies suggest that extensional stress fields facilitate magma rise and thus encourage eruptions, or that fluctuating compression and extension during the passing of seismic waves trigger eruptions. This research topic tries to address some of the important open questions in interaction between stress field and volcanic eruption, though both review papers and new contributions.

Volcano-Tectonic Processes

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030659682
Total Pages : 568 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis Volcano-Tectonic Processes by : Valerio Acocella

Download or read book Volcano-Tectonic Processes written by Valerio Acocella and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-11 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volcanoes have terrified and, at the same time, fascinated civilizations for thousands of years. Many aspects of volcanoes, most notably the eruptive processes and the compositional variations of magma, have been widely investigated for several decades and today constitute the core of any volcanology textbook. Nevertheless, in the last two decades, boosted by the availability of volcano monitoring data, there has been an increasing interest in the pre-eruptive processes related to the shallow accumulation and to the transfer of magma approaching the surface, as well as in the resulting structure of volcanoes. These are innovative and essential aspects of modern volcanology and, as driving volcanic unrest, their understanding also improves hazard assessment and eruption forecasting. So far, the significant progress made in unravelling these volcano-tectonic processes has not been supported by a comprehensive overview. This monograph aims at filling this gap, describing the pre-eruptive processes related to the structure, deformation and tectonics of volcanoes, at the local and regional scale, in any tectonic setting. The monograph is organized into three sections (“Fundamentals”, “Magma migration towards the surface” and “The regional perspective”), consisting of thirteen chapters that are lavishly illustrated. The reader is accompanied in a journey within the volcano factory, discovering the processes associated with the shallow accumulation of magma and its transfer towards the surface, how these control the structure of volcanoes and their activity and, ultimately, improve our ability to estimate hazard and forecast eruption. The potential readership includes any academic, researcher and upper undergraduate student interested in volcanology, magma intrusions, structural geology, tectonics, geodesy, as well as geology and geophysics in general.

Dynamic Magma Evolution

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119521130
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Dynamic Magma Evolution by : Francesco Vetere

Download or read book Dynamic Magma Evolution written by Francesco Vetere and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-01-07 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores the complex physico-chemical processes involved in active volcanism and dynamic magmatism Understanding the magmatic processes responsible for the chemical and textural signatures of volcanic products and igneous rocks is crucial for monitoring, forecasting, and mitigating the impacts of volcanic activity. Dynamic Magma Evolution is a compilation of recent geochemical, petrological, physical, and thermodynamic studies. It combines field research, experimental results, theoretical approaches, unconventional and novel techniques, and computational modeling to present the latest developments in the field. Volume highlights include: Crystallization and degassing processes in magmatic environments Bubble and mineral nucleation and growth induced by cooling and decompression Kinetic processes during magma ascent to the surface Magma mixing, mingling, and recharge dynamics Geo-speedometer measurement of volcanic events Changes in magma rheology induced by mineral and volatile content The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.

Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9401780269
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia by : Paolo Billi

Download or read book Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia written by Paolo Billi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-23 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a succinct but comprehensive presentation of key geomorphological locations and topics including information about geomorphological heritage and maps to visit the most important sites. Apart from often being remarkably scenic, landscapes reveal stories that often can be traced back in time tens of million years and include unique events. This is particularly true for Ethiopia where spectacular examples of different landforms are present. Its geomorphology varies from highlands, marked by high volcanoes and incised by deep river gorges, to the rift valley lakes endorheic systems and the below sea level lowlands with characteristic landscapes which are unique in the world. Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia highlights all these topics including essential information about geology and tectonic framework, past and present climate, hydrology, geographical regions and long-term geomorphological history. It is a highly informative book, providing insight for readers with an interest in geography and geomorphology.