Journey through Landscape in Seventeenth-Century Holland: The Haarlem Print Series and Dutch Identity

Download Journey through Landscape in Seventeenth-Century Holland: The Haarlem Print Series and Dutch Identity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 9780271044309
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (443 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Journey through Landscape in Seventeenth-Century Holland: The Haarlem Print Series and Dutch Identity by :

Download or read book Journey through Landscape in Seventeenth-Century Holland: The Haarlem Print Series and Dutch Identity written by and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The sets of landscape etchings produced in the second decade of the seventeenth century by Claes Jansz. Visscher, Esaias van den Velde, Willem Buytewech, and Jan van de Velde drew on and contributed to a print culture that played a key role in defining "Dutch" landscape. Examination of these printed landscape series as part of a wide-ranging print culture underscores the consistent interrelationship of landscape, history, and politics. To varying degrees, the contemporaneous descriptive geographies, histories, allegorical tableaux, didactic prints, and poetic anthologies considered in this study provide parallels for the prints' serial structure, journey theme, and commemorative motifs. Moreover, as part of a wider enterprise of Dutch self-definition, they provide cultural guidelines for the interpretation of landscape in prints and paintings. Levesque's study of the Dutch seventeenth-century experience of place is two-tiered. She addresses the journey through landscape as an interpretive framework, the spatial structure of knowledge, the benefits of travel from the point of view of humanists, and the growth of a Dutch national self-consciousness expressed through landscape. She also provides a close reading of the structure and motifs in the print series of Claes Jansz. Visscher, Esaias van den Velde, Willem Buytewech, and Jan van de Velde.

The Ashgate Research Companion to Dutch Art of the Seventeenth Century

Download The Ashgate Research Companion to Dutch Art of the Seventeenth Century PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351546228
Total Pages : 499 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Ashgate Research Companion to Dutch Art of the Seventeenth Century by : Wayne Franits

Download or read book The Ashgate Research Companion to Dutch Art of the Seventeenth Century written by Wayne Franits and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 499 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the tremendous number of studies produced annually in the field of Dutch art over the last 30 years or so, and the strong contemporary market for works by Dutch masters of the period as well as the public's ongoing fascination with some of its most beloved painters, until now there has been no comprehensive study assessing the state of research in the field. As the first study of its kind, this book is a useful resource for scholars and advanced students of seventeenth-century Dutch art, and also serves as a springboard for further research. Its 19 chapters, divided into three sections and written by a team of internationally renowned art historians, address a wide variety of topics, ranging from those that might be considered "traditional" to others that have only drawn scholarly attention comparatively recently.

The Transformation of Vernacular Expression in Early Modern Arts

Download The Transformation of Vernacular Expression in Early Modern Arts PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 900422243X
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (42 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Transformation of Vernacular Expression in Early Modern Arts by :

Download or read book The Transformation of Vernacular Expression in Early Modern Arts written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2011-10-14 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In response to the dominance of Latin as the language of intellectual debate in early modern Europe, regional centers started to develop a new emphasis on vernacular languages and forms of cultural expression. This book shows that the local acts as a mark of distinction in the early modern cultural context. Interdisciplinary in scope, essays examine vernacular strands in the visual arts, architecture and literature from the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries. Contributions focus on change, rather than consistencies, by highlighting the transformative force of the vernacular over time and over different regions, as well as the way the concept of the vernacular itself shifts depending on the historical context. Contributors include James J. Bloom, Jessica E. Buskirk, C. Jean Campbell, Lex Hermans, Sun Jing, Trudy Ko, David A. Levine, Eelco Nagelsmit, Alexandra Onuf, Bart Ramakers, and Jamie L. Smith

The 'Small Landscape' Prints in Early Modern Netherlands

Download The 'Small Landscape' Prints in Early Modern Netherlands PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 135125152X
Total Pages : 331 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (512 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The 'Small Landscape' Prints in Early Modern Netherlands by : Alexandra Onuf

Download or read book The 'Small Landscape' Prints in Early Modern Netherlands written by Alexandra Onuf and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-01-02 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1559 and 1561, the Antwerp print publisher Hieronymus Cock issued an unprecedented series of landscape prints known today simply as the Small Landscapes. The forty-four prints included in the series offer views of the local countryside surrounding Antwerp in simple, unembellished compositions. At a time when vast panoramic and allegorical landscapes dominated the art market, the Small Landscapes represent a striking innovation. This book offers the first comprehensive analysis of the significance of the Small Landscapes in early modern print culture. It charts a diachronic history of the series over the century it was in active circulation, from 1559 to the middle of the seventeenth century. Adopting the lifespan of the prints as the framework of the study, Alexandra Onuf analyzes the successive states of the plates and the changes to the series as a whole in order to reveal the shifting artistic and contextual valences of the images at their different moments and places of publication. This unique case study allows for a new perspective on the trajectory of print publishing over the course of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries across multiple publishing houses, highlighting the seminal importance of print publishers in the creation and dissemination of visual imagery and cultural ideas. Looking at other visual materials and contemporary sources – including texts as diverse as humanist poetry and plays, agricultural manuals, polemical broadsheets, and peasant songs – Onuf situates the Small Landscapes within the larger cultural discourse on rural land and the meaning of the local in the turbulent early modern Netherlands. The study focuses new attention on the active and reciprocal intersections between printed pictures and broader cultural, economic and political phenomena.

Landscape and Religion from Van Eyck to Rembrandt

Download Landscape and Religion from Van Eyck to Rembrandt PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351561138
Total Pages : 394 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Landscape and Religion from Van Eyck to Rembrandt by : Boudewijn Bakker

Download or read book Landscape and Religion from Van Eyck to Rembrandt written by Boudewijn Bakker and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offering a corrective to the common scholarly characterization of seventeenth-century Dutch landscape painting as modern, realistic and secularized, Boudewijn Bakker here explores the long history and purpose of landscape in Netherlandish painting. In Bakker's view, early Netherlandish as well as seventeenth-century Dutch painting can be understood only in the context of the intellectual climate of the day. Concentrating on landscape painting as the careful depiction of the visible world, Bakker's analysis takes in the thought of figures seldom consulted by traditional art historians, such as the fifteenth-century philosopher Dionysius the Carthusian, the sixteenth-century religious reformer John Calvin, the geographer Abraham Ortelius and the seventeenth-century poet Constantijn Huygens. Probing their conception of nature as 'the first Book of God' and art as its representation, Bakker identifies a world view that has its roots in the traditional Christian perceptions of God and creation. Landscape and Religion from Van Eyck to Rembrandt imposes a new layer of interpretation on the richly varied landscapes of the great masters. In so doing it adds a new dimension to the insights offered by modern art-historical research. Further, Bakker's explorations of early modern art and literature provide essential background for any student of European intellectual history.

Landscape Etchings by the Dutch Masters of the Seventeenth Century

Download Landscape Etchings by the Dutch Masters of the Seventeenth Century PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Landscape Etchings by the Dutch Masters of the Seventeenth Century by : Rijksmuseum (Netherlands). Rijksprentenkabinet

Download or read book Landscape Etchings by the Dutch Masters of the Seventeenth Century written by Rijksmuseum (Netherlands). Rijksprentenkabinet and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Dutch Landscape Prints of the Seventeenth Century

Download Dutch Landscape Prints of the Seventeenth Century PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (321 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dutch Landscape Prints of the Seventeenth Century by : David Freedberg

Download or read book Dutch Landscape Prints of the Seventeenth Century written by David Freedberg and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Bulletin

Download Bulletin PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : UM Libraries
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bulletin by : University of Michigan. Museum of Art

Download or read book Bulletin written by University of Michigan. Museum of Art and published by UM Libraries. This book was released on 2001 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Sex and Drugs Before Rock 'n' Roll

Download Sex and Drugs Before Rock 'n' Roll PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Amsterdam University Press
ISBN 13 : 9089644024
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (896 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sex and Drugs Before Rock 'n' Roll by : Benjamin Roberts

Download or read book Sex and Drugs Before Rock 'n' Roll written by Benjamin Roberts and published by Amsterdam University Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sex and Drugs Before the Rock ’n’ Rollis a fascinating volume that presents an engaging overview of what it was like to be young and male in the Dutch Golden Age. Here, well-known cohorts of Rembrandt are examined for the ways in which they expressed themselves by defying conservative values and norms. This study reveals how these young men rebelled, breaking from previous generations: letting their hair grow long, wearing colorful clothing, drinking excessively, challenging city guards, being promiscuous, smoking, and singing lewd songs. Cogently argued, this study paints a compelling portrait of the youth culture of the Dutch Golden Age, at a time when the rising popularity of print made dissemination of new cultural ideas possible, while rising incomes and liberal attitudes created a generation of men behaving badly.

Illustrated Religious Texts in the North of Europe, 1500-1800

Download Illustrated Religious Texts in the North of Europe, 1500-1800 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351928937
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (519 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Illustrated Religious Texts in the North of Europe, 1500-1800 by : Feike Dietz

Download or read book Illustrated Religious Texts in the North of Europe, 1500-1800 written by Feike Dietz and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-12-05 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years many historians have argued that the Reformation did not - as previously thought - hamper the development of Northern European visual culture, but rather gave new impetus to the production, diffusion and reception of visual materials in both Catholic and Protestant milieus. This book investigates the crosscurrents of exchange in the realm of illustrated religious literature within and beyond confessional and national borders, and against the background of recent insights into the importance of, on the one hand material, as well as on the other hand, sensual and emotional aspects of early modern culture. Each chapter in the volume helps illuminate early modern religious culture from the perspective of the production of illustrated religious texts - to see the book as object, a point at which various vectors of early modern society met. Case studies, together with theoretical contributions, shed light on the ways in which illustrated religious books functioned in evolving societies, by analysing the use, re-use and sharing of illustrated religious texts in England, France, the Low Countries, the German States, and Switzerland. Interpretations based on points of material interaction show us how the most basic binaries of the early modern world - Catholic and Protestant, word and image, public and private - were disrupted and negotiated in the realm of the illustrated religious book. Through this approach, the volume expands the historical appreciation of the place of imagery in post-Reformation Europe.

A Companion to Renaissance and Baroque Art

Download A Companion to Renaissance and Baroque Art PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118391519
Total Pages : 797 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (183 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Companion to Renaissance and Baroque Art by : Babette Bohn

Download or read book A Companion to Renaissance and Baroque Art written by Babette Bohn and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-01-02 with total page 797 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Companion to Renaissance and Baroque Art provides a diverse, fresh collection of accessible, comprehensive essays addressing key issues for European art produced between 1300 and 1700, a period that might be termed the beginning of modern history. Presents a collection of original, in-depth essays from art experts that address various aspects of European visual arts produced from circa 1300 to 1700 Divided into five broad conceptual headings: Social-Historical Factors in Artistic Production; Creative Process and Social Stature of the Artist; The Object: Art as Material Culture; The Message: Subjects and Meanings; and The Viewer, the Critic, and the Historian: Reception and Interpretation as Cultural Discourse Covers many topics not typically included in collections of this nature, such as Judaism and the arts, architectural treatises, the global Renaissance in arts, the new natural sciences and the arts, art and religion, and gender and sexuality Features essays on the arts of the domestic life, sexuality and gender, and the art and production of tapestries, conservation/technology, and the metaphor of theater Focuses on Western and Central Europe and that territory's interactions with neighboring civilizations and distant discoveries Includes illustrations as well as links to images not included in the book

An Entrance for the Eyes

Download An Entrance for the Eyes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520221354
Total Pages : 293 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (22 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis An Entrance for the Eyes by : Martha Hollander

Download or read book An Entrance for the Eyes written by Martha Hollander and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2002-03-20 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "How refreshing, how absolutely refreshing, to find a book on Dutch painting that asks readers to begin by simply looking. Hollander is faithful to the possibility--so common in painting, so unusual in scholarship--that the paintings are elusive, evasive, unsystematically ambiguous. Doors ajar, windows onto the street, paintings within paintings, half-drawn curtains, blank mirrors, a man's coat hung on a nail: those are the engines of interpretation, and Hollander tells their history lucidly and entirely persuasively."—James Elkins, author of The Object Stares Back "Hollander offers fresh and compelling readings of key works by Karel van Mander, Gerard Dou, Nicolaes Maes, and Pieter de Hooch. Very few recent books on Dutch art are as rich as this; and few are written in such lucid, unpretentious prose. What shines forth from every page is a genuine love of the pictures. Here is art history well tempered to the objects it interprets."—Joseph L. Koerner, author of The Moment of Self-Portraiture in German Renaissance Art "In recent years, scholars have explored how space signifies in seventeenth-century Dutch art and culture; Hollander's fascinating study is the most comprehensive to date. It examines space--as conceived in the writings of Dutch art theorists, constructed in contemporary architecture, and disposed and made meaningful in the work of Gerard Dou, Nicolaes Maes, Pieter de Hooch, and Karel van Mander. An Entrance for the Eyes lays a firm foundation for research on this intriguing and hitherto understudied aspect of Dutch art."—Wayne E. Franits, author of Paragons of Virtue: Women and Domesticity in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Art

Landscape and Philosophy in the Art of Jan Brueghel the Elder (1568?625)

Download Landscape and Philosophy in the Art of Jan Brueghel the Elder (1568?625) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351561154
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Landscape and Philosophy in the Art of Jan Brueghel the Elder (1568?625) by : Leopoldine Prosperetti

Download or read book Landscape and Philosophy in the Art of Jan Brueghel the Elder (1568?625) written by Leopoldine Prosperetti and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this first comprehensive full length study in English on the art of Jan Brueghel the Elder, Leopoldine Prosperetti illuminates how the work of this painter relates to a philosophical culture prevailing in the Antwerp of his time. She shows that no matter what scenery, figures or objects stock the pictorial field, Brueghel's diverse pictures have something in common: they all embed visual trajectories that allow for the viewer to craft out of the raw material of the picture a moment of spiritual repose. Rooted in the art of Hieronymus Bosch and Pieter Bruegel the Elder these vistas are shown to meet the expectation of viewers to discover in their mazes a rhetorically conceived path to wisdom. The key issue is the ambition of pictorial images to bring into practice the humanist belief that philosophy and rhetoric are inseparable. This original study analyzes the patterns of thought and recurrent optical tropes that constitute a visual poetics for shifting genres - no longer devotional, yet sharing in the meditative goal of redirecting the soul toward an intuitive knowledge of what is good in life. This book reveals how everyday life is the preferred vehicle for delivering the results of philosophical pursuits. One chapter is dedicated to Brueghel's innovative attention to the experience of traveling in a variety of wheeled vehicles along the roads of his native Brabant. He is unique, and surprisingly modern, in giving contemporary viewers an accurate account of all the different types of conveyances that clutter the roads. It makes for lively versions of one of his favorite themes: The Traveled Road. By taking the pursuit of wisdom as its theme, the book succeeds in presenting a new model for the interpretation of a range of visual genres in the Antwerp picture trade.

Landscape and Philosophy in the Art of Jan Brueghel the Elder (1568-1625)

Download Landscape and Philosophy in the Art of Jan Brueghel the Elder (1568-1625) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
ISBN 13 : 9780754660903
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (69 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Landscape and Philosophy in the Art of Jan Brueghel the Elder (1568-1625) by : Leopoldine van Hogendorp Prosperetti

Download or read book Landscape and Philosophy in the Art of Jan Brueghel the Elder (1568-1625) written by Leopoldine van Hogendorp Prosperetti and published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. This book was released on 2009 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this first comprehensive full length study in English on the art of Jan Brueghel the Elder, Leopoldine Prosperetti discloses the nature of the philosophical culture of Antwerp at the time, show its importance in the lives of cultivated citizens, and reveals the patterns of thought and visual stratagems by which his landscapes underwrite the pursuit of wisdom. The book presents a new model for the interpretation of a range of visual genres, including various types of landscape, that were popular in the Antwerp picture trade.

Imagination and Fantasy in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Time

Download Imagination and Fantasy in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Time PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 311069378X
Total Pages : 706 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (16 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Imagination and Fantasy in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Time by : Albrecht Classen

Download or read book Imagination and Fantasy in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Time written by Albrecht Classen and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2020-08-24 with total page 706 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The notions of other peoples, cultures, and natural conditions have always been determined by the epistemology of imagination and fantasy, providing much freedom and creativity, and yet have also created much fear, anxiety, and horror. In this regard, the pre-modern world demonstrates striking parallels with our own insofar as the projections of alterity might be different by degrees, but they are fundamentally the same by content. Dreams, illusions, projections, concepts, hopes, utopias/dystopias, desires, and emotional attachments are as specific and impactful as the physical environment. This volume thus sheds important light on the various lenses used by people in the Middle Ages and the early modern age as to how they came to terms with their perceptions, images, and notions. Previous scholarship focused heavily on the history of mentality and history of emotions, whereas here the history of pre-modern imagination, and fantasy assumes center position. Imaginary things are taken seriously because medieval and early modern writers and artists clearly reveal their great significance in their works and their daily lives. This approach facilitates a new deep-structure analysis of pre-modern culture.

Parody and Festivity in Early Modern Art

Download Parody and Festivity in Early Modern Art PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351554972
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Parody and Festivity in Early Modern Art by : DavidR. Smith

Download or read book Parody and Festivity in Early Modern Art written by DavidR. Smith and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dwelling on the rich interconnections between parody and festivity in humanist thought and popular culture alike, the essays in this volume delve into the nature and the meanings of festive laughter as it was conceived of in early modern art. The concept of 'carnival' supplies the main thread connecting these essays. Bound as festivity often is to popular culture, not all the topics fit the canons of high art, and some of the art is distinctly low-brow and occasionally ephemeral; themes include grobianism and the grotesque, scatology, popular proverbs with ironic twists, and a wide range of comic reversals, some quite profound. Many hinge on ideas of the world upside down. Though the chapters most often deal with Northern Renaissance and Baroque art, they spill over into other countries, times, and cultures, while maintaining the carnivalesque air suggested by the book's title.

Peasant Scenes and Landscapes

Download Peasant Scenes and Landscapes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 0812207432
Total Pages : 393 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Peasant Scenes and Landscapes by : Larry Silver

Download or read book Peasant Scenes and Landscapes written by Larry Silver and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2012-01-31 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern viewers take for granted the pictorial conventions present in easel paintings and engraved prints of such subjects as landscapes or peasants. These generic subjects and their representational conventions, however, have their own origins and early histories. In sixteenth-century Antwerp, painting and the emerging new medium of engraving began to depart from traditional visual culture, which had been defined primarily by wall paintings, altarpieces, and portraits of the elite. New genres and new media arose simultaneously in this volatile commercial and financial capital of Europe, home to the first open art market near the city Bourse. The new pictorial subjects emerged first as hybrid images, dominated by religious themes but also including elements that later became pictorial categories in their own right: landscapes, food markets, peasants at work and play, and still-life compositions. In addition to being the place of the origin and evolution of these genres, the Antwerp art market gave rise to the concept of artistic identity, in which favorite forms and favorite themes by an individual artist gained consumer recognition. In Peasant Scenes and Landscapes, Larry Silver examines the emergence of pictorial kinds—scenes of taverns and markets, landscapes and peasants—and charts their evolution as genres from initial hybrids to more conventionalized artistic formulas. The relationship of these new genres and their favorite themes reflect a burgeoning urbanism and capitalism in Antwerp, and Silver analyzes how pictorial genres and the Antwerp marketplace fostered the development of what has come to be known as "signature" artistic style. By examining Bosch and Bruegel, together with their imitators, he focuses on pictorial innovation as well as the marketing of individual styles, attending particularly to the growing practice of artists signing their works. In addition, he argues that consumer interest in the style of individual artists reinforced another phenomenon of the later sixteenth century: art collecting. While today we take such typical artistic formulas as commonplace, along with their frequent use of identifying signatures (a Rothko, a Pollock), Peasant Scenes and Landscapes shows how these developed simultaneously in the commercial world of early modern Antwerp.