Fascist Interactions

Download Fascist Interactions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Berghahn Books
ISBN 13 : 1785331302
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (853 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fascist Interactions by : David D. Roberts

Download or read book Fascist Interactions written by David D. Roberts and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2016-05 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although studies of fascism have constituted one of the most fertile areas of historical inquiry in recent decades, more and more scholars have called for a new agenda with more research beyond Italy and Germany, less preoccupation with definition and classification, and more sustained focus on the relationships among different fascist formations before 1945. Starting from a critical assessment of these imperatives, this rigorous volume charts a historiographical path that transcends rigid distinctions while still developing meaningful criteria of differentiation. Even as we take fascism seriously as a political phenomenon, such an approach allows us to better understand its distinctive contradictions and historical variations.

Fascism without Borders

Download Fascism without Borders PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Berghahn Books
ISBN 13 : 1785334697
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (853 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fascism without Borders by : Arnd Bauerkämper

Download or read book Fascism without Borders written by Arnd Bauerkämper and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2017-05-01 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is one of the great ironies of the history of fascism that, despite their fascination with ultra-nationalism, its adherents understood themselves as members of a transnational political movement. While a true “Fascist International” has never been established, European fascists shared common goals and sentiments as well as similar worldviews. They also drew on each other for support and motivation, even though relations among them were not free from misunderstandings and conflicts. Through a series of fascinating case studies, this expansive collection examines fascism’s transnational dimension, from the movements inspired by the early example of Fascist Italy to the international antifascist organizations that emerged in subsequent years.

Shaping the New Man

Download Shaping the New Man PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Wisconsin Pres
ISBN 13 : 0299305848
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (993 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Shaping the New Man by : Alessio Ponzio

Download or read book Shaping the New Man written by Alessio Ponzio and published by University of Wisconsin Pres. This book was released on 2015-09-29 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite their undeniable importance, the leaders of the Fascist and Nazi youth organizations have received little attention from historians. In Shaping the New Man, Alessio Ponzio uncovers the largely untold story of the training and education of these crucial protagonists of the Fascist and Nazi regimes, and he examines more broadly the structures, ideologies, rhetoric, and aspirations of youth organizations in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Ponzio shows how the Italian Fascists’ pedagogical practices influenced the origin and evolution of the Hitler Youth. He dissects similarities and differences in the training processes of the youth leaders of the Opera Nazionale Balilla, Gioventù Italiana del Littorio, and Hitlerjugend. And, he explores the transnational institutional interactions and mutual cooperation that flourished between Mussolini’s and Hitler’s youth organizations in the 1930s and 1940s.

Rethinking Antifascism

Download Rethinking Antifascism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Berghahn Books
ISBN 13 : 1785331396
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (853 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rethinking Antifascism by : Hugo García

Download or read book Rethinking Antifascism written by Hugo García and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2016-06-01 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing together leading scholars from a range of nations, Rethinking Antifascism provides a fascinating exploration of one of the most vibrant sub-disciplines within recent historiography. Through case studies that exemplify the field’s breadth and sophistication, it examines antifascism in two distinct realms: after surveying the movement’s remarkable diversity across nations and political cultures up to 1945, the volume assesses its postwar political and ideological salience, from its incorporation into Soviet state doctrine to its radical questioning by historians and politicians. Avoiding both heroic narratives and reflexive revisionism, these contributions offer nuanced perspectives on a movement that helped to shape the postwar world.

Holy Legionary Youth

Download Holy Legionary Youth PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 0801456347
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (14 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Holy Legionary Youth by : Roland Clark

Download or read book Holy Legionary Youth written by Roland Clark and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2015-06-05 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Founded in 1927, Romania’s Legion of the Archangel Michael was one of Europe’s largest and longest-lived fascist social movements. In Holy Legionary Youth, Roland Clark draws on oral histories, memoirs, and substantial research in the archives of the Romanian secret police to provide the most comprehensive account of the Legion in English to date. Clark approaches Romanian fascism by asking what membership in the Legion meant to young Romanian men and women. Viewing fascism "from below," as a social category that had practical consequences for those who embraced it, he shows how the personal significance of fascism emerged out of Legionaries’ interactions with each other, the state, other political parties, families and friends, and fascist groups abroad. Official repression, fascist spectacle, and the frequency and nature of legionary activities changed a person’s everyday activities and relationships in profound ways. Clark’s sweeping history traces fascist organizing in interwar Romania to nineteenth-century grassroots nationalist movements that demanded political independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It also shows how closely the movement was associated with the Romanian Orthodox Church and how the uniforms, marches, and rituals were inspired by the muscular, martial aesthetic of fascism elsewhere in Europe. Although antisemitism was a key feature of official fascist ideology, state violence against Legionaries rather than the extensive fascist violence against Jews had a far greater impact on how Romanians viewed the movement and their role in it. Approaching fascism in interwar Romania as an everyday practice, Holy Legionary Youth offers a new perspective on European fascism, highlighting how ordinary people "performed" fascism by working together to promote a unique and totalizing social identity.

Growing in the Shadow of Antifascism

Download Growing in the Shadow of Antifascism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Central European University Press
ISBN 13 : 9633866820
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (338 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Growing in the Shadow of Antifascism by : Kata Bohus

Download or read book Growing in the Shadow of Antifascism written by Kata Bohus and published by Central European University Press. This book was released on 2022-07-26 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reined into the service of the Cold War confrontation, antifascist ideology overshadowed the narrative about the Holocaust in the communist states of Eastern Europe. This led to the Western notion that in the Soviet Bloc there was a systematic suppression of the memory of the mass murder of European Jews. Going beyond disputing the mistaken opposition between “communist falsification” of history and the “repressed authentic” interpretation of the Jewish catastrophe, this work presents and analyzes the ways as the Holocaust was conceptualized in the Soviet-ruled parts of Europe. The authors provide various interpretations of the relationship between antifascism and Holocaust memory in the communist countries, arguing that the predominance of an antifascist agenda and the acknowledgment of the Jewish catastrophe were far from mutually exclusive. The interactions included acts of negotiation, cross-referencing, and borrowing. Detailed case studies describe how both individuals and institutions were able to use anti-fascism as a framework to test and widen the boundaries for discussion of the Nazi genocide. The studies build on the new historiography of communism, focusing on everyday life and individual agency, revealing the formation of a great variety of concrete, local memory practices.

Mussolini and Hitler

Download Mussolini and Hitler PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300240775
Total Pages : 465 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mussolini and Hitler by : Christian Goeschel

Download or read book Mussolini and Hitler written by Christian Goeschel and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2018-09-25 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fresh treatment of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany reveals how the close relationship between Mussolini and Hitler influenced both men. From 1934 until 1944 Mussolini met Hitler numerous times, and the two developed a relationship that deeply affected both countries. While Germany is generally regarded as the senior power, Christian Goeschel demonstrates just how much history has underrepresented Mussolini’s influence on his German ally. A scholar of twentieth-century Germany and Italy, Goeschel revisits all of Mussolini and Hitler’s key meetings to examine how they constructed a powerful image of a strong Fascist-Nazi relationship that still resonates with the general public. His portrait of Mussolini draws on sources ranging beyond political history to reveal a leader who, at times, shaped Hitler’s decisions and was not the gullible buffoon he’s often portrayed as. The first comprehensive study of the Mussolini-Hitler relationship, this book is a must-read for scholars and anyone interested in the history of European fascism, World War II, or political leadership.

How Fascism Works

Download How Fascism Works PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Random House
ISBN 13 : 0525511849
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (255 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis How Fascism Works by : Jason Stanley

Download or read book How Fascism Works written by Jason Stanley and published by Random House. This book was released on 2018-09-04 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “No single book is as relevant to the present moment.”—Claudia Rankine, author of Citizen “One of the defining books of the decade.”—Elizabeth Hinton, author of From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime NEW YORK TIMES BOOK REVIEW EDITORS’ CHOICE • With a new preface • Fascist politics are running rampant in America today—and spreading around the world. A Yale philosopher identifies the ten pillars of fascist politics, and charts their horrifying rise and deep history. As the child of refugees of World War II Europe and a renowned philosopher and scholar of propaganda, Jason Stanley has a deep understanding of how democratic societies can be vulnerable to fascism: Nations don’t have to be fascist to suffer from fascist politics. In fact, fascism’s roots have been present in the United States for more than a century. Alarmed by the pervasive rise of fascist tactics both at home and around the globe, Stanley focuses here on the structures that unite them, laying out and analyzing the ten pillars of fascist politics—the language and beliefs that separate people into an “us” and a “them.” He knits together reflections on history, philosophy, sociology, and critical race theory with stories from contemporary Hungary, Poland, India, Myanmar, and the United States, among other nations. He makes clear the immense danger of underestimating the cumulative power of these tactics, which include exploiting a mythic version of a nation’s past; propaganda that twists the language of democratic ideals against themselves; anti-intellectualism directed against universities and experts; law and order politics predicated on the assumption that members of minority groups are criminals; and fierce attacks on labor groups and welfare. These mechanisms all build on one another, creating and reinforcing divisions and shaping a society vulnerable to the appeals of authoritarian leadership. By uncovering disturbing patterns that are as prevalent today as ever, Stanley reveals that the stuff of politics—charged by rhetoric and myth—can quickly become policy and reality. Only by recognizing fascists politics, he argues, may we resist its most harmful effects and return to democratic ideals. “With unsettling insight and disturbing clarity, How Fascism Works is an essential guidebook to our current national dilemma of democracy vs. authoritarianism.”—William Jelani Cobb, author of The Substance of Hope

Fascism through History [2 volumes]

Download Fascism through History [2 volumes] PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 862 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (16 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fascism through History [2 volumes] by : Patrick G. Zander

Download or read book Fascism through History [2 volumes] written by Patrick G. Zander and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2020-10-19 with total page 862 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While fascism perhaps reached its peak in the regimes of Hitler and Mussolini, it continues to permeate governments today. This reference work explores the history of fascism and how it has shaped daily life up to the present day. Perhaps the most notable example of Fascism was Hitler's Nazi Germany. Fascists aimed to control the media and other social institutions, and Fascist views and agendas informed a wide range of daily life and popular culture. But while Fascism flourished around the world in the decades before and after World War II, it continues to shape politics and government today. This reference explores the history of Fascism around the world and across time, with special attention to how Fascism has been more than a political philosophy but has instead played a significant role in the lives of everyday people. Volume one begins with a introduction that surveys the history of Fascism around the world and follows with a timeline citing key events related to Fascism. Roughly 180 alphabetically arranged reference entries follow. These entries discuss such topics as conditions for working people, conditions for women, Fascist institutions that regulated daily life, attitudes toward race, physical culture, the arts, and more. Primary source documents give readers first-hand accounts of Fascist thought and practice. A selected bibliography directs users to additional resources.

Fascism and the Jews

Download Fascism and the Jews PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Vallentine Mitchell
ISBN 13 : 9780853038641
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (386 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fascism and the Jews by : Salvatore Garau

Download or read book Fascism and the Jews written by Salvatore Garau and published by Vallentine Mitchell. This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interwar European fascism is inextricably associated with anti-semitism - and, in particular, the destructive racial ideology and policies of the Nazis. Certainly, as the period progressed, anti-semitism did become an increasingly integral ideological component for European fascist movements, with Italy and Britain as distinctive examples of this phenomenon. But the main fascist parties in both countries were founded with no anti-Jewish agenda, before progressively incorporating anti-semitism as official policy. Moving away from the standard Nazi paradigm, this book explores the factors behind fascism's adoption and use of anti-semitism, the varying forms that it took, and the ways in which it evolved. Similarly, the exploration of the Jewish relationship with fascism has been dominated by German, Nazi, and Holocaust history. Yet Jews undertook a far wider range of interactions with this political creed, ranging from membership of fascist organizations to influential involvement in anti-fascist movements. Through comparative examination of the Jewish communities in interwar Britain and Italy, this book unravels some of the complexities of Jewish attitudes towards, and experiences of, fascism.

The Pope and Mussolini

Download The Pope and Mussolini PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Random House
ISBN 13 : 0679645535
Total Pages : 593 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (796 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Pope and Mussolini by : David I. Kertzer

Download or read book The Pope and Mussolini written by David I. Kertzer and published by Random House. This book was released on 2014-01-28 with total page 593 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PULITZER PRIZE WINNER • NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BY SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE From National Book Award finalist David I. Kertzer comes the gripping story of Pope Pius XI’s secret relations with Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. This groundbreaking work, based on seven years of research in the Vatican and Fascist archives, including reports from Mussolini’s spies inside the highest levels of the Church, will forever change our understanding of the Vatican’s role in the rise of Fascism in Europe. The Pope and Mussolini tells the story of two men who came to power in 1922, and together changed the course of twentieth-century history. In most respects, they could not have been more different. One was scholarly and devout, the other thuggish and profane. Yet Pius XI and “Il Duce” had many things in common. They shared a distrust of democracy and a visceral hatred of Communism. Both were prone to sudden fits of temper and were fiercely protective of the prerogatives of their office. (“We have many interests to protect,” the Pope declared, soon after Mussolini seized control of the government in 1922.) Each relied on the other to consolidate his power and achieve his political goals. In a challenge to the conventional history of this period, in which a heroic Church does battle with the Fascist regime, Kertzer shows how Pius XI played a crucial role in making Mussolini’s dictatorship possible and keeping him in power. In exchange for Vatican support, Mussolini restored many of the privileges the Church had lost and gave in to the pope’s demands that the police enforce Catholic morality. Yet in the last years of his life—as the Italian dictator grew ever closer to Hitler—the pontiff’s faith in this treacherous bargain started to waver. With his health failing, he began to lash out at the Duce and threatened to denounce Mussolini’s anti-Semitic racial laws before it was too late. Horrified by the threat to the Church-Fascist alliance, the Vatican’s inner circle, including the future Pope Pius XII, struggled to restrain the headstrong pope from destroying a partnership that had served both the Church and the dictator for many years. The Pope and Mussolini brims with memorable portraits of the men who helped enable the reign of Fascism in Italy: Father Pietro Tacchi Venturi, Pius’s personal emissary to the dictator, a wily anti-Semite known as Mussolini’s Rasputin; Victor Emmanuel III, the king of Italy, an object of widespread derision who lacked the stature—literally and figuratively—to stand up to the domineering Duce; and Cardinal Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli, whose political skills and ambition made him Mussolini’s most powerful ally inside the Vatican, and positioned him to succeed the pontiff as the controversial Pius XII, whose actions during World War II would be subject for debate for decades to come. With the recent opening of the Vatican archives covering Pius XI’s papacy, the full story of the Pope’s complex relationship with his Fascist partner can finally be told. Vivid, dramatic, with surprises at every turn, The Pope and Mussolini is history writ large and with the lightning hand of truth.

A Brief History of Fascist Lies

Download A Brief History of Fascist Lies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520389778
Total Pages : 161 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (23 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Brief History of Fascist Lies by : Federico Finchelstein

Download or read book A Brief History of Fascist Lies written by Federico Finchelstein and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2022-05-03 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "There is no better book on fascism's complex and vexed relationship with truth."—Jason Stanley, author of How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them In this short companion to his book From Fascism to Populism in History, world-renowned historian Federico Finchelstein explains why fascists regarded simple and often hateful lies as truth, and why so many of their followers believed the falsehoods. Throughout the history of the twentieth century, many supporters of fascist ideologies regarded political lies as truth incarnated in their leader. From Hitler to Mussolini, fascist leaders capitalized on lies as the base of their power and popular sovereignty. This history continues in the present, when lies again seem to increasingly replace empirical truth. Now that actual news is presented as “fake news” and false news becomes government policy, A Brief History of Fascist Lies urges us to remember that the current talk of “post-truth” has a long political and intellectual lineage that we cannot ignore.

Behind the Dictators

Download Behind the Dictators PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781258122942
Total Pages : 110 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (229 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Behind the Dictators by : Leo Herbert Lehmann

Download or read book Behind the Dictators written by Leo Herbert Lehmann and published by . This book was released on 2011-10-01 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Fascism: A Very Short Introduction

Download Fascism: A Very Short Introduction PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191508551
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fascism: A Very Short Introduction by : Kevin Passmore

Download or read book Fascism: A Very Short Introduction written by Kevin Passmore and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2014-05-29 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What is fascism? Is it revolutionary? Or is it reactionary? Can it be both? Fascism is notoriously hard to define. How do we make sense of an ideology that appeals to streetfighters and intellectuals alike? That is overtly macho in style, yet attracts many women? That calls for a return to tradition while maintaining a fascination with technology? And that preaches violence in the name of an ordered society? In the new edition of this Very Short Introduction, Kevin Passmore brilliantly unravels the paradoxes of one of the most important phenomena in the modern world—tracing its origins in the intellectual, political, and social crises of the late nineteenth century, the rise of fascism following World War I, including fascist regimes in Italy and Germany, and the fortunes of 'failed' fascist movements in Eastern Europe, Spain, and the Americas. He also considers fascism in culture, the new interest in transnational research, and the progress of the far right since 2002. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Rethinking the Nature of Fascism

Download Rethinking the Nature of Fascism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 0230295002
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (32 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rethinking the Nature of Fascism by : António Costa Pinto

Download or read book Rethinking the Nature of Fascism written by António Costa Pinto and published by Springer. This book was released on 2010-11-17 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many of the foremost experts in the study of European fascism unite to provide a contemporary analysis of the theories and historiography of fascism. Essays discuss the most recent debates on the subject and how changes in the social sciences over the past forty years have impacted on the study of fascism from various perspectives.

An Authoritarian Third Way in the Era of Fascism

Download An Authoritarian Third Way in the Era of Fascism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000482138
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis An Authoritarian Third Way in the Era of Fascism by : António Costa Pinto

Download or read book An Authoritarian Third Way in the Era of Fascism written by António Costa Pinto and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-11-25 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book takes a transnational and comparative approach that analyses the process of diffusion of a third way​ in selected transitions to authoritarianism in Europe and Latin America. When looking at the authoritarian wave of the 1930s, it is not difficult to see how some regimes appeared to offer an authoritarian third way somewhere between democracy and fascism. It is in this context that some Iberian dictatorships, such as those of Primo de Rivera in Spain, Salazar’s New State in Portugal and the short-lived Dollfuss regime in Austria are mentioned frequently. Especially during the 1930s, and in those parts of Europe under Axis control, these models were discussed and often adopted by several dictatorships. This book considers how and why these dictatorships on the periphery of Europe, especially Salazar’s New State in Portugal, inspired some of these regimes’ new political institutions particularly within Europe and Latin America. It pays special attention to how, as they proposed and pursued these authoritarian reforms, these domestic political actors also looked at these institutional models as suitable for their own countries. The volume is ideal for students and scholars of comparative fascism, authoritarian regimes, and European and Latin American modern history and politics.

Fascism: A Warning

Download Fascism: A Warning PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : HarperCollins
ISBN 13 : 006293127X
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (629 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fascism: A Warning by : Madeleine Albright

Download or read book Fascism: A Warning written by Madeleine Albright and published by HarperCollins. This book was released on 2019-01-29 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: #1 New York Times Bestseller A personal and urgent examination of Fascism in the twentieth century and how its legacy shapes today’s world, written by one of the most admired public servants in American history, the first woman to serve as U.S. secretary of state A Fascist, observed Madeleine Albright, “is someone who claims to speak for a whole nation or group, is utterly unconcerned with the rights of others, and is willing to use violence and whatever other means are necessary to achieve the goals he or she might have.” The twentieth century was defined by the clash between democracy and Fascism, a struggle that created uncertainty about the survival of human freedom and left millions dead. Given the horrors of that experience, one might expect the world to reject the spiritual successors to Hitler and Mussolini should they arise in our era. Fascism: A Warning is drawn from Madeleine Albright's experiences as a child in war-torn Europe and her distinguished career as a diplomat to question that assumption. Fascism, as she shows, not only endured through the twentieth century but now presents a more virulent threat to peace and justice than at any time since the end of World War II. The momentum toward democracy that swept the world when the Berlin Wall fell has gone into reverse. The United States, which historically championed the free world, is led by a president who exacerbates division and heaps scorn on democratic institutions. In many countries, economic, technological, and cultural factors are weakening the political center and empowering the extremes of right and left. Contemporary leaders such as Vladimir Putin and Kim Jong-un are employing many of the tactics used by Fascists in the 1920s and 30s. Fascism: A Warning is a book for our times that is relevant to all times. Written by someone who not only studied history but helped to shape it, this call to arms teaches us the lessons we must understand and the questions we must answer if we are to save ourselves from repeating the tragic errors of the past.