Energy Resources Conversion And Utilization

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Renewable energy conversion systems

Author : Muhammad Kamran
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128235985
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Renewable energy conversion systems by : Muhammad Kamran

Download or read book Renewable energy conversion systems written by Muhammad Kamran and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-05-15 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Systems goes beyond theoretical aspects of advances in renewable energy and addresses future trends. By focusing on the design of developing technologies, relevant operation and detailed background and an understanding of the application of power electronics and thermodynamics processes in renewable energy, this book provides an analysis of advancing energy systems. The book will be of interest to engineering graduates, researchers, professors and industry professionals involved in the renewable energy sector and is ideal for advanced engineering courses dealing with renewable energy, sources, thermal and electrical energy production and sustainability. With increasing focus on developing low carbon energy production, audiences need to have the engineering knowledge and practical skills to develop and implement creative solutions to engineering problems encountered with renewable energy technologies. By looking at renewable energy capture and conversion, system design and analysis, project development and implementation, each modular chapter examines recent advances in specific renewable energy systems with detailed methods, calculations and worked examples. - Includes recent techniques used to design and model different renewable energy sources (RES) - Demonstrates how to use power electronics in renewable systems - Discusses how to identify, design, integrate and operate the most suitable technologies through key problems

Energy Resources

Author : Andrew L. Simon
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1483187500
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (831 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Resources by : Andrew L. Simon

Download or read book Energy Resources written by Andrew L. Simon and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy Resources mainly focuses on energy, including its definition, historical perspective, sources, utilization, and conservation. This text first explains what energy is and what its uses are. This book then explains coal, oil, and natural gas, which are some of the common energy sources used by various industries. Other energy sources such as wind, solar, geothermal, water, and nuclear energy sources are also tackled. This text also looks into fusion energy and techniques of energy conversion. This book concludes by explaining the energy allocation and utilization crisis. This publication will be invaluable to those interested in energy science.

Energy Resources, Utilization & Technologies

Author : Anjaneyulu Yerramilli
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780415621137
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (211 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Resources, Utilization & Technologies by : Anjaneyulu Yerramilli

Download or read book Energy Resources, Utilization & Technologies written by Anjaneyulu Yerramilli and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-07-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explanatory text that treats the complete fundamentals of energy and current energy resources, technologies developments, solutions to energy issues and new concepts ranging from fossil fuel to solar energy, biomass energy, wind energy, ocean energy, geothermal energy, hydrogen energy, fuel cells, thermo-electric systems, nuclear energy and nanotechnology concepts to generate clean energy. The theoretical aspects of various energy conversion technologies, and design practices in light of national and international perspectives are discussed with educational examples. Every technique is explained in detail and every chapter is concluded with a reference section, recommended reading and a number of questions. Intended for university students with various backgrounds, who are involved in energy science and engineering (chemistry, physics, environmental sciences, earth sciences, petroleum, mining and mechanical engineering). Recommended for professionals seeking an introduction to the subject.

Energy for Sustainable Development

Author : Md Hasanuzzaman
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128146451
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy for Sustainable Development by : Md Hasanuzzaman

Download or read book Energy for Sustainable Development written by Md Hasanuzzaman and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-10-31 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy for Sustainable Development: Demand, Supply, Conversion and Management presents a comprehensive look at recent developments and provides guidance on energy demand, supply, analysis and forecasting of modern energy technologies for sustainable energy conversion. The book analyzes energy management techniques and the economic and environmental impact of energy usage and storage. Including modern theories and the latest technologies used in the conversion of energy for traditional fossil fuels and renewable energy sources, this book provides a valuable reference on recent innovations. Researchers, engineers and policymakers will find this book to be a comprehensive guide on modern theories and technologies for sustainable development.

Energy Harvesting

Author : Alireza Khaligh
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351834029
Total Pages : 529 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Harvesting by : Alireza Khaligh

Download or read book Energy Harvesting written by Alireza Khaligh and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Also called energy scavenging, energy harvesting captures, stores, and uses "clean" energy sources by employing interfaces, storage devices, and other units. Unlike conventional electric power generation systems, renewable energy harvesting does not use fossil fuels and the generation units can be decentralized, thereby significantly reducing transmission and distribution losses. But advanced technical methods must be developed to increase the efficiency of devices in harvesting energy from environmentally friendly, "green" resources and converting them into electrical energy. Recognizing this need, Energy Harvesting: Solar, Wind, and Ocean Energy Conversion Systems describes various energy harvesting technologies, different topologies, and many types of power electronic interfaces for stand-alone utilization or grid connection of energy harvesting applications. Along with providing all the necessary concepts and theoretical background, the authors develop simulation models throughout the text to build a practical understanding of system analysis and modeling. With a focus on solar energy, the first chapter discusses the I−V characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) systems, PV models and equivalent circuits, sun tracking systems, maximum power point tracking systems, shading effects, and power electronic interfaces for grid-connected and stand-alone PV systems. It also presents sizing criteria for applications and modern solar energy applications, including residential, vehicular, naval, and space applications. The next chapter reviews different types of wind turbines and electrical machines as well as various power electronic interfaces. After explaining the energy generation technologies, optimal operation principles, and possible utilization techniques of ocean tidal energy harvesting, the book explores near- and offshore approaches for harvesting the kinetic and potential energy of ocean waves. It also describes the required absorber, turbine, and generator types, along with the power electronic interfaces for grid connection and commercialized ocean wave energy conversion applications. The final chapter deals with closed, open, and hybrid-cycle ocean thermal energy conversion systems.

Sustainable Materials and Green Processing for Energy Conversion

Author : Kuan Yew Cheong
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128230703
Total Pages : 506 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Materials and Green Processing for Energy Conversion by : Kuan Yew Cheong

Download or read book Sustainable Materials and Green Processing for Energy Conversion written by Kuan Yew Cheong and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-10-01 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable Materials and Green Processing for Energy Conversion provides a concise reference on green processing and synthesis of materials required for the next generation of devices used in renewable energy conversion and storage. The book covers the processing of bio-organic materials, environmentally-friendly organic and inorganic sources of materials, synthetic green chemistry, bioresorbable and transient properties of functional materials, and the concept of sustainable material design. The book features chapters by worldwide experts and is an important reference for students, researchers, and engineers interested in gaining extensive knowledge concerning green processing of sustainable, green functional materials for next generation energy devices. Additionally, functional materials used in energy devices must also be able to degrade and decompose with minimum energy after being disposed of at their end-of-life. Environmental pollution is one of the global crises that endangers the life cycles of living things. There are multiple root causes of this pollution, including industrialization that demands a huge supply of raw materials for the production of products related to meeting the demands of the Internet-of-Things. As a result, improvement of material and product life cycles by incorporation of green, sustainable principles is essential to address this challenging issue. - Offers a resourceful reference for readers interested in green processing of environmentally-friendly and sustainable materials for energy conversion and storage devices - Focuses on designing of materials through green-processing concepts - Highlights challenges and opportunities in green processing of renewable materials for energy devices

Energy Resources and Systems

Author : Tushar K. Ghosh
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400714025
Total Pages : 736 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Resources and Systems by : Tushar K. Ghosh

Download or read book Energy Resources and Systems written by Tushar K. Ghosh and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-27 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second volume of Energy Resources and Systems is focused on renewable energy resources. Renewable energy mainly comes from wind, solar, hydropower, geothermal, ocean, bioenergy, ethanol and hydrogen. Each of these energy resources is important and growing. For example, high-head hydroelectric energy is a well established energy resource and already contributes about 20% of the world’s electricity. Some countries have significant high-head resources and produce the bulk of their electrical power by this method. However, the bulk of the world’s high-head hydroelectric resources have not been exploited, particularly by the underdeveloped countries. Low-head hydroelectric is unexploited and has the potential to be a growth area. Wind energy is the fastest growing of the renewable energy resources for the electricity generation. Solar energy is a popular renewable energy resource. Geothermal energy is viable near volcanic areas. Bioenergy and ethanol have grown in recent years primarily due to changes in public policy meant to encourage its usage. Energy policies stimulated the growth of ethanol, for example, with the unintended side effect of rise in food prices. Hydrogen has been pushed as a transportation fuel. The authors want to provide a comprehensive series of texts on the interlinking of the nature of energy resources, the systems that utilize them, the environmental effects, the socioeconomic impact, the political aspects and governing policies. Volume 1 on Fundamentals and Non Renewable Resources was published in 2009. It blends fundamental concepts with an understanding of the non-renewable resources that dominate today’s society. The authors are now working on Volume 3, on nuclear advanced energy resources and nuclear batteries, consists of fusion, space power systems, nuclear energy conversion, nuclear batteries and advanced power, fuel cells and energy storage. Volume 4 will cover environmental effects, remediation and policy. Solutions to providing long term, stable and economical energy is a complex problem, which links social, economical, technical and environmental issues. It is the goal of the four volume Energy Resources and Systems series to tell the whole story and provide the background required by students of energy to understand the complex nature of the problem and the importance of linking social, economical, technical and environmental issues.

Microbial Energy Conversion

Author : Zhenhong Yuan
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 311042486X
Total Pages : 568 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbial Energy Conversion by : Zhenhong Yuan

Download or read book Microbial Energy Conversion written by Zhenhong Yuan and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-05-22 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides an overview on various microorganisms and their industrialization in energy conversion, such as ethanol fermentation, butanol fermentation, biogas fermentation and fossil energy conversion. It also covers microbial oil production, hydrogen production and electricity generation. The content is up to date and suits well for both researchers and industrial audiences.

Handbook of Clean Energy Systems, 6 Volume Set

Author : Jinyue Yan
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118388585
Total Pages : 4038 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (183 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Clean Energy Systems, 6 Volume Set by : Jinyue Yan

Download or read book Handbook of Clean Energy Systems, 6 Volume Set written by Jinyue Yan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-06-22 with total page 4038 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of Clean Energy Systems brings together an international team of experts to present a comprehensive overview of the latest research, developments and practical applications throughout all areas of clean energy systems. Consolidating information which is currently scattered across a wide variety of literature sources, the handbook covers a broad range of topics in this interdisciplinary research field including both fossil and renewable energy systems. The development of intelligent energy systems for efficient energy processes and mitigation technologies for the reduction of environmental pollutants is explored in depth, and environmental, social and economic impacts are also addressed. Topics covered include: Volume 1 - Renewable Energy: Biomass resources and biofuel production; Bioenergy Utilization; Solar Energy; Wind Energy; Geothermal Energy; Tidal Energy. Volume 2 - Clean Energy Conversion Technologies: Steam/Vapor Power Generation; Gas Turbines Power Generation; Reciprocating Engines; Fuel Cells; Cogeneration and Polygeneration. Volume 3 - Mitigation Technologies: Carbon Capture; Negative Emissions System; Carbon Transportation; Carbon Storage; Emission Mitigation Technologies; Efficiency Improvements and Waste Management; Waste to Energy. Volume 4 - Intelligent Energy Systems: Future Electricity Markets; Diagnostic and Control of Energy Systems; New Electric Transmission Systems; Smart Grid and Modern Electrical Systems; Energy Efficiency of Municipal Energy Systems; Energy Efficiency of Industrial Energy Systems; Consumer Behaviors; Load Control and Management; Electric Car and Hybrid Car; Energy Efficiency Improvement. Volume 5 - Energy Storage: Thermal Energy Storage; Chemical Storage; Mechanical Storage; Electrochemical Storage; Integrated Storage Systems. Volume 6 - Sustainability of Energy Systems: Sustainability Indicators, Evaluation Criteria, and Reporting; Regulation and Policy; Finance and Investment; Emission Trading; Modeling and Analysis of Energy Systems; Energy vs. Development; Low Carbon Economy; Energy Efficiencies and Emission Reduction. Key features: Comprising over 3,500 pages in 6 volumes, HCES presents a comprehensive overview of the latest research, developments and practical applications throughout all areas of clean energy systems, consolidating a wealth of information which is currently scattered across a wide variety of literature sources. In addition to renewable energy systems, HCES also covers processes for the efficient and clean conversion of traditional fuels such as coal, oil and gas, energy storage systems, mitigation technologies for the reduction of environmental pollutants, and the development of intelligent energy systems. Environmental, social and economic impacts of energy systems are also addressed in depth. Published in full colour throughout. Fully indexed with cross referencing within and between all six volumes. Edited by leading researchers from academia and industry who are internationally renowned and active in their respective fields. Published in print and online. The online version is a single publication (i.e. no updates), available for one-time purchase or through annual subscription.

Biomass as a Sustainable Energy Source for the Future

Author : Wiebren de Jong
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118304918
Total Pages : 600 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (183 download)

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Book Synopsis Biomass as a Sustainable Energy Source for the Future by : Wiebren de Jong

Download or read book Biomass as a Sustainable Energy Source for the Future written by Wiebren de Jong and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-11-03 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on the conversion of biomass into gas or liquid fuels the book covers physical pre-treatment technologies, thermal, chemical and biochemical conversion technologies • Details the latest biomass characterization techniques • Explains the biochemical and thermochemical conversion processes • Discusses the development of integrated biorefineries, which are similar to petroleum refineries in concept, covering such topics as reactor configurations and downstream processing • Describes how to mitigate the environmental risks when using biomass as fuel • Includes many problems, small projects, sample calculations and industrial application examples

Powering the U.S. Army of the Future

Author : National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780309258036
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (58 download)

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Book Synopsis Powering the U.S. Army of the Future by : National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine

Download or read book Powering the U.S. Army of the Future written by National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine and published by . This book was released on 2022-03-09 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At the request of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research and Technology, Powering the U.S. Army of the Future examines the U.S. Army's future power requirements for sustaining a multi-domain operational conflict and considers to what extent emerging power generation and transmission technologies can achieve the Army's operational power requirements in 2035. The study was based on one operational usage case identified by the Army as part of its ongoing efforts in multi-domain operations. The recommendations contained in this report are meant to help inform the Army's investment priorities in technologies to help ensure that the power requirements of the Army's future capability needs are achieved.

Renewable and Alternative Energy Resources

Author : Muhammad Asif Hanif
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128181516
Total Pages : 808 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Renewable and Alternative Energy Resources by : Muhammad Asif Hanif

Download or read book Renewable and Alternative Energy Resources written by Muhammad Asif Hanif and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-11-27 with total page 808 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Renewable and Alternative Energy Resources provides comprehensive information on the status of all renewable and non-renewable energy resources. Chapters discuss the technological developments and environmental impacts of each energy source, giving a valuable reference of up-to-date scientific progress, technical application and comparative ecological analysis of each source. In addition to understanding the process involved in generating energy, the book looks at possible merits and demerits relevant to environmental problems, highlighting the importance of the implementation of sustainable, approachable, cost effective and durable renewable energy resources. Designed to highlight relevant concepts on energy efficiency, current technologies and ongoing industrial trends, this is an ideal reference source for academics, practitioners, professionals and upper-level students interested in the latest research on renewable energy. - Discusses developments in both renewable and non-renewable energy sources - Highlights the status of exploitive, experimental studies conducted on the global status of alternative energies - Outlines novel opportunities for improving technologies for the billion-dollar renewable industry

Coal

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 030911022X
Total Pages : 183 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Coal by : National Research Council

Download or read book Coal written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-12-21 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coal will continue to provide a major portion of energy requirements in the United States for at least the next several decades. It is imperative that accurate information describing the amount, location, and quality of the coal resources and reserves be available to fulfill energy needs. It is also important that the United States extract its coal resources efficiently, safely, and in an environmentally responsible manner. A renewed focus on federal support for coal-related research, coordinated across agencies and with the active participation of the states and industrial sector, is a critical element for each of these requirements. Coal focuses on the research and development needs and priorities in the areas of coal resource and reserve assessments, coal mining and processing, transportation of coal and coal products, and coal utilization.

Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation

Author : Ottmar Edenhofer
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9781107607101
Total Pages : 1088 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation by : Ottmar Edenhofer

Download or read book Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation written by Ottmar Edenhofer and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-11-21 with total page 1088 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report (IPCC-SRREN) assesses the potential role of renewable energy in the mitigation of climate change. It covers the six most important renewable energy sources - bioenergy, solar, geothermal, hydropower, ocean and wind energy - as well as their integration into present and future energy systems. It considers the environmental and social consequences associated with the deployment of these technologies, and presents strategies to overcome technical as well as non-technical obstacles to their application and diffusion. SRREN brings a broad spectrum of technology-specific experts together with scientists studying energy systems as a whole. Prepared following strict IPCC procedures, it presents an impartial assessment of the current state of knowledge: it is policy relevant but not policy prescriptive. SRREN is an invaluable assessment of the potential role of renewable energy for the mitigation of climate change for policymakers, the private sector, and academic researchers.

Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System

Author : Kenneth Eloghene Okedu
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1789845904
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System by : Kenneth Eloghene Okedu

Download or read book Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System written by Kenneth Eloghene Okedu and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-02-26 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a platform for scientists and engineers to comprehend the technologies of solar wind hybrid renewable energy systems and their applications. It describes the thermodynamic analysis of wind energy systems, and advanced monitoring, modeling, simulation, and control of wind turbines. Based on recent hybrid technologies considering wind and solar energy systems, this book also covers modeling, design, and optimization of wind solar energy systems in conjunction with grid-connected distribution energy management systems comprising wind photovoltaic (PV) models. In addition, solar thermochemical fuel generation topology and evaluation of PV wind hybrid energy for a small island are also included in this book. Since energy storage plays a vital role in renewable energy systems, another salient part of this book addresses the methodology for sizing hybrid battery-backed power generation systems in off-grid connected locations. Furthermore, the book proposes solutions for sustainable rural development via passive solar housing schemes, and the impacts of renewable energies in general, considering social, economic, and environmental factors. Because this book proposes solutions based on recent challenges in the area of hybrid renewable technologies, it is hoped that it will serve as a useful reference to readers who would like to be acquainted with new strategies of control and advanced technology regarding wind solar hybrid systems

Energy, Resources and Environment

Author : S.W. Yuan
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1483135837
Total Pages : 625 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (831 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy, Resources and Environment by : S.W. Yuan

Download or read book Energy, Resources and Environment written by S.W. Yuan and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 625 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy, Resources and Environment documents the first U.S.-China Conference and discusses the concerns about the world's energy situation, such as its resource, environmental effects, and possible alternative sources. The book is comprised of 72 chapters including the keynote address, five lecture papers, and 66 technical papers that are organized according to its contents, specifically the type of energy it discusses. The text begins with the keynote address, and then discusses the plenary and technical papers. The plenary papers discuss the importance of energy, resources, environment, and future development. The technical papers cover the technological advancement of alternative energy source and their application. The conference covers the following theme: chemical fuels, coal energy, electric power systems, energy conservation, geothermal and other natural energy, hydropower, ice storage for cooling, solar energy, wind energy, economic aspect of energy utilization, and impact of energy on the environment. The book will be of great interest to individuals concerned with the development of alternative energy sources. Researchers whose work involves alternative energy will be able to make use of this book as a reference material.

Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309483360
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-02-22 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the quest to mitigate the buildup of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, researchers and policymakers have increasingly turned their attention to techniques for capturing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, either from the locations where they are emitted or directly from the atmosphere. Once captured, these gases can be stored or put to use. While both carbon storage and carbon utilization have costs, utilization offers the opportunity to recover some of the cost and even generate economic value. While current carbon utilization projects operate at a relatively small scale, some estimates suggest the market for waste carbon-derived products could grow to hundreds of billions of dollars within a few decades, utilizing several thousand teragrams of waste carbon gases per year. Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization: Status and Research Needs assesses research and development needs relevant to understanding and improving the commercial viability of waste carbon utilization technologies and defines a research agenda to address key challenges. The report is intended to help inform decision making surrounding the development and deployment of waste carbon utilization technologies under a variety of circumstances, whether motivated by a goal to improve processes for making carbon-based products, to generate revenue, or to achieve environmental goals.