Energy Resources And Environment

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Energy, Resources and Environment

Author : S.W. Yuan
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1483135837
Total Pages : 624 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (831 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy, Resources and Environment by : S.W. Yuan

Download or read book Energy, Resources and Environment written by S.W. Yuan and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy, Resources and Environment documents the first U.S.-China Conference and discusses the concerns about the world's energy situation, such as its resource, environmental effects, and possible alternative sources. The book is comprised of 72 chapters including the keynote address, five lecture papers, and 66 technical papers that are organized according to its contents, specifically the type of energy it discusses. The text begins with the keynote address, and then discusses the plenary and technical papers. The plenary papers discuss the importance of energy, resources, environment, and future development. The technical papers cover the technological advancement of alternative energy source and their application. The conference covers the following theme: chemical fuels, coal energy, electric power systems, energy conservation, geothermal and other natural energy, hydropower, ice storage for cooling, solar energy, wind energy, economic aspect of energy utilization, and impact of energy on the environment. The book will be of great interest to individuals concerned with the development of alternative energy sources. Researchers whose work involves alternative energy will be able to make use of this book as a reference material.

Energy Resources

Author : Kenneth J. Skipka
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1466517409
Total Pages : 488 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Resources by : Kenneth J. Skipka

Download or read book Energy Resources written by Kenneth J. Skipka and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-04-22 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Energy Problem Energy Resources: Availability, Management, and Environmental Impacts identifies historical increases in demand and a continuing lack of viable management policies for regional and global energy problems. Considering the state and consumption of energy resources on a worldwide level, the authors outline and address three primary issues that they view as growing concerns: the exploitation of current forms of energy, the environmental consequences, and the social and economic ramifications involved. The initial chapters offer an overview of energy management, providing an introduction to energy, energy-related engineering principles, regulations, energy conservation, and sustainability. The book discusses all energy resource forms from fossil fuels to renewable resources. The authors introduce an energy matrix providing an analytical structure that quantitatively can be used to evaluate resource options and their impacts. The concluding chapters provide insight into the driving forces that have shaped energy policy to date and the uncertainties that face future policymakers. The book analyzes various aspects of energy management. It poses concerns and offers solutions, including a proposed approach for developing, organizing, and implementing a national energy plan for the U.S. A Template for Developing an Energy Policy Examines the issues involved with energy management Explores the best options for achieving energy independence Provides quantitative approaches to energy policy development Discusses specific structural and analytical approaches to solving energy management problems The book considers conservation and the development of new, less expensive energy forms, and the impact these can make in slowing growth in demand while fueling efficiency. It analyzes the availability of traditional energy resources and a method of quantifying their energy, economic, and environmental impacts to provide adequate, inexpensive, long-term energy supplies. It also examines the feasibility of solar power, wind, tidal, geothermal, nuclear, and other less traditional sources of energy.

Renewable Energy and Wildlife Conservation

Author : Christopher E. Moorman
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421432730
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis Renewable Energy and Wildlife Conservation by : Christopher E. Moorman

Download or read book Renewable Energy and Wildlife Conservation written by Christopher E. Moorman and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2019-09-10 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brings together disparate conversations about wildlife conservation and renewable energy, suggesting ways these two critical fields can work hand in hand. Renewable energy is often termed simply "green energy," but its effects on wildlife and other forms of biodiversity can be quite complex. While capturing renewable resources like wind, solar, and energy from biomass can require more land than fossil fuel production, potentially displacing wildlife habitat, renewable energy infrastructure can also create habitat and promote species health when thoughtfully implemented. The authors of Renewable Energy and Wildlife Conservation argue that in order to achieve a balanced plan for addressing these two crucially important sustainability issues, our actions at the nexus of these fields must be directed by current scientific information related to the ecological effects of renewable energy production. Synthesizing an extensive, rapidly growing base of research and insights from practitioners into a single, comprehensive resource, contributors to this volume • describe processes to generate renewable energy, focusing on the Big Four renewables—wind, bioenergy, solar energy, and hydroelectric power • review the documented effects of renewable energy production on wildlife and wildlife habitats • consider current and future policy directives, suggesting ways industrial-scale renewables production can be developed to minimize harm to wildlife populations • explain recent advances in renewable power technologies • identify urgent research needs at the intersection of renewables and wildlife conservation Relevant to policy makers and industry professionals—many of whom believe renewables are the best path forward as the world seeks to meet its expanding energy needs—and wildlife conservationists—many of whom are alarmed at the rate of renewables-related habitat conversion—this detailed book culminates with a chapter underscoring emerging opportunities in renewable energy ecology. Contributors: Edward B. Arnett, Brian B. Boroski, Regan Dohm, David Drake, Sarah R. Fritts, Rachel Greene, Steven M. Grodsky, Amanda M. Hale, Cris D. Hein, Rebecca R. Hernandez, Jessica A. Homyack, Henriette I. Jager, Nicole M. Korfanta, James A. Martin, Christopher E. Moorman, Clint Otto, Christine A. Ribic, Susan P. Rupp, Jake Verschuyl, Lindsay M. Wickman, T. Bently Wigley, Victoria H. Zero

Renewable Energy Resources

Author : John Twidell
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1135834849
Total Pages : 458 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (358 download)

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Book Synopsis Renewable Energy Resources by : John Twidell

Download or read book Renewable Energy Resources written by John Twidell and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2006-01-16 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the years between the first and this second edition, renewable energy has come of age; it makes good sense, good government and good business. This book considers the unchanging principles of renewable energy technologies alongside modern application and case studies. In this second edition, the presentation of the fundamentals has been improved throughout, and chapters on economics and institutional factors have been added. Likewise, sections on environmental impact have been added to each technology chapter. Renewable Energy Resources supports multi-disciplinary.

Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System

Author : Kenneth Eloghene Okedu
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1789845904
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System by : Kenneth Eloghene Okedu

Download or read book Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System written by Kenneth Eloghene Okedu and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-02-26 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a platform for scientists and engineers to comprehend the technologies of solar wind hybrid renewable energy systems and their applications. It describes the thermodynamic analysis of wind energy systems, and advanced monitoring, modeling, simulation, and control of wind turbines. Based on recent hybrid technologies considering wind and solar energy systems, this book also covers modeling, design, and optimization of wind solar energy systems in conjunction with grid-connected distribution energy management systems comprising wind photovoltaic (PV) models. In addition, solar thermochemical fuel generation topology and evaluation of PV wind hybrid energy for a small island are also included in this book. Since energy storage plays a vital role in renewable energy systems, another salient part of this book addresses the methodology for sizing hybrid battery-backed power generation systems in off-grid connected locations. Furthermore, the book proposes solutions for sustainable rural development via passive solar housing schemes, and the impacts of renewable energies in general, considering social, economic, and environmental factors. Because this book proposes solutions based on recent challenges in the area of hybrid renewable technologies, it is hoped that it will serve as a useful reference to readers who would like to be acquainted with new strategies of control and advanced technology regarding wind solar hybrid systems

Energy, Natural Resources and Environmental Economics

Author : Endre Bjørndal
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642120679
Total Pages : 522 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (421 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy, Natural Resources and Environmental Economics by : Endre Bjørndal

Download or read book Energy, Natural Resources and Environmental Economics written by Endre Bjørndal and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-09-14 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book consists of a collection of articles describing the emergingand integrated area of Energy,Natural Resourcesand EnvironmentalEconomics.A majority of the authors are researchers doing applied work in economics, nance, and management science and are based in the Nordic countries. These countries have a long tradition of managing natural resources. Many of the applications are therefore founded on such examples. The book contents are based on a workshop that took place during May 15–16, 2008 in Bergen, Norway. The aim of the workshop was to create a meeting place for researchers who are active in the area of Energy, Natural Resource, and En- ronmentalEconomics,andat the same time celebrate ProfessorKurtJorns ̈ ten’s60th birthday. Thebookis dividedintofourparts. The rst part considerspetroleumandnatural gas applications, taking up topics ranging from the management of incomes and reserves to market modeling and value chain optimization. The second and most extensive part studies applications from electricity markets, including analyses of market prices, risk management, various optimization problems, electricity market design, and regulation. The third part describes different applications in logistics and management of natural resources. Finally, the fourth part covers more general problems and methods arising within the area.

Global Science

Author : John W. Christensen
Publisher : Prentice Hall
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 498 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Global Science by : John W. Christensen

Download or read book Global Science written by John W. Christensen and published by Prentice Hall. This book was released on 1996 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Renewable Energy and the Environment

Author : Md. Rabiul Islam
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811072876
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Renewable Energy and the Environment by : Md. Rabiul Islam

Download or read book Renewable Energy and the Environment written by Md. Rabiul Islam and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-12-16 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses a number of important topical technical and non-technical issues related to the global energy, environment and socio-economic developments for professionals and students directly and indirectly involved in the relevant fields. It shows how renewable energy offers solutions to mitigate energy demand and helps achieve a clean environment, and also addresses the lack of a clear vision in the development of technology and a policy to reach the mandatory global renewable energy targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and stimulate socio-economic development. The book is structured in such a way that it provides a consistent compilation of fundamental theories, a compendium of current research and development activities as well as new directions to overcome critical limitations; future technologies for power grids and their control, stability and reliability are also presented.

The Power of Renewables

Author : Chinese Academy of Engineering
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309160006
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Power of Renewables by : Chinese Academy of Engineering

Download or read book The Power of Renewables written by Chinese Academy of Engineering and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-01-29 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States and China are the world's top two energy consumers and, as of 2010, the two largest economies. Consequently, they have a decisive role to play in the world's clean energy future. Both countries are also motivated by related goals, namely diversified energy portfolios, job creation, energy security, and pollution reduction, making renewable energy development an important strategy with wide-ranging implications. Given the size of their energy markets, any substantial progress the two countries make in advancing use of renewable energy will provide global benefits, in terms of enhanced technological understanding, reduced costs through expanded deployment, and reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions relative to conventional generation from fossil fuels. Within this context, the U.S. National Academies, in collaboration with the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE), reviewed renewable energy development and deployment in the two countries, to highlight prospects for collaboration across the research to deployment chain and to suggest strategies which would promote more rapid and economical attainment of renewable energy goals. Main findings and concerning renewable resource assessments, technology development, environmental impacts, market infrastructure, among others, are presented. Specific recommendations have been limited to those judged to be most likely to accelerate the pace of deployment, increase cost-competitiveness, or shape the future market for renewable energy. The recommendations presented here are also pragmatic and achievable.

Fundamentals of Materials for Energy and Environmental Sustainability

Author : David S. Ginley
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139502689
Total Pages : 773 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (395 download)

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Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Materials for Energy and Environmental Sustainability by : David S. Ginley

Download or read book Fundamentals of Materials for Energy and Environmental Sustainability written by David S. Ginley and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-11-30 with total page 773 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How will we meet rising energy demands? What are our options? Are there viable long-term solutions for the future? Learn the fundamental physical, chemical and materials science at the heart of renewable/non-renewable energy sources, future transportation systems, energy efficiency and energy storage. Whether you are a student taking an energy course or a newcomer to the field, this textbook will help you understand critical relationships between the environment, energy and sustainability. Leading experts provide comprehensive coverage of each topic, bringing together diverse subject matter by integrating theory with engaging insights. Each chapter includes helpful features to aid understanding, including a historical overview to provide context, suggested further reading and questions for discussion. Every subject is beautifully illustrated and brought to life with full color images and color-coded sections for easy browsing, making this a complete educational package. Fundamentals of Materials for Energy and Environmental Sustainability will enable today's scientists and educate future generations.

Renewable Energy Sources - Wind, Solar and Hydro Energy Revised Edition : Environment Books for Kids | Children's Environment Books

Author : Baby Professor
Publisher : Speedy Publishing LLC
ISBN 13 : 1541968530
Total Pages : 52 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (419 download)

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Book Synopsis Renewable Energy Sources - Wind, Solar and Hydro Energy Revised Edition : Environment Books for Kids | Children's Environment Books by : Baby Professor

Download or read book Renewable Energy Sources - Wind, Solar and Hydro Energy Revised Edition : Environment Books for Kids | Children's Environment Books written by Baby Professor and published by Speedy Publishing LLC. This book was released on 2019-04-15 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Show your love for the “green planet” by increasing your knowledge on the renewable energy sources like wind, solar and hydro energy. By being aware of these alternative uses of energy, you can help campaign against the use of nonrenewable sources, and the damage they cause the environment. Fall in love with this book in either print, hardcover or digital format. Grab a copy today.

Encyclopedia of Energy, Natural Resource, and Environmental Economics

Author :
Publisher : Newnes
ISBN 13 : 0080964524
Total Pages : 1056 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Energy, Natural Resource, and Environmental Economics by :

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Energy, Natural Resource, and Environmental Economics written by and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-03-29 with total page 1056 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every decision about energy involves its price and cost. The price of gasoline and the cost of buying from foreign producers; the price of nuclear and hydroelectricity and the costs to our ecosystems; the price of electricity from coal-fired plants and the cost to the atmosphere. Giving life to inventions, lifestyle changes, geopolitical shifts, and things in-between, energy economics is of high interest to Academia, Corporations and Governments. For economists, energy economics is one of three subdisciplines which, taken together, compose an economic approach to the exploitation and preservation of natural resources: energy economics, which focuses on energy-related subjects such as renewable energy, hydropower, nuclear power, and the political economy of energy resource economics, which covers subjects in land and water use, such as mining, fisheries, agriculture, and forests environmental economics, which takes a broader view of natural resources through economic concepts such as risk, valuation, regulation, and distribution Although the three are closely related, they are not often presented as an integrated whole. This Encyclopedia has done just that by unifying these fields into a high-quality and unique overview. The only reference work that codifies the relationships among the three subdisciplines: energy economics, resource economics and environmental economics. Understanding these relationships just became simpler! Nobel Prize Winning Editor-in-Chief (joint recipient 2007 Peace Prize), Jason Shogren, has demonstrated excellent team work again, by coordinating and steering his Editorial Board to produce a cohesive work that guides the user seamlessly through the diverse topics This work contains in equal parts information from and about business, academic, and government perspectives and is intended to serve as a tool for unifying and systematizing research and analysis in business, universities, and government

Energy Resources

Author : Andrew L. Simon
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1483187500
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (831 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Resources by : Andrew L. Simon

Download or read book Energy Resources written by Andrew L. Simon and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy Resources mainly focuses on energy, including its definition, historical perspective, sources, utilization, and conservation. This text first explains what energy is and what its uses are. This book then explains coal, oil, and natural gas, which are some of the common energy sources used by various industries. Other energy sources such as wind, solar, geothermal, water, and nuclear energy sources are also tackled. This text also looks into fusion energy and techniques of energy conversion. This book concludes by explaining the energy allocation and utilization crisis. This publication will be invaluable to those interested in energy science.

Renewable and Alternative Energy Resources

Author : Muhammad Asif Hanif
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128181516
Total Pages : 808 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Renewable and Alternative Energy Resources by : Muhammad Asif Hanif

Download or read book Renewable and Alternative Energy Resources written by Muhammad Asif Hanif and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-11-27 with total page 808 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Renewable and Alternative Energy Resources provides comprehensive information on the status of all renewable and non-renewable energy resources. Chapters discuss the technological developments and environmental impacts of each energy source, giving a valuable reference of up-to-date scientific progress, technical application and comparative ecological analysis of each source. In addition to understanding the process involved in generating energy, the book looks at possible merits and demerits relevant to environmental problems, highlighting the importance of the implementation of sustainable, approachable, cost effective and durable renewable energy resources. Designed to highlight relevant concepts on energy efficiency, current technologies and ongoing industrial trends, this is an ideal reference source for academics, practitioners, professionals and upper-level students interested in the latest research on renewable energy. Discusses developments in both renewable and non-renewable energy sources Highlights the status of exploitive, experimental studies conducted on the global status of alternative energies Outlines novel opportunities for improving technologies for the billion-dollar renewable industry

Introduction to Energy, Environment, Sustainability

Author : Paul Gannon
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781465218155
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (181 download)

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Book Synopsis Introduction to Energy, Environment, Sustainability by : Paul Gannon

Download or read book Introduction to Energy, Environment, Sustainability written by Paul Gannon and published by . This book was released on 2013-04-29 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An accessible, comprehensive primer to critical and contemporary issues in science, Introduction to Energy, Environment and Sustainability published by Kendall Hunt, was developed for an entry-level, non-science college audience, and aims to facilitate both new and old courses covering these topics. Originally created to meet Paul Gannon's (Montana State University - Chemical Engineering) new core science course, ECHM 205CS: Energy and Sustainability, the updated edition is now easily adaptable to basic science and engineering courses, in addition to those in the social and political sciences, e.g., law, public administration, business, sociology or economics. Introduction to Energy, Environment and Sustainability is organized into ten sequential chapters and is designed for a single academic term: Chapters 1-3 present an overview of human society and its impacts, as well as energy and environmental sciences and Earth System dynamics. Chapter 4 reviews the basics of combustion (fire), its utility, and its globalized impacts since the Industrial Revolution, focusing on atmospheric greenhouse gas accumulation and anthropogenic global climate destabilization. Chapter 5 discusses non-renewable energy sources (fossil fuels) and related exploration, production and conversion technologies. Chapter 6 covers atomic energy basics and nuclear energy technologies. Chapters 7 and 8 overview renewable energy sources and conversion technologies, and introduce basic concepts of electricity and hydrogen. Chapter 9 considers the complexities and vulnerabilities of modern food and water systems. Chapter 10 concludes with reflections on science, sustainability and globalizing human society. The improved 2nd edition includes updated information on hydraulic fracturing (fracking), climate change and energy use, as well as links to interactive learning opportunities. To facilitate new and existing courses for instructors, the textbook is accompanied website, which includes: Example course syllabi and advertisements, Sample lecture slides from each chapter, Solutions to end-of-chapter quiz and problem sets , Suggested class-room activities/demonstrations and interactive course projects, designed to engage students and communities, Sample quizzes and exams -- P. vii.

Renewable Energy Resources

Author : John Twidell
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317660366
Total Pages : 1324 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis Renewable Energy Resources by : John Twidell

Download or read book Renewable Energy Resources written by John Twidell and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-01-26 with total page 1324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Renewable Energy Resources is a numerate and quantitative text covering the full range of renewable energy technologies and their implementation worldwide. Energy supplies from renewables (such as from biofuels, solar heat, photovoltaics, wind, hydro, wave, tidal, geothermal, and ocean-thermal) are essential components of every nation’s energy strategy, not least because of concerns for the local and global environment, for energy security and for sustainability. Thus in the years between the first and this third edition, most renewable energy technologies have grown from fledgling impact to significant importance because they make good sense, good policy and good business. This Third Edition is extensively updated in light of these developments, while maintaining the book’s emphasis on fundamentals, complemented by analysis of applications. Renewable energy helps secure national resources, mitigates pollution and climate change, and provides cost effective services. These benefits are analysed and illustrated with case studies and worked examples. The book recognises the importance of cost effectiveness and efficiency of end-use. Each chapter begins with fundamental scientific theory, and then considers applications, environmental impact and socio-economic aspects before concluding with Quick Questions for self-revision and Set Problems. The book includes Reviews of basic theory underlying renewable energy technologies, such as electrical power, fluid dynamics, heat transfer and solid-state physics. Common symbols and cross-referencing apply throughout; essential data are tabulated in appendices. An associated eResource provides supplementary material on particular topics, plus a solutions guide to Set Problems. Renewable Energy Resources supports multi-disciplinary master degrees in science and engineering, and specialist modules in first degrees. Practising scientists and engineers who have not had a comprehensive training in renewable energy will find it a useful introductory text and a reference book.

World Energy Resources

Author : Charles E. Brown
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9783540426349
Total Pages : 844 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (263 download)

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Book Synopsis World Energy Resources by : Charles E. Brown

Download or read book World Energy Resources written by Charles E. Brown and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2002-03-26 with total page 844 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: World Energy Resources is an explanatory energy survey of the countries and major regions of the world, their geographic and economic settings, and signif icant inter-relationships. This book attempts to combine several interacting energy themes that encompass a historical development, energy issues and forecasts, economic geography, environmental programs, and world energy use. The main thrust of this book -World Energy Resources - is based on princi ples of energy science, applied geology, geophysics, and other environmental sciences as they relate to the exploration, exploitation, and production of resources in this country and throughout the world. This work is an analysis of the United States (USA) and world oil, gas, coal, and alternative energy resources and their associated issues, forecasts, and related policy. This book could not have been attempted without a broad geological exposure and international ge ographic awareness. Much information is scattered among federal and state agencies, schools, and other institutions, and this book has attempted to com bine some of the vast information base. This attempt can only skim the infor mation surface at best, but its regional and topical coverage is broad in scope. Part I introduces conventional energy resources and their historical develop ments, and includes chapters 1 to 7. The basic concepts and supporting facts on energy sources are presented here for the general education of energy analysts, policy makers, and scientists that desire a brief review of advanced technologies and history.