Can Governments Earn Our Trust?

Download Can Governments Earn Our Trust? PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1509522492
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (95 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Can Governments Earn Our Trust? by : Donald F. Kettl

Download or read book Can Governments Earn Our Trust? written by Donald F. Kettl and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-08-07 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Some analysts have called distrust the biggest governmental crisis of our time. It is unquestionably a huge problem, undermining confidence in our elected institutions, shrinking social capital, slowing innovation, and raising existential questions for democratic government itself. What’s behind the rising distrust in democracies around the world and can we do anything about it? In this lively and thought-provoking essay, Donald F. Kettl, a leading scholar of public policy and management, investigates the deep historical roots of distrust in government, exploring its effects on the social contract between citizens and their elected representatives. Most importantly, the book examines the strategies that present-day governments can follow to earn back our trust, so that the officials we elect can govern more effectively on our behalf.

Can Government Do Anything Right?

Download Can Government Do Anything Right? PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1509521542
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (95 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Can Government Do Anything Right? by : Alasdair Roberts

Download or read book Can Government Do Anything Right? written by Alasdair Roberts and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-03-02 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Across the Western world, people are angry about the inability of government to perform basic functions competently. With widespread evidence of policy failures at home and ill-conceived wars and interventions abroad, it is hardly surprising that politicians are distrusted and government is derided as a sprawling, wasteful mess. But what exactly is government supposed to do, and is the track record of Western governments really so awful? In this compelling book, leading scholar of public policy and management, Alasdair Roberts, explores what government does well and what it does badly. Political leaders, he explains, have always been obliged to wrestle with shifting circumstances and contending priorities, making the job of governing extraordinarily difficult. The performance of western democracies in recent decades is, admittedly, far from perfect but - as Roberts ably shows - it is also much better than you might think.

Good Enough for Government Work

Download Good Enough for Government Work PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022663020X
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (266 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Good Enough for Government Work by : Amy E. Lerman

Download or read book Good Enough for Government Work written by Amy E. Lerman and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2019-06-14 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: American government is in the midst of a reputation crisis. An overwhelming majority of citizens—Republicans and Democrats alike—hold negative perceptions of the government and believe it is wasteful, inefficient, and doing a generally poor job managing public programs and providing public services. When social problems arise, Americans are therefore skeptical that the government has the ability to respond effectively. It’s a serious problem, argues Amy E. Lerman, and it will not be a simple one to fix. With Good Enough for Government Work, Lerman uses surveys, experiments, and public opinion data to argue persuasively that the reputation of government is itself an impediment to government’s ability to achieve the common good. In addition to improving its efficiency and effectiveness, government therefore has an equally critical task: countering the belief that the public sector is mired in incompetence. Lerman takes readers through the main challenges. Negative perceptions are highly resistant to change, she shows, because we tend to perceive the world in a way that confirms our negative stereotypes of government—even in the face of new information. Those who hold particularly negative perceptions also begin to “opt out” in favor of private alternatives, such as sending their children to private schools, living in gated communities, and refusing to participate in public health insurance programs. When sufficient numbers of people opt out of public services, the result can be a decline in the objective quality of public provision. In this way, citizens’ beliefs about government can quickly become a self-fulfilling prophecy, with consequences for all. Lerman concludes with practical solutions for how the government might improve its reputation and roll back current efforts to eliminate or privatize even some of the most critical public services.

Why People Don’t Trust Government

Download Why People Don’t Trust Government PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780674940574
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (45 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Why People Don’t Trust Government by : Joseph S. Nye

Download or read book Why People Don’t Trust Government written by Joseph S. Nye and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1997-10-05 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Confidence in American government has been declining for three decades. Leading Harvard scholars here explore the roots of this mistrust by examining the government's current scope, its actual performance, citizens' perceptions of its performance, and explanations that have been offered for the decline of trust.

The Divided States of America

Download The Divided States of America PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691234175
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (912 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Divided States of America by : Donald F. Kettl

Download or read book The Divided States of America written by Donald F. Kettl and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2022-03-15 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "As James Madison led America's effort to write its Constitution, he made two great inventions-the separation of powers and federalism. The first is more famous, but the second was most essential because, without federalism, there could have been no United States of America. Federalism has always been about setting the balance of power between the federal government and the states-and that's revolved around deciding just how much inequality the country was prepared to accept in exchange for making piece among often-warring states. Through the course of its history, the country has moved through a series of phases, some of which put more power into the hands of the federal government, and some rested more power in the states. Sometimes this rebalancing led to armed conflict. The Civil War, of course, almost split the nation permanently apart. And sometimes it led to political battles. By the end of the 1960s, however, the country seemed to have settled into a quiet agreement that inequality was a prime national concern, that the federal government had the responsibility for addressing it through its own policies, and that the states would serve as administrative agents of that policy. But as that agreement seemed set, federalism drifted from national debate, just as the states began using their administrative role to push in very different directions. The result has been a rising tide of inequality, with the great invention that helped create the nation increasingly driving it apart"--

Trust in a Polarized Age

Download Trust in a Polarized Age PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0190887222
Total Pages : 325 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Trust in a Polarized Age by : Kevin Vallier

Download or read book Trust in a Polarized Age written by Kevin Vallier and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2020-10-21 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Americans today don't trust each other and their institutions as much as they once did, fueling destructive ideological conflicts and hardened partisanship. In Trust in a Polarized Age, political philosopher Kevin Vallier argues that to build social trust and reduce polarization, we must strengthen liberal democratic institutions--high-quality governance, procedural fairness, markets, social welfare programs, freedom of association, and democracy. Theseinstitutions not only create trust, they do so justly, by recognizing and respecting our basic rights.

Whom Can We Trust? How Groups, Networks, and Institutions Make Trust Possible

Download Whom Can We Trust? How Groups, Networks, and Institutions Make Trust Possible PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Russell Sage Foundation
ISBN 13 : 1610446070
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (14 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Whom Can We Trust? How Groups, Networks, and Institutions Make Trust Possible by : Karen S. Cook

Download or read book Whom Can We Trust? How Groups, Networks, and Institutions Make Trust Possible written by Karen S. Cook and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2009-11-01 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conventional wisdom holds that trust is essential for cooperation between individuals and institutions—such as community organizations, banks, and local governments. Not necessarily so, according to editors Karen Cook, Margaret Levi, and Russell Hardin. Cooperation thrives under a variety of circum-stances. Whom Can We Trust? examines the conditions that promote or constrain trust and advances our understanding of how cooperation really works. From interpersonal and intergroup relations to large-scale organizations, Whom Can We Trust? uses empirical research to show that the need for trust and trustworthiness as prerequisites to cooperation varies widely. Part I addresses the sources of group-based trust. One chapter focuses on the assumption—versus the reality—of trust among coethnics in Uganda. Another examines the effects of social-network position on trust and trustworthiness in urban Ghana and rural Kenya. And a third demonstrates how cooperation evolves in groups where reciprocity is the social norm. Part II asks whether there is a causal relationship between institutions and feelings of trust in individuals. What does—and doesn’t—promote trust between doctors and patients in a managed-care setting? How do poverty and mistrust figure into the relations between inner city residents and their local leaders? Part III reveals how institutions and networks create environments for trust and cooperation. Chapters in this section look at trust as credit-worthiness and the history of borrowing and lending in the Anglo-American commercial world; the influence of the perceived legitimacy of local courts in the Philippines on the trust relations between citizens and the government; and the key role of skepticism, not necessarily trust, in a well-developed democratic society. Whom Can We Trust? unravels the intertwined functions of trust and cooperation in diverse cultural, economic, and social settings. The book provides a bold new way of thinking about how trust develops, the real limitations of trust, and when trust may not even be necessary for forging cooperation. A Volume in the Russell Sage Foundation Series on Trust

Trust and Governance

Download Trust and Governance PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Russell Sage Foundation
ISBN 13 : 1610440781
Total Pages : 399 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (14 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Trust and Governance by : Valerie Braithwaite

Download or read book Trust and Governance written by Valerie Braithwaite and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 1998-08-13 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An effective democratic society depends on the confidence citizens place in their government. Payment of taxes, acceptance of legislative and judicial decisions, compliance with social service programs, and support of military objectives are but some examples of the need for public cooperation with state demands. At the same time, voters expect their officials to behave ethically and responsibly. To those seeking to understand—and to improve—this mutual responsiveness, Trust and Governance provides a wide-ranging inquiry into the role of trust in civic life. Trust and Governance asks several important questions: Is trust really essential to good governance, or are strong laws more important? What leads people either to trust or to distrust government, and what makes officials decide to be trustworthy? Can too much trust render the public vulnerable to government corruption, and if so what safeguards are necessary? In approaching these questions, the contributors draw upon an abundance of historical and current resources to offer a variety of perspectives on the role of trust in government. For some, trust between citizens and government is a rational compact based on a fair exchange of information and the public's ability to evaluate government performance. Levi and Daunton each examine how the establishment of clear goals and accountability procedures within government agencies facilitates greater public commitment, evidence that a strong government can itself be a source of trust. Conversely, Jennings and Peel offer two cases in which loss of citizen confidence resulted from the administration of seemingly unresponsive, punitive social service programs. Other contributors to Trust and Governance view trust as a social bonding, wherein the public's emotional investment in government becomes more important than their ability to measure its performance. The sense of being trusted by voters can itself be a powerful incentive for elected officials to behave ethically, as Blackburn, Brennan, and Pettit each demonstrate. Other authors explore how a sense of communal identity and shared values make citizens more likely to eschew their own self-interest and favor the government as a source of collective good. Underlying many of these essays is the assumption that regulatory institutions are necessary to protect citizens from the worst effects of misplaced trust. Trust and Governance offers evidence that the jurisdictional level at which people and government interact—be it federal, state, or local—is fundamental to whether trust is rationally or socially based. Although social trust is more prevalent at the local level, both forms of trust may be essential to a healthy society. Enriched by perspectives from political science, sociology, psychology, economics, history, and philosophy, Trust and Governance opens a new dialogue on the role of trust in the vital relationship between citizenry and government. A Volume in the Russell Sage Foundation's Series on Trust.

Living in an Age of Mistrust

Download Living in an Age of Mistrust PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 135173654X
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (517 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Living in an Age of Mistrust by : Andrew I. Yeo

Download or read book Living in an Age of Mistrust written by Andrew I. Yeo and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-20 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trust is a concept familiar to most. Whether we are cognizant of it or not, we experience it on a daily basis. Yet trust is quickly eroding in civic and political life. Americans’ trust in their government has reached all-time lows. The political and social consequences of this decline in trust are profound. What are the foundations of trust? What explains its apparent decline in society? Is there a way forward for rebuilding trust in our leaders and institutions? How should we study the role of trust across a diverse range of policy issues and problems? Given its complexity, trust as an object of study cannot be claimed by any single discipline. Rather than vouch for an overarching theory of trust, Living in an Age of Mistrust synthesizes existing perspectives across multiple disciplines to offer a truly comprehensive examination of this concept and a topic of research. Using an analytical framework that encompasses rational and cultural (or sociological) dimensions of trust, the contributions found therein provide a wide range of policy issues both domestic and international to explore the apparent decline in trust, its impact on social and political life, and efforts to rebuild trust.

The Trust Revolution

Download The Trust Revolution PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108494234
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Trust Revolution by : M.Todd Henderson

Download or read book The Trust Revolution written by M.Todd Henderson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-08-15 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traces the history of innovation and trust, demonstrating how the Internet offers new ways to rehabilitate and strengthen trust.

Trust and Confidence in Government and Public Services

Download Trust and Confidence in Government and Public Services PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135929726
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (359 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Trust and Confidence in Government and Public Services by : Sue Llewellyn

Download or read book Trust and Confidence in Government and Public Services written by Sue Llewellyn and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-10-28 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trust and confidence are topical issues. Pundits claim that citizens trust governments and public services increasingly less - identifying a powerful new erosion of confidence that, in the US, goes back at least to Watergate in the 1970s. Recently, media exposure in the UK about MP expenses has been extensive, and a court case ruled in favor of publishing expense claims and against exempting MPs from the scrutiny which all citizens are subject to under ‘freedom of information.’ As a result, revelations about everything from property speculation to bespoke duck pond houses have fueled public outcry, and survey evidence shows that citizens increasingly distrust the government with public resources. This book gathers together arguments and evidence to answers questions such as: What is trust? Can trust be boosted through regulation? What role does leadership play in rebuilding trust? How does trust and confidence affect public services? The chapters in this collection explore these questions across several countries and different sectors of public service provision: health, education, social services, the police, and the third sector. The contributions offer empirical evidence about how the issues of trust and confidence differ across countries and sectors, and develop ideas about how trust and confidence in government and public services may adjust in the information age.

Mistrust

Download Mistrust PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Geographic Books
ISBN 13 : 1324002603
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (24 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mistrust by : Ethan Zuckerman

Download or read book Mistrust written by Ethan Zuckerman and published by National Geographic Books. This book was released on 2021-02-02 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rise of mistrust is provoking a crisis for representative democracy—solutions lie in the endless creativity of social movements. From the Tea Party to Occupy Wall Street, and from cryptocurrency advocates to the #MeToo movement, Americans and citizens of democracies worldwide are losing confidence in what we once called the system. This loss of faith has spread beyond government to infect a broad swath of institutions—the press, corporations, digital platforms—none of which seem capable of holding us together. The dominant theme of contemporary civic life is mistrust in institutions—governments, big business, the health care system, the press. How should we encourage participation in public life when neither elections nor protests feel like paths to change? Drawing on work by political scientists, legal theorists, and activists in the streets, Ethan Zuckerman offers a lens for understanding civic engagement that focuses on efficacy, the power of seeing the change you make in the world. Mistrust introduces a set of "levers"—law, markets, code, and norms—that all provide ways to move the world. Zuckerman helps readers understand what relationships they want to have with existing institutions—Do they want to hold them responsible and make them better? Overthrow them and replace them with something entirely new? While some contemporary leaders weaponize mistrust to gain power, activists can use their mistrust to fuel something else. Today, many people are passionate about making positive change in the world, but they feel like the "right" ways to make change are disempowering and useless. Zuckerman argues that while it may be reasonable to dispense with politics as usual, we must not give up on changing the world. Often the best way to make that change is not to pass laws—it’s to change minds. Mistrust is a guidebook for those looking for new ways to participate in civic life, as well as a fascinating explanation of how we’ve arrived at a moment where old ways of engagement are failing us.

The Quality of Government

Download The Quality of Government PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226729575
Total Pages : 301 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (267 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Quality of Government by : Bo Rothstein

Download or read book The Quality of Government written by Bo Rothstein and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2011-09 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The relationship between government, virtue, and wealth has held a special fascination since Aristotle, and the importance of each frames policy debates today in both developed and developing countries. While it’s clear that low-quality government institutions have tremendous negative effects on the health and wealth of societies, the criteria for good governance remain far from clear. In this pathbreaking book, leading political scientist Bo Rothstein provides a theoretical foundation for empirical analysis on the connection between the quality of government and important economic, political, and social outcomes. Focusing on the effects of government policies, he argues that unpredictable actions constitute a severe impediment to economic growth and development—and that a basic characteristic of quality government is impartiality in the exercise of power. This is borne out by cross-sectional analyses, experimental studies, and in-depth historical investigations. Timely and topical, The Quality of Government tackles such issues as political legitimacy, social capital, and corruption.

Who Can You Trust?

Download Who Can You Trust? PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : PublicAffairs
ISBN 13 : 1541773683
Total Pages : 377 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (417 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Who Can You Trust? by : Rachel Botsman

Download or read book Who Can You Trust? written by Rachel Botsman and published by PublicAffairs. This book was released on 2017-11-14 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If you can't trust those in charge, who can you trust? From government to business, banks to media, trust in institutions is at an all-time low. But this isn't the age of distrust -- far from it. In this revolutionary book, world-renowned trust expert Rachel Botsman reveals that we are at the tipping point of one of the biggest social transformations in human history -- with fundamental consequences for everyone. A new world order is emerging: we might have lost faith in institutions and leaders, but millions of people rent their homes to total strangers, exchange digital currencies, or find themselves trusting a bot. This is the age of "distributed trust," a paradigm shift driven by innovative technologies that are rewriting the rules of an all-too-human relationship. If we are to benefit from this radical shift, we must understand the mechanics of how trust is built, managed, lost, and repaired in the digital age. In the first book to explain this new world, Botsman provides a detailed map of this uncharted landscape -- and explores what's next for humanity.

Trust

Download Trust PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Polity
ISBN 13 : 9780745624655
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (246 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Trust by : Russell Hardin

Download or read book Trust written by Russell Hardin and published by Polity. This book was released on 2006-04-05 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Can we trust our elected representatives or is public life so corrupted that we can no longer rely on governments to protect our interests or even our civil liberties? Is the current mood of public distrust justified or do we need to re-evaluate our understanding of trust in the global age? In this wide-ranging book, Russell Hardin sets out to dispel the myths surrounding the concept of trust in contemporary society and politics. He examines the growing literature on trust to analyze public concerns about declining levels of trust, both in our fellow citizens and in our governments and their officials. Hardin explores the various manifestations of trust and distrust in public life – from terrorism to the internet, social capital to representative democracy. He shows that while today’s politicians may well be experiencing a decline in public confidence, this is nothing new; distrust in government characterized the work of leading liberal thinkers such as David Hume and James Madison. Their views, he contends, are as relevant today as they were in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and we should not, therefore, be distressed at the apparent distrust of twenty-first century government. On a personal level, Hardin contends that the world in which we live is much more diverse and interconnected than that of our forebears and this will logically result in higher levels of personal trust and distrust between individuals. Written by one of the world's leading authorities on trust, this book will be a valuable resource for students of government and politics, sociology and philosophy.

The Forgotten Americans

Download The Forgotten Americans PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300230362
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Forgotten Americans by : Isabel Sawhill

Download or read book The Forgotten Americans written by Isabel Sawhill and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2018-01-01 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A sobering account of a disenfranchised American working class and important policy solutions to the nation's economic inequalities One of the country's leading scholars on economics and social policy, Isabel Sawhill addresses the enormous divisions in American society--economic, cultural, and political--and what might be done to bridge them. Widening inequality and the loss of jobs to trade and technology has left a significant portion of the American workforce disenfranchised and skeptical of governments and corporations alike. And yet both have a role to play in improving the country for all. Sawhill argues for a policy agenda based on mainstream values, such as family, education, and work. Although many have lost faith in government programs designed to help them, there are still trusted institutions on both the local and the federal level that can deliver better job opportunities and higher wages to those who have been left behind. At the same time, the private sector needs to reexamine how it trains and rewards employees. This book provides a clear-headed and middle-way path to a better-functioning society in which personal responsibility is honored and inclusive capitalism and more broadly shared growth are once more the norm.

Trust and Confidence at the Interfaces of the Life Sciences and Society

Download Trust and Confidence at the Interfaces of the Life Sciences and Society PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309377951
Total Pages : 66 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Trust and Confidence at the Interfaces of the Life Sciences and Society by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Trust and Confidence at the Interfaces of the Life Sciences and Society written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-09-23 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Does the public trust science? Scientists? Scientific organizations? What roles do trust and the lack of trust play in public debates about how science can be used to address such societal concerns as childhood vaccination, cancer screening, and a warming planet? What could happen if social trust in science or scientists faded? These types of questions led the Roundtable on Public Interfaces of the Life Sciences of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a 2-day workshop on May 5-6, 2015 on public trust in science. This report explores empirical evidence on public opinion and attitudes toward life sciences as they relate to societal issues, whether and how contentious debate about select life science topics mediates trust, and the roles that scientists, business, media, community groups, and other stakeholders play in creating and maintaining public confidence in life sciences. Does the Public Trust Science? Trust and Confidence at the Interfaces of the Life Sciences and Society highlights research on the elements of trust and how to build, mend, or maintain trust; and examine best practices in the context of scientist engagement with lay audiences around social issues.