Authentication Of Chinese Medicinal Materials By Dna Technology Techniques And Applications Second Edition

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Authentication Of Chinese Medicinal Materials By Dna Technology: Techniques And Applications (Second Edition)

Author : Pang-chui Shaw
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9811261555
Total Pages : 547 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (112 download)

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Book Synopsis Authentication Of Chinese Medicinal Materials By Dna Technology: Techniques And Applications (Second Edition) by : Pang-chui Shaw

Download or read book Authentication Of Chinese Medicinal Materials By Dna Technology: Techniques And Applications (Second Edition) written by Pang-chui Shaw and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2022-11-08 with total page 547 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For centuries, Chinese medicinal materials have been used for therapeutic purposes. Chinese medicinal materials are traditionally identified by their organoleptic characteristics, such as the texture or the odor. With the advancement of DNA technology, a molecular approach has become an important tool to complement organoleptic, morphological, anatomical and chemical techniques for the authentication and quality assurance of Chinese medicinal materials.In 2002, the authors published Authentication of Chinese Medicinal Materials by DNA Technology which is the first international reference in this field. After 20 years, this new edition updates the various useful techniques and describes the new techniques developed for molecular authentication. The procedures of each DNA technique are provided in detail for 'step-by-step' experiments.This book is divided into 5 parts with 18 chapters. Part I reviews the current status of molecular authentication and introduces a wide range of DNA techniques. Part II lists the experimental procedures for molecular authentication. Part III describes the DNA fingerprinting-based techniques. Part IV describes the DNA sequencing-based techniques. Finally, Part V provides an account on the recent advancement in molecular authentication, including guidelines for setting up a proper DNA laboratory and concluding remarks.

Authentication of Chinese Medicinal Materials by DNA Technology

Author : Hui Cao
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789811261534
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Authentication of Chinese Medicinal Materials by DNA Technology by : Hui Cao

Download or read book Authentication of Chinese Medicinal Materials by DNA Technology written by Hui Cao and published by . This book was released on 2022-11-08 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For centuries, Chinese medicinal materials have been used for therapeutic purposes. Chinese medicinal materials are traditionally identified by their organoleptic characteristics, such as the texture or the odor. With the advancement of DNA technology, a molecular approach has become an important tool to complement organoleptic, morphological, anatomical and chemical techniques for the authentication and quality assurance of Chinese medicinal materials.In 2002, the authors published Authentication of Chinese Medicinal Materials by DNA Technology which is the first international reference in this field. After 20 years, this new edition updates the various useful techniques and describes the new techniques developed for molecular authentication. The procedures of each DNA technique are provided in detail for 'step-by-step' experiments.This book is divided into 5 parts with 18 chapters. Part I reviews the current status of molecular authentication and introduces a wide range of DNA techniques. Part II lists the experimental procedures for molecular authentication. Part III describes the DNA fingerprinting-based techniques. Part IV describes the DNA sequencing-based techniques. Finally, Part V provides an account on the recent advancement in molecular authentication, including guidelines for setting up a proper DNA laboratory and concluding remarks.

Authentication of Chinese Medicinal Materials by DNA Technology

Author : P C Shaw
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814491047
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (144 download)

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Book Synopsis Authentication of Chinese Medicinal Materials by DNA Technology by : P C Shaw

Download or read book Authentication of Chinese Medicinal Materials by DNA Technology written by P C Shaw and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2002-06-19 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for centuries in the Orient to relieve or treat diseases. Its efficacy is now attracting worldwide attention. Chinese medicinal materials are traditionally identified by their organoleptic characteristics, such as the texture or the odor. To ensure consistency of quality and avoid misuse, reliable programs are urgently needed for authentication. Proper authentication also assists in the detection and conservation of endangered species. DNA molecules offer a more definitive means of authentication, as genetic composition is unique for each taxon and is less affected by age, physiological conditions and environmental factors. This book is the first of its kind to introduce and evaluate the molecular techniques that have been developed to authenticate Chinese medicinal materials. The contents of the book are divided into four parts. The first part reviews the current status of molecular authentication of Chinese medicinal materials. The second part describes the equipment and materials required for the work. In the third part, researchers in the field present the principles and step-by-step protocols for a wide spectrum of techniques used in the molecular authentication of TCM. The last part provides an overview of this field. Contents:Molecular Markers in Chinese Medicinal Materials (P-C Shaw et al.)Methodology and Equipment for General Molecular Techniques (F C-F Yau & F-N Ngan)Authentication of Chinese Medicinal Materials by Polymerase Chain Reaction Using Arbitrarily Chosen Primers (H Cao et al.)Authentication of the Components from a Mixture of Herbal Materials (K-T Cheng)Authentication of Chinese Medicinal Materials by Sequence Characterised Amplified Region (J Wang et al.)Differentiation of Panax ginseng from P quinqueflius by Direct Amplification of Length Polymorphisms (W-Y Ha et al.)Differentiation of Panax ginseng from P quinquefolius by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (W-Y Ha et al.)Authentication of Animal Medicinal Materials by DNA Molecular Markers (Y-Q Wang & K-Y Zhou)Authentication of Medicinal Dendrobium Species by the Internal Transcribed Spacer of Ribosomal DNA (D T-W Lau et al.)Authentication by DNA Sequencing of 5s rRNA and trnK Genes (H Mizukami)Authentication Based on 18S Ribosomal RNA Gene and matK Gene Sequences (K Komatsu)Outlook (P-C Shaw et al.) Readership: Students and researchers of Chinese medicinal materials, practitioners of Chinese/alternative medicine, law enforcement officers and conservationists. Keywords:Reviews:“Overall it is a useful book for anyone involved in the authentication and quality control of botanical drugs, but especially those of TCM origin.”Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Authentication of Chinese Medicinal Materials by DNA Technology

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (849 download)

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Book Synopsis Authentication of Chinese Medicinal Materials by DNA Technology by :

Download or read book Authentication of Chinese Medicinal Materials by DNA Technology written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for centuries in the Orient to relieve or treat diseases. Its efficacy is now attracting worldwide attention. Chinese medicinal materials are traditionally identified by their organoleptic characteristics, such as the texture or the odor. To ensure consistency of quality and avoid misuse, reliable programs are urgently needed for authentication. Proper authentication also assists in the detection and conservation of endangered species. DNA molecules offer a more definitive means of authentication, as genetic composition is unique for each taxon and is less affected by age, physiological conditions and environmental factors. This book is the first of its kind to introduce and evaluate the molecular techniques that have been developed to authenticate Chinese medicinal materials. The contents of the book are divided into four parts. The first part reviews the current status of molecular authentication of Chinese medicinal materials. The second part describes the equipment and materials required for the work. In the third part, researchers in the field present the principles and step-by-step protocols for a wide spectrum of techniques used in the molecular authentication of TCM. The last part provides an overview of this field.

DNA Techniques to Verify Food Authenticity

Author : Malcolm Burns
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1788018974
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis DNA Techniques to Verify Food Authenticity by : Malcolm Burns

Download or read book DNA Techniques to Verify Food Authenticity written by Malcolm Burns and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2019-10-14 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The food supply chain needs to reassure consumers and businesses about the safety and standards of food. Global estimates of the cost of food fraud to economies run into billions of dollars hence a huge surge in interest in food authenticity and means of detecting and preventing food fraud and food crime. Approaches targeting DNA markers have assumed a pre-eminence. This book is the most comprehensive and timely collection of material from those working at the forefront of DNA techniques applied to food authenticity. Addressing the new field of analytical molecular biology as it combines the quality assurance rigour of analytical chemistry with DNA techniques, it introduces the science behind DNA as a target analyte, its extraction, amplification, detection and quantitation as applied to the detection of food fraud and food crime. Making the link with traditional forensic DNA profiling and describing emerging and cutting-edge techniques such as next generation sequencing, this book presents real-world case studies from a wide perspective including from analytical service providers, industry, enforcement agencies and academics. It will appeal to food testing laboratories worldwide, who are just starting to use these techniques and students of molecular biology, food science and food integrity. Food policy professionals and regulatory organisations who will be using these techniques to back up legislation and regulation will find the text invaluable. Those in the food industry in regulatory and technical roles will want to have this book on their desks.

Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants

Author : Suman Chandra
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642299741
Total Pages : 465 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants by : Suman Chandra

Download or read book Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants written by Suman Chandra and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-08-10 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant-based medicines play an important role in all cultures, and have been indispensable in maintaining health and combating diseases. The identification of active principles and their molecular targets from traditional medicine provides an enormous opportunity for drug development. Using modern biotechnology, plants with specific chemical compositions can be mass propagated and genetically improved for the extraction of bulk active pharmaceuticals. Although there has been significant progress in the use of biotechnology, using tissue cultures and genetic transformation to investigate and alter pathways for the biosynthesis of target metabolites, there are many challenges involved in bringing plants from the laboratory to successful commercial cultivation. This book presents the latest advances in the development of medicinal drugs, including topics such as plant tissue cultures, secondary metabolite production, metabolomics, metabolic engineering, bioinformatics and future biotechnological directions.

Development, assessment, improvement, and standardization of methods in herbal drug research

Author : Gunawan Indrayanto
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2832509088
Total Pages : 175 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

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Book Synopsis Development, assessment, improvement, and standardization of methods in herbal drug research by : Gunawan Indrayanto

Download or read book Development, assessment, improvement, and standardization of methods in herbal drug research written by Gunawan Indrayanto and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-12-08 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Asian Functional Foods

Author : John Shi
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420028111
Total Pages : 672 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Asian Functional Foods by : John Shi

Download or read book Asian Functional Foods written by John Shi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-03-03 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The consumption of functional foods has emerged as a major consumer-driven trend, based on the needs of an ever-growing health conscious population that wants to exercise greater control over its health. Focusing on an important sector of this rapidly growing field, Asian Functional Foods discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of functional foods found in the traditional Asian diet, from fundamental concepts of biochemistry, nutrition, and physiology to food science and technology. The book covers a wide range of topics, beginning with an introduction to the source, history, functionality, and chemical, physical, and physiological properties of traditional Asian functional foods, followed by the health benefits, mechanisms of antioxidant action, anticancer and antiaging properties, supported by clinical and epidemiological evidence. The chapter authors discuss processing technology and process systems, equipment, material preparation, food preparation, and quality control during processing. They explore stability, shelf life, and storage criteria for traditional functional food products, industrial production, home-made products, consumer and marketing issues, and social and economical impact. As Asian functional foods continue to gain popularity worldwide, a solid understanding of these functional foods will help food scientists take advantage of them to better maintain and promote health. Examining the scientific and social issues impacting their development, this book provides that understanding.

From Ayurveda To Chinese Medicine

Author : Leung Ping-chung
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9813200359
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis From Ayurveda To Chinese Medicine by : Leung Ping-chung

Download or read book From Ayurveda To Chinese Medicine written by Leung Ping-chung and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2017-06-02 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique book presents the differences and similarities of the oldest system of health care. All ancient medicine has strong philosophical background and management varieties related to treatment activities. Ayurveda is one such branch of medicine that is strongly linked to Yoga and traditional Chinese medicine including activities related to Martial Arts and Acupuncture. This book successfully merges Ayurveda with Chinese medicine thereby enhancing the understanding of the two systems.

DNA Fingerprinting in Plants and Fungi

Author : Kurt Weising
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780849389207
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (892 download)

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Book Synopsis DNA Fingerprinting in Plants and Fungi by : Kurt Weising

Download or read book DNA Fingerprinting in Plants and Fungi written by Kurt Weising and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1994-11-22 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This exciting new book describes the use of DNA fingerprinting and its application in a wide area of plant and fungal research. It presents a thorough theoretical introduction to DNA fingerprinting, the practical aspects of extraction of DNA from the plant or fungus under study, and the statistical analysis of the data. An overview presents all species to which DNA fingerprinting is currently being applied and highlights many future technical developments.

Cancer Management with Chinese Medicine

Author : Rencun Yu
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814458007
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (144 download)

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Book Synopsis Cancer Management with Chinese Medicine by : Rencun Yu

Download or read book Cancer Management with Chinese Medicine written by Rencun Yu and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2012-02-29 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Significant advances made by Western medicine in the treatment of cancer are well-documented, but little has been written in English on complementary holistic treatment with Chinese medical methods that manage its symptoms and ameliorate the side effects of surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy. This book explains the complementary approach using cases from the medical files of Professor Rencun Yu, who was trained in Western medical oncology but also practices Chinese medicine. In addition, introductory chapters explain the basic principles of Chinese medicine, while other chapters cover the prevention of cancers through appropriate nutrition and living habits. The book should command the attention of medical professionals as well as the layperson interested in preventing and understanding the illness. There is no equivalent book in English that so skillfully combines an introduction to Chinese medical principles and cancer management for the general reader with detailed clinical studies of the crucial complementary role played by Chinese medicine in Western treatments for cancer patients. Contents:IntroductionPrinciples of Diagnosis and Therapy in Traditional Chinese MedicineHerbs and Prescriptions for TherapyCancer Prevention and Treatment Using TCMMajor Forms of Cancer and Case StudiesDiet, Exercise and Health Cultivation Readership: (i) Medical professionals, both Western medical doctors and TCM practitioners, particularly those practicing in Australia, Europe and America and (ii) the lay reader who either wants general knowledge on how to prevent cancer or wishes to understand how TCM can help a friend, relative or loved one who suffers from the disease. (iii) Also, libraries of TCM professional associations and teaching institutes. Keywords:Cancer;Chinese MedicineKey Features:The book can be read by both medical professionals and the educated layman to understand a disease that affects many lives. It can be used as a guide to preventing the illness or managing it for oneself, friends and relativesIt presents some cases from the medical files of a Western-trained oncologist who has used complementary treatment with Chinese medicine over many decades with considerable successIt has chapters on the principles of diagnosis and therapy in Traditional Chinese Medicine and on a holistic approach to the prevention of cancersReviews: "The book gives a breath of fresh air to an ocean of defensive summaries about TCM and its oncological practice. Geared towards medical professionals and their patients and relatives, the book does an excellent job of presenting concepts in an easy-to-understand manner … Overall, this book is a great presentation for those interested in having an introduction to Chinese medicine as well as reading up on some common cases and treatments used for various types of cancers. The book is definitely a useful reference for TCM practitioners and researchers but also appeals to a wide readership, particularly Western medical practitioners interested in the benefits of TCM and its methods." American Journal of Chinese Medicine

DNA Markers

Author : Gustavo Caetano-Anollés
Publisher : Wiley-Liss
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis DNA Markers by : Gustavo Caetano-Anollés

Download or read book DNA Markers written by Gustavo Caetano-Anollés and published by Wiley-Liss. This book was released on 1997-09-16 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the four decades since the discovery of DNA, molecular genetics and biotechnology have undergone a revolution in the research and application of genetic testing techniques. As a result, these fields have witnessed an explosion of both information and controversy, and the focus of public awareness of the significance of molecular biotechnology in everyday life has leaped from journal abstracts to front-page news. Molecular biotechnology provides important tools for the identification of specific nucleic acid sequences, some of them linked to important traits such as those conferring resistance to disease. Such DNA markers are used commonly in genetic research and in other applications, such as DNA fingerprinting. Researchers can use DNA markers to follow individual traits in different environments and hosts, increasing our understanding of the constitution, diversity, and evolution of genetic material. DNA Markers: Protocols, Applications, and Overviews offers valuable new information on this rapidly growing field. This compendium of research highlights the most recently discovered DNA markers and their application to the analyses of genomes of low and high complexity, with a focus on recently developed DNA marker systems as tools for DNA fingerprinting, genome analysis, molecular systematics, taxonomy, and phylogenetic analysis. The Protocols section of the book contains detailed, step-by-step instructions on how to perform selected DNA marker experiments, providing a useful laboratory tool. Subjects covered by top specialists include: Designed as a bench-top reference for the laboratory as well as a complete guide to the latest research, DNA Markers: Protocols, Applications, and Overviews is a vital resource for both novices and experienced practitioners involved in research in molecular genetics or biotechnology. A global overview of DNA markers * Molecular hybridization * RAPD, AP-PCR, DAF and AFLP analysis * Microbial Genomic fingerprinting * Simple sequence repeat DNA markers * Genetic BIT analysis * Differential display of RNA * The status of DNA fingerprinting: population databases * Arbitrarily amplified DNA in ecology and evolution

Current Review of Chinese Medicine

Author : Ping-Chung Leung
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9812567070
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (125 download)

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Book Synopsis Current Review of Chinese Medicine by : Ping-Chung Leung

Download or read book Current Review of Chinese Medicine written by Ping-Chung Leung and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2006 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation The second volume of this book series on the modern practice of Chinese medicine continues with the focus on evidence-based TCM research. It is even more focused than the preceding one ? providing detailed information about the best sources of herbal supply required for research and drug development purposes. Herbal supply has always been a major concern for TCM researchers because it is difficult to ensure that the supply is of the best quality. Another highlight of the book are the special reviews on the state of Good Agricultural Practice

Modern Techniques for Food Authentication

Author : Da-Wen Sun
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128142650
Total Pages : 805 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Modern Techniques for Food Authentication by : Da-Wen Sun

Download or read book Modern Techniques for Food Authentication written by Da-Wen Sun and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-07-25 with total page 805 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern Techniques for Food Authentication, Second Edition presents a comprehensive review of the novel techniques available to authenticate food products, including various spectroscopic technologies, methods based on isotopic analysis and chromatography, and other techniques based on DNA, enzymatic analysis and electrophoresis. This new edition pinpoints research and development trends for those working in research, development and operations in the food industry, giving them readily accessible information on modern food authentication techniques to ensure a safe and authentic food supply. It will also serve as an essential reference source to undergraduate and postgraduate students, and for researchers in universities and research institutions. Presents emerging imaging techniques that have proven to be powerful, non-destructive tools for food authentication Includes applications of hyperspectral imaging to reflect the current trend of developments in food imaging technology for each topic area Provides pixel level visualization techniques needed for fast and effective food sample testing Contains two new chapters on Imaging Spectroscopic Techniques

Food Authentication

Author : Contantinos A. Georgiou
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118810260
Total Pages : 581 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (188 download)

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Book Synopsis Food Authentication by : Contantinos A. Georgiou

Download or read book Food Authentication written by Contantinos A. Georgiou and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-05-08 with total page 581 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The determination of food authenticity is a vital component of quality control. Its importance has been highlighted in recent years by high-profile cases in the global supply chain such as the European horsemeat scandal and the Chinese melamine scandal which led to six fatalities and the hospitalisation of thousands of infants. As well as being a safety concern, authenticity is also a quality criterion for food and food ingredients. Consumers and retailers demand that the products they purchase and sell are what they purport to be. This book covers the most advanced techniques used for the authentication of a vast number of products around the world. The reader will be informed about the latest pertinent analytical techniques. Chapters focus on the novel techniques & markers that have emerged in recent years. An introductory section presents the concepts of food authentication while the second section examines in detail the analytical techniques for the detection of fraud relating to geographical, botanical, species and processing origin and production methods of food materials and ingredients. Finally, the third section looks at consumer attitudes towards food authenticity, the application of bioinformatics to this field, and the Editor’s conclusions and future outlook. Beyond being a reference to researchers working in food authentication it will serve as an essential source to analytical scientists interested in the field and food scientists to appreciate analytical approaches. This book will be a companion to under- and postgraduate students in their wander in food authentication and aims to be useful to researchers in universities and research institutions.

DNA Fingerprinting in Plants

Author : Kurt Weising
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420040049
Total Pages : 472 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis DNA Fingerprinting in Plants by : Kurt Weising

Download or read book DNA Fingerprinting in Plants written by Kurt Weising and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-02-28 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Given the explosive development of new molecular marker techniques over the last decade, newcomers and experts alike in the field of DNA fingerprinting will find an easy-to-follow guide to the multitude of techniques available in DNA Fingerprinting in Plants: Principles, Methods, and Applications, Second Edition. Along with step-by-step annotated p

Countering the Problem of Falsified and Substandard Drugs

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309269393
Total Pages : 377 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Countering the Problem of Falsified and Substandard Drugs by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Countering the Problem of Falsified and Substandard Drugs written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-06-20 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The adulteration and fraudulent manufacture of medicines is an old problem, vastly aggravated by modern manufacturing and trade. In the last decade, impotent antimicrobial drugs have compromised the treatment of many deadly diseases in poor countries. More recently, negligent production at a Massachusetts compounding pharmacy sickened hundreds of Americans. While the national drugs regulatory authority (hereafter, the regulatory authority) is responsible for the safety of a country's drug supply, no single country can entirely guarantee this today. The once common use of the term counterfeit to describe any drug that is not what it claims to be is at the heart of the argument. In a narrow, legal sense a counterfeit drug is one that infringes on a registered trademark. The lay meaning is much broader, including any drug made with intentional deceit. Some generic drug companies and civil society groups object to calling bad medicines counterfeit, seeing it as the deliberate conflation of public health and intellectual property concerns. Countering the Problem of Falsified and Substandard Drugs accepts the narrow meaning of counterfeit, and, because the nuances of trademark infringement must be dealt with by courts, case by case, the report does not discuss the problem of counterfeit medicines.