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Assessment Of Socio Economic And Institutional Factors That Affect The Performance Of Irrigation Schemes In Vhembe District Of Limpopo Province South Africa
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Book Synopsis Assessment of Socio-economic and Institutional Factors that Affect the Performance of Irrigation Schemes in Vhembe District of Limpopo Province, South Africa by : Thizwilondi Dennis Nekhavhambe
Download or read book Assessment of Socio-economic and Institutional Factors that Affect the Performance of Irrigation Schemes in Vhembe District of Limpopo Province, South Africa written by Thizwilondi Dennis Nekhavhambe and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :van Koppen, Barbara Publisher :International Water Management Institute (IWMI) ISBN 13 :9290908521 Total Pages :40 pages Book Rating :4.2/5 (99 download)
Book Synopsis Smallholder irrigation schemes in the Limpopo Province, South Africa by : van Koppen, Barbara
Download or read book Smallholder irrigation schemes in the Limpopo Province, South Africa written by van Koppen, Barbara and published by International Water Management Institute (IWMI). This book was released on 2017-06-08 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A survey of 76 public smallholder irrigation schemes in the Limpopo Province was jointly conducted by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), South Africa, and the Limpopo Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (LDARD), as part of the ‘Revitalization of Smallholder Irrigation in South Africa’ project. About one-third of those schemes was fully utilized; one-third partially utilized; and one-third not utilized in the winter of 2015; however, no single socioeconomic, physical, agronomic and marketing variable could explain these differences in utilization. Sale, mostly for informal markets, appeared the most important goal. Dilapidated infrastructure was the most important constraint cited by the farmers. The study recommends ways to overcome the build-neglect-rebuild syndrome, and to learn lessons from informal irrigation, which covers an area three to four times as large as public irrigation schemes in the province.
Book Synopsis An Assessment of Farmers on Small-scale Irrigation Schemes in Limpopo Province of South Africa by : Majory Ongie Meliko
Download or read book An Assessment of Farmers on Small-scale Irrigation Schemes in Limpopo Province of South Africa written by Majory Ongie Meliko and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Economic Performance of Smallholder Irrigation Schemes: A Case Study in Zanyokwe, Eastern Cape, South Africa by : Njokweni Elliot Ntsonto
Download or read book Economic Performance of Smallholder Irrigation Schemes: A Case Study in Zanyokwe, Eastern Cape, South Africa written by Njokweni Elliot Ntsonto and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study has been carried out in one irrigation scheme of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The study assessed the economic performance of a smallholder irrigation scheme (Zanyokwe Irrigation Scheme). The study took place in a former homeland area (Ciskei). This region is submitted to a semi-arid and relatively mild climate. The infrastructures were built during the apartheid era, in order to provide employment and food to the local black population. Currently, the farmers crop from 1 to 10 hectares, producing vegetables and maize with low productivity. The government has engaged in a revitalization process, aimed at upgrading infrastructures and establishing new local organisations. Its objectives are to curtail the financial burden of operation and maintenance costs and withdraw from any direct farming activities and management of the schemes. The process includes the rehabilitation of infrastructure and establishment of Water User's Associations, which are to take over ownership and collective management of the scheme. In such context the aims of the research were: (i) To evaluate the diversity of livelihoods and the contribution of farming: (ii) To estimate productivity of land and water: (iii) To identify factors influencing production at farm level: (iv) To examine the role of land tenure onto productivity. The conceptual framework for operation of an irrigation scheme, the Smile (sustainable management of irrigated land and environment) approach, the sustainable livelihood framework and descriptive statistics were used for analysis of the data. Primary data were obtained from 55 randomly selected households from the Zanyokwe Irrigation Scheme. Verbal description, interpretation and appreciation of facts were used for the qualitative data analysis. Descriptive statistics and typologies were employed to analyse the quantitative data. Findings indicate that irrigation households pursue heterogeneous livelihood strategies due to different access to livelihood assets and heterogeneous constraints and incentives. A socioeconomic comparison on the land size indicates that land size in the scheme is not uniform, it varies from one person to another. Land tenure in Zanyokwe is very diverse. It is highlighted that land tenure does not seem to have impact onto the farming style adopted by farmers, with the exception of leasing which is not practised by non-farming holders and dry-land farmers. It is demonstrated that there is no direct or clear relationship between land tenure system and farming styles, farmer's types, or cropping systems adopted. It is indicated that farmers under leasing arrangement are having small size, few years of settlement and youngest household head. Leasing arrangement is relatively new tenure in the scheme. The level of education in the scheme is very low. It is observed that more educated farmers have larger size of land in the scheme. The diversity of the farmer's situation has been highlighted through the use of typological techniques. Five household types have been identified within the scheme, and thorough economic analyses have been carried out. Particularly, some vulnerable types of farmers have been identified. The results on irrigation performance indicate that productivity of water varies among crop management styles. For example, potato and butternut (high-yield) showed R2.55 and R1.75 as gross margin per cubic meter used respectively, and potato and butternut (low yield) showed R0.09 and R0.14 as gross margin per cubic meter used respectively, is measured in terms of gross margin per volume of irrigation water consumed as an estimate for return to irrigation water. Contingent analysis of willingness to pay indicated that farmers with limited demand, hence limited income from irrigation farming are not willing to pay, and it also suggests that farmers with high consumption of water are willing to pay for water related activities. Findings indicate that land productivity (yield/ha) is higher for specialised subsistence farmers than others types, per unit of land used The following recommendation arises on the basis of the findings of this study and evidence from other studies on smallholder irrigation in South Africa. Agriculture is likely to be a necessary feature of rural development in the Eastern Cape Province for years to come. It is highly recommended that intensification should be promoted along with training, and improved access to inputs at reasonable cost since high yielding crops are more profitable and more conducive to water valuation, and high yields come with intensification, since one given crop can perform very differently depending on the way it is grown.
Author :Cai, Xueliang Publisher :International Water Management Institute (IWMI) ISBN 13 :9290908513 Total Pages :42 pages Book Rating :4.2/5 (99 download)
Book Synopsis Mapping irrigated areas in the Limpopo Province, South Africa by : Cai, Xueliang
Download or read book Mapping irrigated areas in the Limpopo Province, South Africa written by Cai, Xueliang and published by International Water Management Institute (IWMI). This book was released on 2017-06-05 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report summarizes the findings of a collaborative effort to map and assess irrigated areas in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study was conducted by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) in collaboration with the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) and the Limpopo Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (LDARD), as part of the DAFF-supported ‘Revitalization of irrigation in South Africa’ project. Based on a combination of Landsat and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data, previous irrigated area mapping exercises carried out by DAFF and three-field ground truthing (GT) surveys, a total of 1.6 million hectares (Mha) of cropland were identified, with 262,000 ha actually irrigated in the 2015 winter season. The study also found that only 29% of all land equipped with center pivots was actually irrigated.
Book Synopsis Indigenous and institutional profile: Limpopo River Basin by : Anton Earle
Download or read book Indigenous and institutional profile: Limpopo River Basin written by Anton Earle and published by IWMI. This book was released on 2006-10-17 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper presents an overview of water-related governance structures and institutions in the Limpopo Basin. The Basin is of critical socio-economic importance to the 14 million peopledistributed across the four riparian states of Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe.Urban centers, mostly in Botswana and South Africa, are major water users supplying industries, power stations and municipalities. Water is also used in rural areas for domestic, livestock watering and irrigation purposes. While irrigated agricultural activities are largely concentrated in South Africa and Zimbabwe, the majority of rural populations engage in rain-fed agriculture, which does not guarantee secure livelihoods. This is due, in large part, to the region’s semi-arid climate where only two out of every five agricultural seasons produce reasonable crop yields. These climatic conditions emphasize the need for effective management of transboundary water resources and effective governance structures, delivery and control mechanisms. Appropriate institutional frameworks and governance structures have a pivotal role in defining the socio-economic situation of the people in the Basin.
Book Synopsis Problems, Perspectives and Challenges of Agricultural Water Management by : Manish Kumar
Download or read book Problems, Perspectives and Challenges of Agricultural Water Management written by Manish Kumar and published by IntechOpen. This book was released on 2012-03-09 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Food security emerged as an issue in the first decade of the 21st Century, questioning the sustainability of the human race, which is inevitably related directly to the agricultural water management that has multifaceted dimensions and requires interdisciplinary expertise in order to be dealt with. The purpose of this book is to bring together and integrate the subject matter that deals with the equity, profitability and irrigation water pricing; modelling, monitoring and assessment techniques; sustainable irrigation development and management, and strategies for irrigation water supply and conservation in a single text. The book is divided into four sections and is intended to be a comprehensive reference for students, professionals and researchers working on various aspects of agricultural water management. The book seeks its impact from the diverse nature of content revealing situations from different continents (Australia, USA, Asia, Europe and Africa). Various case studies have been discussed in the chapters to present a general scenario of the problem, perspective and challenges of irrigation water use.
Book Synopsis The Contribution of Smallholder Irrigation Farming to Rural Livelihoods and the Determinants of Benefit Distribution by : Thinah Moyo
Download or read book The Contribution of Smallholder Irrigation Farming to Rural Livelihoods and the Determinants of Benefit Distribution written by Thinah Moyo and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Smallholder irrigation farming is potentially transformative to poor communities. Although previous studies have examined the relationship between smallholder irrigation farming and livelihoods in South Africa, little has been done to quantify the contribution and to examine how benefits from smallholder irrigation are distributed across different types of households. It is often assumed that the benefits flowing from irrigation farming will be distributed evenly among the irrigators. Furthermore, previous studies have focused on farmers operating on irrigation schemes to the exclusion of independent smallholder irrigation farmers. This thesis aims to examine the contribution of smallholder irrigation farming to rural livelihoods in South Africa, specifically the contribution of smallholder irrigation farming to improved household income and food security as pathways out of poverty for rural households. The study provides a more comprehensive analysis of the impact of smallholder irrigation farming on rural livelihoods by including independent irrigators. Specifically, the study addresses the following questions: How has smallholder irrigation farming contributed to household income and food security in the study area? Are household income and food security significant pathways through which smallholder irrigation farming contributes to rural livelihoods? To what extent does smallholder irrigation farming contribute to household income and food security? What factors determine benefit distribution among irrigators? The study was conducted in Mopani district in the Greater Tzaneen municipality of Limpopo Province of South Africa in 2013. Julesburg irrigation scheme, located in the former Gazankulu and Lebowakgomo homelands, formed the anchor of the study area. Data were collected through a survey of 180 rural households, 27 of which were smallholder irrigation scheme farmers, 35 smallholder non-irrigation scheme farmers (independent irrigators), 53 smallholder farmers practising home gardening and 65 other households that included dryland farmers and those who did not practise farming. The households were selected from villages in the vicinity of the irrigation scheme. Farming households represented three groups of farmers, namely, scheme irrigators, independent irrigators and home gardeners. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with the sampled households. Data analysis employed econometric regression models, semi-parametric propensity score matching techniques and the analysis of variance to compare livelihood outcomes between irrigating and non-irrigating households. Irrigation was the treatment and non-irrigators were used as a control group for propensity score matching. Results of the survey identified substantial differences in the capital base among home gardener, scheme and independent irrigator households. Households involved in irrigation farming had a stronger capital base in terms of natural, physical and financial capital. Differences in the capital base existed even if income flows from agriculture were not considered, suggesting that participation in irrigation farming positively affects the overall capital base of rural households. The results also provide sufficient evidence that smallholder irrigation farming makes a significant contribution to rural livelihoods through its effect on household income and food security. Irrigators were found to have a significantly higher household income and were more food-secure than their non-irrigating counterparts, suggesting that smallholder irrigation contributed positively to rural livelihoods. This provides a strong motivation for continued investment in smallholder irrigation farming in South Africa as part of a strategy to improve rural livelihoods and to grow the rural economy. However, the benefits from irrigation accrue unevenly for different types of farmers and, therefore, they are not equally successful. The main determinants of benefit distribution were: adequacy of source of water for farming, gender and marital status of the household head, ownership of transport means and access to financial services. The contribution of smallholder irrigation to rural livelihoods can be further enhanced by focusing on policies that enhance female participation in irrigation farming, equip farmers with entrepreneurial skills, encourage membership of associations and enhance the effectiveness of the associations to allow more farmers to participate in irrigation farming. As independent irrigators benefit more from smallholder irrigation farming, independent irrigation should be promoted as an option for expanding smallholder irrigation farming. Such policies should be integrated into the overall strategy of growing the rural economy within the National Development Plan of the country.
Book Synopsis The Impact of Smallholder Irrigation Schemes on Poverty Reduction Among Rural Households of Vhembe and Sekhukhune Districts in Limpopo Province, South Africa by : Vutomi Arone Baloi
Download or read book The Impact of Smallholder Irrigation Schemes on Poverty Reduction Among Rural Households of Vhembe and Sekhukhune Districts in Limpopo Province, South Africa written by Vutomi Arone Baloi and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Improving Plot Holder Livelihood and Scheme Productivity on Smallholder Canal Irrigation Schemes in the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province by : Wim Van Averbeke
Download or read book Improving Plot Holder Livelihood and Scheme Productivity on Smallholder Canal Irrigation Schemes in the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province written by Wim Van Averbeke and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Role of Smallholder Farms in Food and Nutrition Security by : Sergio Gomez y Paloma
Download or read book The Role of Smallholder Farms in Food and Nutrition Security written by Sergio Gomez y Paloma and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-01 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book discusses the current role of smallholders in connection with food security and poverty reduction in developing countries. It addresses the opportunities they enjoy, and the constraints they face, by analysing the availability, access to and utilization of production factors. Due to the relevance of smallholder farms, enhancing their production capacities and economic and social resilience could produce positive impacts on food security and nutrition at a number of levels. In addition to the role of small farmers as food suppliers, the book considers their role as consumers and their level of nutrition security. It investigates the link between agriculture and nutrition in order to better understand how agriculture affects human health and dietary patterns. Given the importance of smallholdings, strategies to increase their productivity are essential to improving food and nutrition security, as well as food diversity.
Book Synopsis Advances in water research by : Nhamo, L.
Download or read book Advances in water research written by Nhamo, L. and published by IWMI. This book was released on 2023-03-09 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water scarcity has become one of the greatest challenges facing humankind today. Its scarcity is compounded by climate change and increasing demand from a growing population. In South Africa, over 60% of the available freshwater resources are used in agriculture, mainly in irrigated agriculture. There is an urgent need to promote sustainable irrigation technologies that optimize food production without increasing water applied and with positive environmental spinoffs. Sustainable irrigation technologies and practices could enhance water use efficiency (WUE) and productivity in agriculture and reduce environmental burdens, including energy use. This chapter highlights some of the innovative irrigation practices and technologies that enhance food production and, at the same time, reduce water use in agriculture. The chapter broadly discusses WUE and water productivity (WP) in irrigated agriculture from engineering and agronomic perspectives. The chapter further highlights some of the environmental impacts of irrigation expansion and the possible solutions. We further provide the importance of accurate spatial information on irrigated areas to inform policy on irrigation expansion. The Water Research Commission (WRC) of South Africa has been spearheading research on the sustainable use of water for the past 50 years as part of its research agenda. In Ting, D. S.-K.; O’Brien, P. G. (Eds.). Progress in sustainable development: sustainable engineering practices. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier
Author :University of Venda. School of human and Social Sciences. Institute for Gender and Youth Studies Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :86 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (853 download)
Book Synopsis Factors Limiting the Performance of Women in Matangari Irringation Scheme in Vhembe District Limpopo Province by : University of Venda. School of human and Social Sciences. Institute for Gender and Youth Studies
Download or read book Factors Limiting the Performance of Women in Matangari Irringation Scheme in Vhembe District Limpopo Province written by University of Venda. School of human and Social Sciences. Institute for Gender and Youth Studies and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Socio-economic Factors Determining In-field Rainwater Harvesting Technology Adoption for Cropland Productivity in Lambani Village by : Khumo Terezan Badisa
Download or read book Socio-economic Factors Determining In-field Rainwater Harvesting Technology Adoption for Cropland Productivity in Lambani Village written by Khumo Terezan Badisa and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Investigation of the Economics of Water as Used by Smallholder Irrigation Farmers in South Africa by : Stanley Conficious Bartholomew Yokwe
Download or read book Investigation of the Economics of Water as Used by Smallholder Irrigation Farmers in South Africa written by Stanley Conficious Bartholomew Yokwe and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study investigates the economics of water as used by smallholder irrigation farmers in South Africa. The productivity and value of water were estimated with data from two smallholder irrigation schemes: Zanyokwe and Thabina. Production parameters such as fertilisers, seeds, pesticides, equipment, transport, labour, and water were treated as inputs. Various methodologies used to estimate water value, including cost-based approaches, were thoroughly reviewed. The aim was to select the ones with more justification for use in smallholder irrigation sector and also to compare a number of approaches. On a case study basis, three methods were applied: residual valuation method, willingness to pay and cost-based approaches (i.e. accounting costs of O & M). Water productivity and values were then evaluated as per crop, farmer, and scheme. Also, cross-section regression analysis was used to investigate the effect of some key socio-economic factors of production on gross margin and willingness to pay. The results indicated that on average, the value of water varies according to methods, crops, farmers and schemes. In the Zanyokwe scheme, water value estimated by the residual method in cabbage is higher (R1.64 per m3) than the one in dry maize (R0.35 per m3), if intensive and high yield irrigated crops are grown per year. Also, in Thabina, water value for cabbage (R1.14 per m3) outperforms water value for dry maize (R0.02 per m3. This means that there is greater potential in vegetable crops than food grain crops, although the two schemes have different irrigation systems, and such analysis is based on one-year data, which may lack accuracy. Low water valuation is ascribed to low yield and extensive cropping systems, because gross margin per hectare is very low. This signifies the need for expansion in high value crops rather than low value crops. At farm and scheme level, the results were derived by using the Smile database and simulated platform. The Smile platform is a data capturing and a calculation tool. It calculates a number of indicators, economic figures, at scheme and individual farm level, allowing for evaluation of the current situation. The results suggested that at present, the Zanyokwe scheme requires about 1 739 255 m3 of irrigation water per year. The total operational costs (accounting costs of O & M) are about R146 097.42. In other words, supplying 1 m3at farm level will cost R0.084. This implies that if irrigation charges are levied so as to cover O & M costs of the Zanyokwe scheme, the current costs (R0.084) will form only 23% of the average gross margin of R0.37 per m3 used at scheme level. Furthermore, in the Zanyokwe irrigation scheme, the results revealed that the most active and efficient farmers (specialized farmers) can make an average gross margin of R4 105 per ha per year, also achieving the highest water productivity R0.69 in gross margin per m3 consumed. However, in the Thabina scheme, the results indicated that, to supply 1 m3will cost R0.062. Thus, the current water supply costs cover about 56 % of what is earned (i.e. R0.11 per m3 used) at scheme level. Again, the most active farmers (commercially oriented pensioners) are more efficient, with average gross margin of R3 092 per ha per year, also achieving the highest water productivity (R0.53 in gross margin per m3 used). These results suggested that certain smallholder farming systems seem capable of paying for irrigation charges of their respective schemes if they are obliged to do so. As far as willingness to pay (WTP) and cost-based approaches (CBA) are concerned, the results clearly show that the active farmers in the Zanyokwe scheme have lower WTP per m3 (R0.03) than the GM of output (R0.69) per m3 of water used. Also, the accounting cost (R0.084 per m3 of water used) is lower than the GM gained. However, in the Thabina scheme, the situation is quite different. The active farmers are willing to pay R0.19 per m3 of water used. This implies that, if farmers are to pay for the charges in order to cover O & M costs, the farmers in Thabina are ready to pay as much as three times the proposed costs of O & M (R0.062 per m3 of water used), although both the WTP and the accounting cost are lower than GM gained. In these results, it is significant that both the accounting cost and the willingness to pay are lower than the GM per m3 of water used at least in the Zanyokwe scheme. Even though the data were drawn from a sample for one year only, this finding on the perception of farmers has implications for extension and training to improve future productive use. Regarding the findings from cross-section regression analysis, the results for GM (as dependent variable) in general indicated that in the Zanyokwe scheme, only credit affects output positively and significantly. Production costs have significant effect on output, but with a negative correlation. It is striking that all the other factors of production including hired labour show negative and insignificant effects on output. In the Thabina scheme, the most important factors of production in the model are land size (hectare) and production costs (Rand per ha). These two variables influence output positively and significantly. As far as WTP (as dependent variable) is concerned, the results indicated that in the Zanyokwe scheme, it is striking that in all the investigated factors, only credit affects WTP positively and significantly. All other factors are insignificant. Also, gross margin of output per m3, unexpectedly, has displayed a negative and insignificant effect on output. In the Thabina scheme, the results show that the land size per hectare, and gross margin of output per m3 affect WTP positively and significantly. Such results are consistent with the assumptions made in the conceptual framework that a farmer with high gross margin gained at farm level is more likely to pay for water costs than those with poor gross margin. On the basis of these findings, the following recommendations were formulated. Specific policies should include promotion of high value crops and improved varieties of seed for food grain crops (e.g. maize) and vegetables (e.g. cabbage). While improved agronomic practices remain important, there is also potential to increase productivity and profitability of the crops by improving water management practices at the canal-system level, such as better timing of water delivery and increased overall canal-water supplies at the farm level. Finally, from a cost recovery point of view, government should develop a program of cost sharing for capital costs of irrigation development. With regard to inter-sectoral competition, these results highlight that, if inter-sectoral competition is left to uncontrolled market forces may result in smallholder farmers' selling their water rights to sectors which value water at higher levels. To avoid a liberal trap such as in the example of Chile (where smallholder farmers en masse sold their water rights, resulting ultimately in deeper rural poverty), some form of control/management of water rights transaction involving smallholder farmers is necessary. Finally, the findings of this study can be used in various ways. Since, these values determine the farmer's ability to pay for water now or in the future, the incentive to use water judiciously will be governed by these values. Secondly, the results can be used to evaluate whether the costs estimated and gross margin per m3 gained at farm level, are in line with the farmers' willingness to pay. Further work is recommended to clarify these conclusions and provide more policy clarification on the better use of water by smallholder irrigation farmers in South Africa.
Book Synopsis Adaptation and Resilience by : Bonnie G. Colby
Download or read book Adaptation and Resilience written by Bonnie G. Colby and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-06-25 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In America's arid southwest, climate change will occur in the context of already-keen competition for water for agriculture, urban growth, electricity generation, water-based recreation, and environmental protections. This book explores the challenges that climate change and variability pose for water and energy managers and users, communities, and policy makers in the arid Southwest and demonstrates the application of economic methods to address these challenges. It provides valuable tools for both those interested in resource management and climate change, and those seeking to understand how economic methods can be used to analyze contemporary social problems and craft appropriate responses. The book considers both adaptation to long-term climate change and more immediate issues of water and electricity management in the face of inter-annual climate variability and drought. Thus, no matter what one's perspective on long-run climate change projections, the book provides useful lessons for some of the region's most pressing resource management problems.
Book Synopsis Evaluation of the Socio-economic Performance of Smallholder Irrigation Schemes in Idutywa Village of the Eastern Cape Province by : Phiwe Jiba
Download or read book Evaluation of the Socio-economic Performance of Smallholder Irrigation Schemes in Idutywa Village of the Eastern Cape Province written by Phiwe Jiba and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
