Women and Crime in Post-Transitional South African Crime Fiction

Download Women and Crime in Post-Transitional South African Crime Fiction PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004437444
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Women and Crime in Post-Transitional South African Crime Fiction by : Sabine Binder

Download or read book Women and Crime in Post-Transitional South African Crime Fiction written by Sabine Binder and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2020-11-16 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this ground-breaking study, Sabine Binder analyses the complex ways in which female crime fictional victims, detectives and perpetrators in South African crime fiction resonate with widespread and persistent real crimes against women in post-apartheid South Africa. Drawing on a wide range of crime novels written over the last decade, Binder emphasises the genre’s feminist potential and critically maps its political work at the intersection of gender and race. Her study challenges the perception of crime fiction as a trivial genre and shows how, in South Africa at least, it provides a vibrant platform for social, cultural and ethical debates, exposing violence, misogyny and racism and shedding light on the problematics of law and justice for women faced with crime.

Women and Crime in Post-transitional South African Crime Fiction

Download Women and Crime in Post-transitional South African Crime Fiction PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Costerus New
ISBN 13 : 9789004437432
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (374 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Women and Crime in Post-transitional South African Crime Fiction by : Sabine Binder

Download or read book Women and Crime in Post-transitional South African Crime Fiction written by Sabine Binder and published by Costerus New. This book was released on 2020-11-19 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The female victim -- The female perpetrator -- The female detective.

A Survey of South African Crime Fiction

Download A Survey of South African Crime Fiction PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Kwazulu Natal Press
ISBN 13 : 9781869143558
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (435 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Survey of South African Crime Fiction by : Samantha Naidu

Download or read book A Survey of South African Crime Fiction written by Samantha Naidu and published by University of Kwazulu Natal Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Is crime fiction the new 'political novel' in South Africa? Why did the apartheid censors disapprove of crime fiction more than any other genre? Crime fiction continues to be a burgeoning literary category in post-apartheid South Africa, with more new authors, titles and themes emerging every year. This book is the first comprehensive survey of South African crime fiction. It provides an overview of this phenomenally successful literary category, and places it within its wider social and historical context. The authors specialise in both literary studies and print culture, and this combination informs a critical analysis and publishing history of South African crime fiction from the nineteenth century to the present day. The book provides a literary lineage while considering different genres and sub-genres, as well as specific themes such as gender and eco-criticism. The inclusion of a detailed bibliography of crime fiction since the 1890s makes A Survey of South African Crime Fiction an indispensable teaching and study aid. [Subject: Crime Fiction, African Studies, Sociology, History, Literary Studies]

Towards a Theory of Whodunits

Download Towards a Theory of Whodunits PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 152757346X
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (275 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Towards a Theory of Whodunits by : Dana Percec

Download or read book Towards a Theory of Whodunits written by Dana Percec and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2021-08-06 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing together academics from Romania, the USA, Spain and Turkey, this volume follows the evolution of detective fiction, from its early forms during the late eighteenth century until its contemporary multi-media expressions. Tackling the best-known authors in the genre, as well as marginal, forgotten or eccentric names, and discussing prose which fits perfectly in the pattern of the genre or texts which have been conventionally associated with other genres, as well as films, the book explores the impact of whodunits in both highbrow and popular culture.

The Routledge Handbook of Crime Fiction and Ecology

Download The Routledge Handbook of Crime Fiction and Ecology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000984516
Total Pages : 642 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Crime Fiction and Ecology by : Nathan Ashman

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Crime Fiction and Ecology written by Nathan Ashman and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-10-27 with total page 642 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of Crime Fiction and Ecology is the first comprehensive examination of crime fiction and ecocriticism. Across 33 innovative chapters from leading international scholars, this Handbook considers an emergent field of contemporary crime narratives that are actively responding to a diverse assemblage of global environmental concerns, whilst also opening up ‘classic’ crime fictions and writers to new ecocritical perspectives. Rigorously engaged with cutting-edge critical trends, it places the familiar staples of crime fiction scholarship – from thematic to formal approaches – in conversation with a number of urgent ecological theories and ideas, covering subjects such as environmental security, environmental justice, slow violence, ecofeminism and animal studies. The Routledge Handbook of Crime Fiction and Ecology is an essential introduction to this new and dynamic research field for both students and scholars alike.

Anglophone African Detective Fiction 1940-2020

Download Anglophone African Detective Fiction 1940-2020 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Boydell & Brewer
ISBN 13 : 1847013872
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Anglophone African Detective Fiction 1940-2020 by : Matthew J. Christensen

Download or read book Anglophone African Detective Fiction 1940-2020 written by Matthew J. Christensen and published by Boydell & Brewer. This book was released on 2024-03-19 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing a survey of Anglophone African detective fiction, from the late 1940s to the present day, this study traces its history both as a literary form and a mode of critical exploration of the fraught sovereignties of the African state and its citizens. Since the late 1940s, African writers including Cyprian Ekwensi, Arthur Maimane, Adaora Lily Ulasi, Hilary Ng'weno, Unity Dow, Parker Bilal, and Angela Makholwa have published over 200 murder mysteries, police procedurals, spy thrillers, and other fictional narratives of investigation and discovery in English-language newspapers, magazines, and novels. Distributed widely across the continent's diverse cultural and political geographies, these texts share aesthetic characteristics and thematic preoccupations that reflect transnational networks of production, circulation, and influence. Anglophone African Detective Fiction, 1940-2020 surveys this literary history and examines how African writers have repeatedly harnessed the detective story to interrogate postcolonial realities of selfhood and the state. It argues that African writers have turned the detective story into a highly productive, while at the same time suspense-filled and entertaining, mode of social and political critique, first of colonialism and the independence era and latterly of neoliberal governance. Offering an overview of paradigmatic texts, from Ghana to Kenya and Sudan to South Africa, the book traces the contours of the history of Anglophone African detective fiction that is at once a cultural history of a uniquely African assessment of the ongoing problematics of sovereignty and decolonization.

Download  PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 1868149641
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (681 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis by :

Download or read book written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

We Are Not Such Things

Download We Are Not Such Things PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Random House
ISBN 13 : 0812994515
Total Pages : 546 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (129 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis We Are Not Such Things by : Justine van der Leun

Download or read book We Are Not Such Things written by Justine van der Leun and published by Random House. This book was released on 2016-06-28 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Justine van der Leun reopens the murder of a young American woman in South Africa, an iconic case that calls into question our understanding of truth and reconciliation, loyalty, justice, race, and class—a gripping investigation in the vein of the podcast Serial “Timely . . . gripping, explosive . . . the kind of obsessive forensic investigation—of the clues, and into the soul of society—that is the legacy of highbrow sleuths from Truman Capote to Janet Malcolm.”—The New York Times Book Review The story of Amy Biehl is well known in South Africa: The twenty-six-year-old white American Fulbright scholar was brutally murdered on August 25, 1993, during the final, fiery days of apartheid by a mob of young black men in a township outside Cape Town. Her parents’ forgiveness of two of her killers became a symbol of the Truth and Reconciliation process in South Africa. Justine van der Leun decided to introduce the story to an American audience. But as she delved into the case, the prevailing narrative started to unravel. Why didn’t the eyewitness reports agree on who killed Amy Biehl? Were the men convicted of the murder actually responsible for her death? And then van der Leun stumbled upon another brutal crime committed on the same day, in the very same area. The true story of Amy Biehl’s death, it turned out, was not only a story of forgiveness but a reflection of the complicated history of a troubled country. We Are Not Such Things is the result of van der Leun’s four-year investigation into this strange, knotted tale of injustice, violence, and compassion. The bizarre twists and turns of this case and its aftermath—and the story that emerges of what happened on that fateful day in 1993 and in the decades that followed—come together in an unsparing account of life in South Africa today. Van der Leun immerses herself in the lives of her subjects and paints a stark, moving portrait of a township and its residents. We come to understand that the issues at the heart of her investigation are universal in scope and powerful in resonance. We Are Not Such Things reveals how reconciliation is impossible without an acknowledgment of the past, a lesson as relevant to America today as to a South Africa still struggling with the long shadow of its history. “A masterpiece of reported nonfiction . . . Justine van der Leun’s account of a South African murder is destined to be a classic.”—Newsday

Feminist Methodologies

Download Feminist Methodologies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030826546
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Feminist Methodologies by : Wendy Harcourt

Download or read book Feminist Methodologies written by Wendy Harcourt and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book gives insights into feminist methodologies in theory and practice. By foregrounding the experiential and embodied nature of doing feminist research, this book offers valuable tools for feminist research as a continuous praxis. Emerging from a rich collective learning process, the collection offers in-depth reflections on how feminists shape research questions, understand positionality, share research results beyond academe and produce feminist intersectional knowledges. This book reveals how the authors navigate theory and practice, candidly exploring the difficulty of producing knowledge on the edge of academia and activism. From different points of view, places and disciplinary positions, artistic and creative experiments and collaborations, the book provides a multi-layered analysis. This book will be a valuable resource and asset to early career researchers and interdisciplinary feminist students who can learn more about the doing of feminist research from realistic, accessible, and practical methodological tools and knowledge. Wendy Harcourt is Professor of Gender, Diversity and Sustainable Development at the International Institute of Social Studies of the Erasmus University Rotterdam. She is Coordinator of the WEGO-ITN "Well-being, Ecology, Gender and Community" Innovation Training Network and Series Editor of the Palgrave series on Gender, Development and Social Change. She has written widely on gender and development, post-development, body politics and feminist political ecology. Karijn van den Berg is an independent feminist researcher who brings together environmental politics, feminism, activism and relations of power in her academic and political work, and strives to connect theory, practice and political organising. Constance Dupuis is a researcher at the International Institute of Social Studies of the Erasmus University Rotterdam, funded by the WEGO-ITN "Well-being, Ecology, Gender and Community" Innovation Training Network. Her work focuses on ageing and intergenerational wellbeing from decolonial and feminist political ecology perspectives. Jacqueline Gaybor is a Senior Technical Advisor at Rutgers - a Dutch centre of expertise on sexual reproductive health and rights and she is a Lecturer at the Erasmus University College, of the Erasmus University Rotterdam. .

The Truth about Crime

Download The Truth about Crime PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022642491X
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (264 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Truth about Crime by : Jean Comaroff

Download or read book The Truth about Crime written by Jean Comaroff and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2016-12-05 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new book by the well-known anthropologists Jean and John L. Comaroff explores the global preoccupation with criminality in the early twenty-first century, a preoccupation strikingly disproportionate, in most places and for most people, to the risks posed by lawlessness to the conduct of everyday life. Ours in an epoch in which law-making, law-breaking, and law-enforcement are ever more critical registers in which societies construct, contest, and confront truths about themselves, an epoch in which criminology, broadly defined, has displaced sociology as the privileged means by which the social world knows itself. They also argue that as the result of a tectonic shift in the triangulation of capital, the state, and governance, the meanings attached to crime and, with it, the nature of policing, have undergone significant change; also, that there has been a palpable muddying of the lines between legality and illegality, between corruption and conventional business; even between crime-and-policing, which exist, nowadays, in ever greater, hyphenated complicity. Thinking through Crime and Policing is, therefore, an excursion into the contemporary Order of Things; or, rather, into the metaphysic of disorder that saturates the late modern world, indeed, has become its leitmotif. It is also a meditation on sovereignty and citizenship, on civility, class, and race, on the law and its transgression, on the political economy of representation.

Born a Crime

Download Born a Crime PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : One World
ISBN 13 : 0399588183
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (995 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Born a Crime by : Trevor Noah

Download or read book Born a Crime written by Trevor Noah and published by One World. This book was released on 2016-11-15 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: #1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • More than one million copies sold! A “brilliant” (Lupita Nyong’o, Time), “poignant” (Entertainment Weekly), “soul-nourishing” (USA Today) memoir about coming of age during the twilight of apartheid “Noah’s childhood stories are told with all the hilarity and intellect that characterizes his comedy, while illuminating a dark and brutal period in South Africa’s history that must never be forgotten.”—Esquire Winner of the Thurber Prize for American Humor and an NAACP Image Award • Named one of the best books of the year by The New York Time, USA Today, San Francisco Chronicle, NPR, Esquire, Newsday, and Booklist Trevor Noah’s unlikely path from apartheid South Africa to the desk of The Daily Show began with a criminal act: his birth. Trevor was born to a white Swiss father and a black Xhosa mother at a time when such a union was punishable by five years in prison. Living proof of his parents’ indiscretion, Trevor was kept mostly indoors for the earliest years of his life, bound by the extreme and often absurd measures his mother took to hide him from a government that could, at any moment, steal him away. Finally liberated by the end of South Africa’s tyrannical white rule, Trevor and his mother set forth on a grand adventure, living openly and freely and embracing the opportunities won by a centuries-long struggle. Born a Crime is the story of a mischievous young boy who grows into a restless young man as he struggles to find himself in a world where he was never supposed to exist. It is also the story of that young man’s relationship with his fearless, rebellious, and fervently religious mother—his teammate, a woman determined to save her son from the cycle of poverty, violence, and abuse that would ultimately threaten her own life. The stories collected here are by turns hilarious, dramatic, and deeply affecting. Whether subsisting on caterpillars for dinner during hard times, being thrown from a moving car during an attempted kidnapping, or just trying to survive the life-and-death pitfalls of dating in high school, Trevor illuminates his curious world with an incisive wit and unflinching honesty. His stories weave together to form a moving and searingly funny portrait of a boy making his way through a damaged world in a dangerous time, armed only with a keen sense of humor and a mother’s unconventional, unconditional love.

Tracing the (Post)Apartheid Novel beyond 2000

Download Tracing the (Post)Apartheid Novel beyond 2000 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1003815391
Total Pages : 213 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tracing the (Post)Apartheid Novel beyond 2000 by : Danyela Dimakatso Demir

Download or read book Tracing the (Post)Apartheid Novel beyond 2000 written by Danyela Dimakatso Demir and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-12-01 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This anthology comprises of interviews with contemporary South African authors, offering vignettes of their lives and summaries of their works. In curating this book, Danyela Demir and Olivier Moreillon step beyond pure literary theory and analysis. They welcome the authors to speak and assess the literary panorama in which they live and co-create. However, Demir and Moreillon also trace concepts and terms that describe the current South African literature, such as post-transitional literature and literature beyond 2000. By adopting a world-literary approach to (post)apartheid literature, this book contributes to debates on contemporary South African writing. In addition, Tracing the (Post)Apartheid Novel Beyond 2000 seeks to raise awareness of the imbalance in both critical and public attention between literary ‘big names’, such as André P. Brink, J.M. Coetzee, Nadine Gordimer and Zakes Mda, who are popular worldwide, and the younger and newer generation of South African writers, who go largely unnoticed. Print edition not for sale in Sub Saharan Africa.

Cities in Flux

Download Cities in Flux PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : LIT Verlag Münster
ISBN 13 : 3643802412
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (438 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cities in Flux by : Olivier Moreillon

Download or read book Cities in Flux written by Olivier Moreillon and published by LIT Verlag Münster. This book was released on 2017 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The essays in this volume all circle around questions of urbanisation in (post-)apartheid South Africa and its effects on the country's socio-political realities, as well as its representation in-and effect on-the country's literary and artistic production. The included essays discuss the constant flow of people (not only into, within, and out of a city, but also between different cities), the continuously changing conditions (both physical and immaterial as well as past and present) of (South) Africa's urban areas, and these shifting conditions' effects on (South) Africa's cities. (Series: Swiss African Studies / Schweizerische Afrikastudien - Etudes africaines suisses, Vol. 12) [Subject: African Studies, Urban Studies, Sociology]

Black Widow Society

Download Black Widow Society PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Pan Macmillan South africa
ISBN 13 : 1770108653
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (71 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Black Widow Society by : Angela Makholwa

Download or read book Black Widow Society written by Angela Makholwa and published by Pan Macmillan South africa. This book was released on 2023-09-01 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1994, when South Africans were finally seeing the light of freedom and independence, three well-respected businesswomen – Talullah Ntuli, Edna Whithead and Nkosazana Dlamini – formed the Black Widow Society, a secret organisation aimed at liberating women trapped in emotionally and physically abusive relationships by assisting in ’eliminating’ their errant husbands. For fifteen years the Black Widow Society operated undetected, impeccably run by The Triumvirate with the help of their suave and mysterious hired gun, Mzwakhe Khuzwayo, a slick ex-convict meticulous in his responsibilities. But as the secret organisation recruits more members, the wheels of this well-oiled machine are threatening to fall off. Will Talullah’s controlling streak or Nkosazana’s unfettered material aspirations jeopardise the future of the Black Widow Society? Or perhaps one of the new recruits, unsettled by the reality of the elimination of her former husband, will lose her nerve and expose the workings of the group after all this time? As the tension mounts, Black Widow Society builds to a chilling and bloody climax that will keep you guessing and riveted until the very last page.

Minor Genres in Postcolonial Literatures

Download Minor Genres in Postcolonial Literatures PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429516428
Total Pages : 166 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Minor Genres in Postcolonial Literatures by : Delphine Munos

Download or read book Minor Genres in Postcolonial Literatures written by Delphine Munos and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-06-05 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Moving beyond the postcolonial literature field’s traditional focus on the novel, this book shines a light on the "minor" genres in which postcolonial issues are also explored. The contributors examine the intersection of generic issues with postcolonial realities in regions such as South Africa, Nigeria, New Zealand, Indonesia, Australia, the United Kingdon, and the Caribbean. These "minor" genres include crime fiction, letter writing, radio plays, poetry, the novel in verse and short stories, as well as blogs and essays. The volume closes with Robert Antoni’s discussion of his use of the vernacular and digital resources in As Flies to Whatless Boys (2013), and suggests that "major" genres might yield new webs of meaning when digital media are mobilized with a view to creating new forms of hybridity and multiplicity that push genre boundaries. In focusing on underrepresented and understudied genres, this book pays justice to the multiplicity of the field of postcolonial studies and gives voice to certain literary traditions within which the novel occupies a less central position. This book was originally published as a special issue of the Journal of Postcolonial Writing.

The White Lioness

Download The White Lioness PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : New Press/ORIM
ISBN 13 : 1595586113
Total Pages : 545 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (955 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The White Lioness by : Henning Mankell

Download or read book The White Lioness written by Henning Mankell and published by New Press/ORIM. This book was released on 2011-05-10 with total page 545 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A small-town murder leads to international intrigue in this “first-class thriller” from the New York Times–bestselling master of Scandinavian crime (The New York Times Book Review). Inspector Kurt Wallander returns in the second of Henning Mankell’s award-winning, internationally-bestselling detective novels, this time to investigate the execution-style killing of a Swedish housewife. The local police focus on a determined stalker who’s suddenly nowhere to be found, but when they finally catch up with their prime suspect his alibi turns out to be airtight. Digging deeper, Wallander discovers that the woman’s death is more complex and dangerous than a crime of passion. His search for the truth takes him far from home and into the murky world of apartheid-era South Africa, where he uncovers a sinister assassination plot. Soon the small-town detective finds himself in a high-stakes tangle with the South African secret service and a ruthless ex-KGB agent. Combining heart-pounding suspense with probing social commentary, The White Lioness is an essential chapter in the addictive mystery series that inspired the hit TV show Wallander starring Kenneth Branagh. “It is not hard to see why the Wallander books have made such an impact” (The Times Literary Supplement).

The Madonna of Excelsior

Download The Madonna of Excelsior PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Farrar, Straus and Giroux
ISBN 13 : 0374708231
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (747 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Madonna of Excelsior by : Zakes Mda

Download or read book The Madonna of Excelsior written by Zakes Mda and published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. This book was released on 2007-05-15 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new novel by a towering presence in contemporary South African literature In 1971, nineteen citizens of Excelsior in South Africa's white-ruled Free State were charged with breaking apartheid's Immorality Act, which forbade sex between blacks and whites. Taking this case as raw material for his alchemic imagination, Zakes Mda tells the story of a family at the heart of the scandal -and of a country in which apartheid concealed interracial liaisons of every kind. Niki, the fallen madonna, transgresses boundaries for the sake of love; her choices have repercussions in the lives of her black son and mixed-race daughter, who come of age in post-apartheid South Africa, where freedom prompts them to reexamine their country's troubled history at first hand. By turns earthy, witty, and tragic, The Madonna of Excelsior is a brilliant depiction of life in South Africa and of the dramatic changes between the 1970s and the present.