Viral Nanotechnology

Download Viral Nanotechnology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1466583533
Total Pages : 522 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Viral Nanotechnology by : Yury Khudyakov

Download or read book Viral Nanotechnology written by Yury Khudyakov and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-06-23 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Viral Nanotechnology presents an up-to-date overview of the rapidly developing field of viral nanotechnology in the areas of immunology, virology, microbiology, chemistry, physics, and mathematical modeling. Its chapters are by leading researchers and practitioners, making it both a comprehensive and indispensable resource for study and research.Th

Viruses and Nanotechnology

Download Viruses and Nanotechnology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540693793
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (46 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Viruses and Nanotechnology by : Marianne Manchester

Download or read book Viruses and Nanotechnology written by Marianne Manchester and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-10-02 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanotechnology is a collective term describing a broad range of relatively novel topics. Scale is the main unifying theme, with nanotechnology being concerned with matter on the nanometer scale. A quintessential tenet of nanotechnology is the precise self-assembly of nanometer-sized components into ordered devices. Nanotechnology seeks to mimic what nature has achieved, with precision at the nanometer level down to the atomic level. Nanobiotechnology, a division of nanotechnology, involves the exploitation of biomaterials, devices or methodologies in the nanoscale. In recent years a set of b- molecules has been studied and utilized. Virus particles are natural nanomaterials and have recently received attention for their tremendous potential in this field. The extensive study of viruses as pathogens has yielded detailed knowledge about their biological, genetic, and physical properties. Bacterial viruses (bacte- ophages), plant and animal eukaryotic viruses, and viruses of archaea have all been characterized in this manner. The knowledge of their replicative cycles allows manipulation and tailoring of particles, relying on the principles of self-assembly in infected hosts to build the base materials. The atomic resolution of the virion structure reveals ways in which to tailor particles for higher-order functions and assemblies.

Viral Nanoparticles

Download Viral Nanoparticles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429533799
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Viral Nanoparticles by : Nicole F. Steinmetz

Download or read book Viral Nanoparticles written by Nicole F. Steinmetz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-08-21 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book overviews the applications of viral nanoparticles (VNPs) in areas ranging from materials science to biomedicine. It summarizes the many different VNP building blocks and describes chemistries that allow one to attach, entrap, or display functionalities on VNPs. The book outlines the strategies for the construction of 1-, 2-, and 3-D arrays, highlights the achievements in utilizing VNPs as tools for novel biosensors and nanoelectronic devices, and describes efforts in designing VNPs for biomedical applications, including their use as gene delivery vectors, novel vaccines, imaging modalities, and applications in targeted therapeutics.

Viral Nanoparticles

Download Viral Nanoparticles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9814267945
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (142 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Viral Nanoparticles by : Nicole F. Steinmetz

Download or read book Viral Nanoparticles written by Nicole F. Steinmetz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-08-21 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book overviews the applications of viral nanoparticles (VNPs) in areas ranging from materials science to biomedicine. It summarizes the many different VNP building blocks and describes chemistries that allow one to attach, entrap, or display functionalities on VNPs. The book outlines the strategies for the construction of 1-, 2-, and 3-D arrays, highlights the achievements in utilizing VNPs as tools for novel biosensors and nanoelectronic devices, and describes efforts in designing VNPs for biomedical applications, including their use as gene delivery vectors, novel vaccines, imaging modalities, and applications in targeted therapeutics.

Virus-Based Nanomaterials and Nanostructures

Download Virus-Based Nanomaterials and Nanostructures PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039286943
Total Pages : 178 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (392 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Virus-Based Nanomaterials and Nanostructures by : Dong-Wook Han

Download or read book Virus-Based Nanomaterials and Nanostructures written by Dong-Wook Han and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-06-23 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A virus is considered a nanoscale organic material that can infect and replicate only inside the living cells of other organisms, ranging from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. The structure of viruses consists of two main parts: the genetic material from either DNA or RNA that carries genetic information, and a protein coat, called the capsid, which surrounds and protects the genetic material. By inserting the gene encoding functional proteins into the viral genome, the functional proteins can be genetically displayed on the protein coat to form bioengineered viruses. Therefore, viruses can be considered biological nanoparticles with genetically tunable surface chemistry and can serve as models for developing virus-like nanoparticles and even nanostructures. Via this process of viral display, bioengineered viruses can be mass-produced with lower cost and potentially used for energy and biomedical applications. This book highlights the recent developments and future directions of virus-based nanomaterials and nanostructures. The virus-based biomimetic materials formulated using innovative ideas were characterized for the applications of biosensors and nanocarriers. The research contributions and trends on virus-based materials covering energy harvesting devices to tissue regeneration in the last two decades are discussed.

Nanotechnological Applications in Virology

Download Nanotechnological Applications in Virology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0323995977
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanotechnological Applications in Virology by : Mahendra Rai

Download or read book Nanotechnological Applications in Virology written by Mahendra Rai and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2022-06-23 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanotechnological Applications in Virology explores the use of nanoparticles-based technologies to fight against viruses, also discussing the use of nanoparticles in the preparation of nano masks and as sanitizing agents. The role of nanotechnology against HIV, Hepatitis, Influenza, Herpes, Ebola and Zika using rapid detection and diagnostic techniques is included, as is a brief description of SARS, MERS, the novel Coronavirus, and recent advancements in its treatment process. Other sections cover the formulation of novel nano-vaccines for the treatment and control of viral infections like HIV, Hepatitis and COVID-19. Included toxicological studies of nanoparticles provide readers with a brief overview on global scenarios regarding viral infections. Nanotechnology is the present age technology, with wide usage in different areas of medical science, including drug delivery, gene therapy, antimicrobials, biosensors and bio-labelling. Nanoparticles play a competent role as an anti-infection agent and thus act as efficient antiviral agents. Mitochondria as a Key Intracellular Target of Thallium Toxicity presents a new hypothesis that explains the decrease in antioxidant defense in thallium poisoning. In addition, the book proposes a new model for studying the transport of inorganic cations across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Readers will learn about the toxicity of thallium and its compounds, the toxicology of thallium, the toxic thallium effects on cells, and the effects of thallium on mitochondria. This book+J136 lists the pathways and mechanisms of thallium transport into cells and mitochondria. This toxicity has been analyzed at both the cellular and subcellular levels The increase in human contact with the toxic trace element thallium is associated with developments in industry, the release of this metal into the environment from various rocks, and the use of special isotope techniques for studying the vascular bed

Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials

Download Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000318370
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials by : Devarajan Thangadurai

Download or read book Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials written by Devarajan Thangadurai and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-01-19 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book summarizes the synthesis, properties, characterization, and application of viral and antiviral nanomaterials by using interdisciplinary subjects ranging from materials science to biomedical science. Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, Characterization, and Application highlights attainments in utilizing nanomaterials as powerful tools for the treatment of viral infections in plants, animals, and humans. It reviews the adopted strategies for designing viral and antiviral nanomaterials for medical applications, including cancer therapy and drug delivery. It also explains the different kinds of antiviral nanosized structures, their chemistries, and the attributes that enable them to be suitable targets for nanotherapeutics. The contributors have prepared the content in a comprehensive manner for readers to use their research findings to improve the healthcare of all living beings. FEATURES Reviews the novel tools for synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials as viral and antiviral agents Explores the different applications of currently available nanomaterials for the treatment of viral infections Investigates the role of antiviral nanodrugs in human and plant systems Addresses the activity of nanostructures in drug-delivery systems for cancer treatment Allows readers from various backgrounds to access the advanced research and practices across traditional frontiers Discusses viral nanomaterials as the viable future of antiviral drugs and nanovaccines in animals and humans This authoritative book is of exceptional relevance to postgraduate scholars, researchers, and scientists interested in nanomedicine, biomedical science, materials science, biopharmaceutical technology, microbiology, and virology to improve virus- and cancer-based therapeutic tools for animal and human welfare.

Virus-Based Nanomaterials and Nanostructures

Download Virus-Based Nanomaterials and Nanostructures PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783039286959
Total Pages : 178 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (869 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Virus-Based Nanomaterials and Nanostructures by : Dong-Wook Han

Download or read book Virus-Based Nanomaterials and Nanostructures written by Dong-Wook Han and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A virus is considered a nanoscale organic material that can infect and replicate only inside the living cells of other organisms, ranging from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. The structure of viruses consists of two main parts: the genetic material from either DNA or RNA that carries genetic information, and a protein coat, called the capsid, which surrounds and protects the genetic material. By inserting the gene encoding functional proteins into the viral genome, the functional proteins can be genetically displayed on the protein coat to form bioengineered viruses. Therefore, viruses can be considered biological nanoparticles with genetically tunable surface chemistry and can serve as models for developing virus-like nanoparticles and even nanostructures. Via this process of viral display, bioengineered viruses can be mass-produced with lower cost and potentially used for energy and biomedical applications. This book highlights the recent developments and future directions of virus-based nanomaterials and nanostructures. The virus-based biomimetic materials formulated using innovative ideas were characterized for the applications of biosensors and nanocarriers. The research contributions and trends on virus-based materials covering energy harvesting devices to tissue regeneration in the last two decades are discussed.

Emerging Topics in Physical Virology

Download Emerging Topics in Physical Virology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 1848164661
Total Pages : 333 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (481 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Emerging Topics in Physical Virology by : Peter G. Stockley

Download or read book Emerging Topics in Physical Virology written by Peter G. Stockley and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2010 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging Topics in Physical Virology is a state-of-the-art account of recent advances in the experimental analysis and modeling of structure, function and dynamics of viruses. It is the first interdisciplinary book that integrates a review of relevant experimental techniques, such as cryo-electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and mass spectrometry with the latest results on the biophysical and mathematical modeling of viruses. The book comprehensively covers the structure and physical properties of the protein envelopes that encapsulate and hence protect the delicate viral genome, their assembly and disassembly, the organization of the viral genome, infection, evolution, as well as applications of viruses in Biomedical Nanotechnology. It is an essential primer for scientists working in all aspects of virology, including the increasing use of viruses and virus-like particles in bio- and nano-technology. Its review style makes it moreover suitable for non-experts as an introduction into this exciting research area.

Nanotechnology-COVID-19 Interface

Download Nanotechnology-COVID-19 Interface PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9813363002
Total Pages : 149 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (133 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanotechnology-COVID-19 Interface by : Devasena T.

Download or read book Nanotechnology-COVID-19 Interface written by Devasena T. and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-03 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights the role of nanotechnology concepts in the management of COVID-19 pandemic. The book covers different aspects of the causative agent SARS CoV2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) and the COVID-19 pandemic with a special emphasis on nanotechnology. It discusses the origin and history of SARS CoV2 and the outbreak of COVID-19 and highlights the geographical mutations in the SARS CoV2 virus genome, providing information about the structural features, antigenicity and the life cycle of SARS CoV2. The book provides an insight into nanotechnology–virology interface and explains how nanomaterials link the gap between the vital phases of SARS CoV2 life cycle and the four modalities of COVID-19 management viz sensing/diagnosis, therapy, prevention and self-protection. Further, the existing and promising diagnostic tools for detection of COVID-19 are discussed with an emphasis on nano PCR, nanoimmunosensors, biobarcode assay and point of care approach and also describe the nanoparticles involved in the CT imaging of lungs and SFHI (Spatial Frequency Hetrodyne Imaging) for diagnosis of SARS COV2 infection. The book concludes with details about translational medicine and explains the types of SARS CoV2 vaccines, stages of COVID-19 vaccine development and possible nanovaccines for COVID-19, followed by the description on biopharmaceutical companies involved in the production of SARS CoV2 vaccines.

Nanotechnology and In Silico Tools

Download Nanotechnology and In Silico Tools PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0443154589
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (431 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanotechnology and In Silico Tools by : Mital Kaneria

Download or read book Nanotechnology and In Silico Tools written by Mital Kaneria and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-07-09 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanotechnology and In Silico Tools: Natural Remedies and Drug Discovery provides the latest information and updates in the area of drug discovery. It covers aspects like nanomedicines, bioinformatics, molecular docking, molecular modeling, QSAR, virtual screening and computational chemistry as well as metabolomics research using various tools. The drug discovery process accelerates the design of new leads for various life-threatening diseases and natural medicines. Silico tools have been an integral part of the drug discovery process, playing a major role as a template for drug discovery and offering a holistic approach to better management of various diseases. Nanotechnology and In Silico Tools: Natural Remedies and Drug Discovery combines the principles of natural medicines with refined modern technology to help chemists in the development of a more ecofriendly, and effective discovery process. Combines principles of natural medicines with refined modern technology Provides the latest updates on drug discovery Covers technologies for synthetic products that can be applied for the investigation of plant-derived natural remedies

Smart Nanomaterials to Combat the Spread of Viral Infections

Download Smart Nanomaterials to Combat the Spread of Viral Infections PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323993796
Total Pages : 449 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Smart Nanomaterials to Combat the Spread of Viral Infections by : Raju Khan

Download or read book Smart Nanomaterials to Combat the Spread of Viral Infections written by Raju Khan and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-03-04 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Smart Nanomaterials to Combat the Spread of Viral Infections comprises nanotechnology-based approaches with detailed preventive and treatment methodology for enabling their application in antiviral systems. This book discusses the role of metal nanoparticles in the treatment of and prevention of viral infections and nanotechnology advancements in antiviral coatings to combat affected surfaces. It also covers the use of nanomaterials for the efficient intracellular delivery of antiviral agents to disinfect and treat viral infections. This is a timely coverage of how nanotechnologies and materials as well as the utilization of artificial intelligence and Internet of things–based smart nano-systems are used to control and manage viral infections during the COVID-19 pandemic. Advances in smart research and future antimicrobial applications round out the book. This book provides a comprehensive overview of smart nanomaterials and advanced nano-system applications to researchers and academics in virology, microbiology, chemistry, material science, nanotechnology, and biotechnology as well as those in industries interested in their virucidal properties to prevent viral infections. Encompasses the novel synthesis of nanostructures and cost-effective nanosystems from functional hybrid materials with special emphasis on their effective virucidal properties being biocompatible and economic Examines mechanisms of advanced nanomaterials as effective virucidal agents in disinfectants, coatings, treatment, and preventive approaches Discusses possible advancements and upcoming smart research in antimicrobial applications Offers timely coverage of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic management strategies

Virus-Like Particles

Download Virus-Like Particles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 100056987X
Total Pages : 1642 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Virus-Like Particles by : Paul Pumpens

Download or read book Virus-Like Particles written by Paul Pumpens and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-05-22 with total page 1642 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book represents the first complete and systematic guide to the virus-like particles (VLPs) and their applications as vaccines, therapeutic tools, nanomaterials, and nanodevices. The grouping of the VLPs follows the most recent virus taxonomy and the traditional Baltimore classification of viruses, which are based on the genome structure and mechanism of mRNA synthesis. Within each of the seven Baltimore classes, the order taxon serves as a framework of the chapter’s arrangement. The term "VLP" is used as a universal designation for the virus-, core-, or capsid-like structures, which became an important part of the modern molecular virology. The 3D structures, expression systems, and nanotechnological applications are described for VLPs in the context of the original viruses and uncover their evolving potential as novel vaccines and medical interventions. Key Features Presents the first full guide to the VLP nanotechnology, classified by current viral taxonomy Outlines specific structural properties and interconnection of the virions and VLPs Explains generation and characteristics of VLPs produced by various expression systems Offers up-to-date summary of VLPs designed as vaccines and delivery tools Unveils interconnection of VLPs with novel organic and inorganic nanomaterials

Nanotechnology Platforms for Antiviral Challenges

Download Nanotechnology Platforms for Antiviral Challenges PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000836347
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanotechnology Platforms for Antiviral Challenges by : Soney C George

Download or read book Nanotechnology Platforms for Antiviral Challenges written by Soney C George and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-02-08 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanotechnology provides an innovative platform for drug delivery and antiviral actions. This book discusses the utilization of nano-based formulations for the control of viral agents. The antiviral potential of green synthesized silver, chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating curcumin, photoinduced antiviral carbon nanohorns, and the role of carbon-based materials like fullerenes and carbon nanotubes in the repression of viral antigens are explained. The book also covers nanomaterial-based solutions for SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections. Features: Explains theory and practical applications of nanomaterials as antiviral agents Reviews upscaling of nanomaterials from laboratory to fabrication stage Illustrates nanocurcumin, silver nanoparticles, and carbon nanoparticles for biomedical applications Highlights role of nanotechnology in effectively combating viral infections and pandemics Includes case studies of specific pharma companies This book is aimed at researchers, graduate students in materials science, microbiology and virology, and pharmaceutical sciences.

Viral Nanoparticles

Download Viral Nanoparticles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Pan Stanford Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9814267457
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (142 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Viral Nanoparticles by : Nicole F. Steinmetz

Download or read book Viral Nanoparticles written by Nicole F. Steinmetz and published by Pan Stanford Publishing. This book was released on 2011-08-31 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The utilization of viral nanoparticles (VNPs) in nanosciences and nanotechnology has become a popular field of research. This book offers an overview of the applications of VNPs in areas ranging from materials science to biomedicine. It also includes a summary of the many different VNP building blocks.

Virus Hybrids as Nanomaterials

Download Virus Hybrids as Nanomaterials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Humana
ISBN 13 : 9781493963249
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (632 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Virus Hybrids as Nanomaterials by : Baochuan Lin

Download or read book Virus Hybrids as Nanomaterials written by Baochuan Lin and published by Humana. This book was released on 2016-08-23 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Virus Hybrids as Nanomaterials: Methods and Protocols expert researchers in the field detail many of the methods used to study virus for medial and nonmedical applications. These include methods and techniques for genetically engineering viruses for therapeutic purpose and vaccine production, chemically modified viruses for virus-templated nanoparticles production, and genetically engineered or chemically modified viral particles as imaging agents. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Virus Hybrids as Nanomaterials: Methods and Protocols seek to aid new researchers to get involved in this multidisciplinary area.

Nanobiotechnology

Download Nanobiotechnology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128231157
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanobiotechnology by : Sougata Ghosh

Download or read book Nanobiotechnology written by Sougata Ghosh and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-05-20 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanobiotechnology: Microbes and Plant Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles, Mechanisms and Applications covers in detail the green synthesis of nanostructures of tailor-made size, shape and physico-chemical and opto-electronic properties. The rationale behind the selection of bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae, fungi, virus and medicinal plants for the synthesis of biologically active exotic nanoparticles for biomedical applications is also part of this book. It also explores metal recovery, bioconversion, detoxification and removal of heavy metals using nanobiotechnology and discusses the potential of nanobiotechnology to address environmental pollution and toxicity. The book further covers the economic and commercial aspects of such green nanobiotechnology initiatives, its current status in intellectual property rights like patents filed so far globally, technology transfers, and market potential. This information enables one to decipher the scope of biogenic nanoparticles and its prospects. Provides an overview on the general and applied aspects on nanotechnology Gives the scope of exploring bacteria, fungi, algae, virus and medicinal plants for the synthesis of exotic nanoparticles Furnishes a comprehensive report on the underlying molecular mechanisms behind the biosynthesis of nanoparticles Outlines sustainable alternative strategies of bioremediation of heavy metals, metal recovery, detoxification and bioconversion using nanobiotechnology Explores the promises of patenting, technology transfer and commercialization potential of biogenic nanoparticles