Understanding Teacher Stress In An Age Of Accountability

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Understanding Teacher Stress in an Age of Accountability

Author : Richard Lambert
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1607525232
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding Teacher Stress in an Age of Accountability by : Richard Lambert

Download or read book Understanding Teacher Stress in an Age of Accountability written by Richard Lambert and published by IAP. This book was released on 2006-03-01 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: School districts today face increasing calls for accountability during a time when budgets are stretched and students’ needs have become increasingly complex. The teacher’s responsibility is to educate younger people, but now more than ever, teachers face demands on a variety of fronts. In addition to teaching academic content, schools are responsible for students’ performance on state-wide tests. They are also asked to play an increasingly larger role in children’s well-being, including their nutritional needs and social and emotional welfare. Teachers have shown themselves to be more than capable of taking up such challenges, but what price is paid for the increasing demands we are placing on our schools? Understanding Teacher Stress in an Age of Accountability is about the nature of teachers stress and the resources they can employ to cope with it. Accountability is a two-way street and the authors in this volume suggest remedies for reducing teacher stress and in all likelihood increasing student learning—greater administrative support, more and better instructional materials, specialized resources targeted at demanding children, parental support, and professional recognition. Readers will discover that lack of funding, low pay, concerns about academic performance and student misbehavior, and increased public and governmental scrutiny are not exclusive to the United States. In this volume, the third in a series on Research on Stress and Coping in Education, authors from Australia, Turkey, Malaysia, and the Netherlands sound the same alarms, post the same warnings, and draw similarly disturbing conclusions.

International Perspectives on Teacher Stress

Author : Christopher McCarthy
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1617359173
Total Pages : 395 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis International Perspectives on Teacher Stress by : Christopher McCarthy

Download or read book International Perspectives on Teacher Stress written by Christopher McCarthy and published by IAP. This book was released on 2012-10-01 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the latest volume in the Research on Stress and Coping in Education series. The authors present original research and current theory regarding the realities of coping with the stresses of teaching. The chapters highlight working conditions for teachers around the globe and the processes and strategies that teachers use to survive and thrive in their daily work with students, families, and educational administrators. Both stress researchers and educational policy makers will find the chapters offer insights into sources of stress for teachers, strategies for stress prevention and coping, and the negative consequences that stress can have on teacher retention. Researchers from Norway, Turkey, Greece, the United States, the Netherlands, Germany, Russia, Italy, and China illustrate through a variety of research methods both the centrality of cultural context and the commonalities of teacher experiences around the world.

Research on Teacher Stress

Author : Christopher J. McCarthy
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 339 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (873 download)

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Book Synopsis Research on Teacher Stress by : Christopher J. McCarthy

Download or read book Research on Teacher Stress written by Christopher J. McCarthy and published by IAP. This book was released on 2023-03-01 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume informs our understanding of how educational settings can respond to the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Teaching has always been a challenging profession but the pandemic has added unprecedented levels of demands. Much of what we know about stress and trauma in education predates the COVID-19 pandemic. As the pandemic recedes, it seems likely that recruiting and retaining teachers, always a challenge, will become even more difficult. This could not be worse for students, who face steep losses in their academic and socio-emotional progress after more than two years of pandemic-impacted schooling. The silver lining is that scholars who study the occupational health have spent the past several years studying the effect of the pandemic on teachers, which led us to edit this volume to collected what is known and have these experts explain how we can better support teachers in the future. This book documents the many impacts of the pandemic on the teaching profession, but also leverages research to chart a path forward. Part I examines the contours of stress, with a particular emphasis on COVID-19 impacts. These contributions range from parents’ achievement worries to compassion fatigue, and, more optimistically, how teachers cope. Part II examines pandemic impacts on pre-school teachers, in both the U.S. and in Australia. Given the social distancing in place during the pandemic, pre-school students and their teachers were under unique demands, as there is no substitute for the personal connection critical at that age. It is likely that students entering elementary school in the next few years will have work to do in their social skills. Part III focuses on mentoring and stress during the pandemic. Mentoring is an important part of teacher’s professional development, but the pandemic scrambled traditional forms of mentoring as all teachers were thrown into unfamiliar online technology. The final section of this book, Part IV, includes links between teacher stress and trauma during the pandemic. Clearly, with the ongoing nature of the pandemic, it is easy to see how trauma is likely to manifest in years to come. Readers of this book will better understand teacher demands, as well as the resources teachers will need going forward. Teachers made heroic efforts during the pandemic to help their students both academically and personally. We owe to them to learn from research during the pandemic that points to the way to a healthier occupational future.

Educator Stress

Author : Teresa Mendonça McIntyre
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319530534
Total Pages : 522 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Educator Stress by : Teresa Mendonça McIntyre

Download or read book Educator Stress written by Teresa Mendonça McIntyre and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-28 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together the most current thinking and research on educator stress and how education systems can support quality teachers and quality education. It adopts an occupational health perspective to examine the problem of educator stress and presents theory-driven intervention strategies to reduce stress load and support educator resilience and healthy school organizations. The book provides an international perspective on key challenges facing educators such as teacher stress, teacher retention, training effective teachers, teacher accountability, cyber-bullying in schools, and developing healthy school systems. Divided into four parts, the book starts out by introducing and defining the problem of educator stress internationally and examining educator stress in the context of school, education system, and education policy factors. Part I includes chapters on educator mental health and well-being, stress-related biological vulnerabilities, the relation of stress to teaching self-efficacy, turnover in charter schools, and the role of culture in educator stress. Part II reviews the main conceptual models that explain educator stress while applying an occupational health framework to education contexts which stresses the role of organizational factors, including work organization and work practices. It ends with a proposal of a dynamic integrative theory of educator stress, which highlights the changing nature of educator stress with time and context. Part III starts with the definition of what constitute healthy school organizations as a backdrop to the following chapters which review the application of occupational health psychology theories and intervention approaches to reducing educator stress, promoting teacher resources and developing healthy school systems. Chapters include interventions at the individual, individual-organizational interface and organizational levels. Part III ends with a chapter addressing cyber-bullying, a new challenge affecting schools and teachers. Part IV discusses the implications for research, practice and policy in education, including teacher training and development. In addition, it presents a review of methodological issues facing researchers on educator stress and identifies future trends for research on this topic, including the use of ecological momentary assessment in educator stress research. The editors’ concluding comments reflect upon the application of an occupational health perspective to advance research, practice and policy directed at reducing stress in educators, and promoting teacher and school well-being.

Emerging Thought and Research on Student, Teacher, and Administrator Stress and Coping

Author : Gordon S. Gates
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1607526042
Total Pages : 261 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis Emerging Thought and Research on Student, Teacher, and Administrator Stress and Coping by : Gordon S. Gates

Download or read book Emerging Thought and Research on Student, Teacher, and Administrator Stress and Coping written by Gordon S. Gates and published by IAP. This book was released on 2007-07-01 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of chapters presents research focused on emerging strategies, paradigms, and theories on the sources, experiences, and consequences of stress, coping, and prevention pertaining to students, teachers and administrators. Studies analyze data collected through action research, program evaluation, surveys, qualitative interviewing, auto ethnography, and mixed methods gathered from students and educators in the United States, Italy, Holland, Turkey, and Australia.

The Oxford Handbook of Preservice Music Teacher Education in the United States

Author : Colleen Conway
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0190671408
Total Pages : 980 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Preservice Music Teacher Education in the United States by : Colleen Conway

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Preservice Music Teacher Education in the United States written by Colleen Conway and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2019-11-22 with total page 980 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford Handbook of Preservice Music Teacher Education in the United States identifies the critical need for increased cultural engagement in Pre-K-12 music education. Collectively, the handbook's 56 contributors argue that music education benefits all students only if educators activelywork to broaden diversity in the profession and consistently include diverse learning strategies, experiences, and perspectives in the classroom. In this handbook, contributors encourage music education faculty, researchers, and graduate students to take up that challenge.Throughout the handbook, contributors provide a look at ways music teacher educators prepare teachers to enter the music education profession and offer suggestions for ways in which preservice teachers can advocate for and adapt to changes in contemporary school settings. For example, educators canexpand the types of music groups offered to students, from choir to jazz ensemble. Building upon students' available resources, contributors use research-based approaches to identify the ways in which educational methods and practices must transform in order to successfully challenge existing musiceducation boundaries.

Resilience in Education

Author : Marold Wosnitza
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319766902
Total Pages : 343 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Resilience in Education by : Marold Wosnitza

Download or read book Resilience in Education written by Marold Wosnitza and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-22 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume focuses on resilience in educational contexts which has emerged as an important field of research, with recent investigation into resilience of school students teachers, and post-secondary students and staff. The book integrates theoretically diverse viewpoints and research advancing relevant theory. It furthermore presents interventions which aim enhancing resilience in the educational context. The interplay between more basic research and actual practice in the classroom, university or workplace enriches relevant theory and research. Each chapter includes an explanation of how resilience is conceptualized in the research and the methods used to examine resilience. The chapters also provide a description of the context in which the research was conducted and how particular aspects of context influence the resilience process. Innovative approaches to exploring resilience are highlighted as well as directions for future research.

Teacher Motivation

Author : Paul W. Richardson
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136314067
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (363 download)

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Book Synopsis Teacher Motivation by : Paul W. Richardson

Download or read book Teacher Motivation written by Paul W. Richardson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-05-30 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Teacher Motivation: Theory and Practice provides a much needed introduction to the current status and future directions of theory and research on teacher motivation. Although there is a robust literature covering the theory and research on student motivation, until recently there has been comparatively little attention paid to teachers. This volume draws together a decade of work from psychological theorists and researchers interested in what motivates people to choose teaching as a career, what motivates them as they work with students in classrooms, the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic forces on career experiences, and how their motivational profiles vary at different stages of their career. With chapters from leading experts on the topic, this volume provides a critical resource not only for educational psychologists, but also for those working in related fields such as educational leadership, teacher development, policy makers and school psychology.

Advances and Current Trends in Language Teacher Identity Research

Author : Yin Ling Cheung
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317686527
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances and Current Trends in Language Teacher Identity Research by : Yin Ling Cheung

Download or read book Advances and Current Trends in Language Teacher Identity Research written by Yin Ling Cheung and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-12-05 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the latest research on understanding language teacher identity and development for both novice and experienced researchers and educators, and introduces non-experts in language teacher education to key topics in teacher identity research. It covers a wide range of backgrounds, themes, and subjects pertaining to language teacher identity and development. Some of these include the effects of apprenticeship in doctoral training on novice teacher identity; the impacts of mid-career redundancy on the professional identities of teachers; challenges faced by teachers in the construction of their professional identities; the emerging professional identity of pre-service teachers; teacher identity development of beginning teachers; the role of emotions in the professional identities of non-native English speaking teachers; the negotiation of professional identities by female academics. Advances and Current Trends in Language Teacher Identity Research will appeal to academics in ELT/TESOL/applied linguistics. It will also be useful to those who are non-experts in language teacher education, yet still need to know about theories and recent advances in the area due to varying reasons including their affiliation to a teacher training institute; needs to participate in projects on language teacher education; and teaching a course for pre-service and in-service language teachers.

The International Handbook of Teacher Ethos

Author : Fritz Oser
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303073644X
Total Pages : 468 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

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Book Synopsis The International Handbook of Teacher Ethos by : Fritz Oser

Download or read book The International Handbook of Teacher Ethos written by Fritz Oser and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-08-05 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is the first handbook that brings together cutting-edge international research on teacher ethos from a broad array of disciplines. The main focus will be on research that illustrates current conceptualizations of ethos and its importance for acting effectively and responsibly in and out of the classroom. Research will encompass updated empirical and philosophical work that points to the difference in learning when teaching is practised as a moral activity instead of a merely functional one. Authors are among the world’s foremost researchers whose work crosses over from moral education into psychology, neuroscience, sociology, philosophy, pedagogy, and curriculum, drawing on these various fields of research. Today, more than ever, we understand that teachers, like other professionals, need more than subject-matter expertise for acting responsibly and doing their best in their daily duties. Doing so requires possessing a guiding system of professional ethics, moral positioning, goals, norms, and values – in other words: a professional ethos. While the handbook concentrates on Western domains in the current era, the work will extend to other cultures and times as well. With this comprehensive range of perspectives, the book will be attractive and useful for researchers on teachers and teaching as well as for teacher educators, curriculum designers, educational officials, and, last-but-not-least, anyone who is interested in what makes a good teacher. This volume is also a tribute to Fritz Oser, a leading scholar in research on ethos, who sadly passed-away during the compilation of this handbook.

Mindfulness for Educational Practice

Author : Gordon S. Gates
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1623968178
Total Pages : 173 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Mindfulness for Educational Practice by : Gordon S. Gates

Download or read book Mindfulness for Educational Practice written by Gordon S. Gates and published by IAP. This book was released on 2015-03-01 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the 8th Volume in the Research on Stress and Coping in Education Series. Mindfulness is gaining attention within many disciplines including education and the authors present original research and current theory for examining ways such practice can be used to improve school outcomes for students and strengthen supports for teachers and school leaders. The chapters are written to be useful for practitioners and pre-service educators by posing recommendations for those considering these strategies and techniques. Specific treatment is given to work of teachers, principals, and superintendents. Research is beginning to document the acceptability and efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) in the reduction of stress and burnout, and in the improvement of occupational health and well-being, among educators and school administrators. In this groundbreaking volume of the Research on Stress and Coping in Education series - Mindfulness for Educational Practice: A Path to Resilience for Challenging Work, educational researchers and practitioners advance the exploration of MBIs in educational settings by asking how they might contribute not only to stress reduction and resilience enhancement, but also to the improvement of relationships and the everyday practices of leadership, teaching and learning in the schools. Individual chapters in this volume focus on key questions in the field of study concerned with mindfulness in education today, including (1) What is the role of MBIs in enhancing emotional self-awareness and self-care in teachers, as well as their sense of efficacy and agency with regard to making broader educational changes? (2) Can mindfulness training; by enhancing attentiveness to counterfactual or novel information, as well as environmental conditions and other people’s perspectives more generally, benefit educational leaders in their work in guiding their staffs towards collaborative educational reforms? (3) Can the cultivation of emotional awareness and emotion regulation skills (e.g., non-reactivity) through mindfulness training help educators – from pre-service teachers to superintendents, to improve their interpersonal skills with students, families and community members? (4) In classroom settings, can the cultivation of mindfulness and compassion in teachers promote closer teacher-student relationships and greater student engagement in learning academic subjects like math? These are the timely and important pragmatic questions addressed theoretically, empirically, and practically in this volume. The collective chapters in this volume, drawn largely from the experience of practitioners working in the schools everyday, are characterized by qualitative and action research methods and phenomenological reports of educators as they embark on a process of professional development through mindfulness training. As such, the volume marks a significant contribution in terms of documenting the perspectives, challenges, and triumphs educators are currently experiencing as they engage with MBIs in education both within and beyond the mindfulness-training context. The book is an excellent read and an important one for all those interested in research on mindfulness in education today. Robert W. Roeser Co-Editor with Dr. Kimberly Schonert-Reichl of “Handbook of Mindfulness in Education: Theory, Research & Practice” (2015, Springer) Professor of Psychology Portland State University Portland, Oregon September 14, 2014

Teaching Leaders to Lead Teachers

Author : Saran Donahoo
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080550932
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Teaching Leaders to Lead Teachers by : Saran Donahoo

Download or read book Teaching Leaders to Lead Teachers written by Saran Donahoo and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2007-08-20 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: TEACHING LEADERS TO LEAD TEACHERS: EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN THE ERA OF CONSTANT CRISIS In the 21st century, the perceived crisis in how schools educate students significantly influences the decision of teachers to move into administrative positions as well as their ability to succeed once they take on these positions. Influenced by the media, the community and the teacher’s lounge, many good educators are increasingly unwilling or simply unprepared to make the jump into school leadership and management. This book addresses some of the issues that affect school leadership by providing insights into the current state of educational administration in the hope of demystifying or dismissing some of the popular assumptions regarding what really takes place in the administration office. In doing so, this text examines topics related to the preparation and training of prospective administrators, factors that affect the process of leading in learning environments and perspectives on the state and structure of school leadership research and development.

The Business of Teaching

Author : Meghan Stacey
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030354075
Total Pages : 198 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis The Business of Teaching by : Meghan Stacey

Download or read book The Business of Teaching written by Meghan Stacey and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-12-23 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the experiences of early career teachers in a profession that has become highly stratified by market processes. The author presents New South Wales, Australia as a case study: a state with a long history of academically selective and private sector schooling, which has become increasingly segregated under a series of neoliberalised policy reforms since the 1980s. The experiences of teachers in this book are rich and varied, from a variety of different contexts – ranging from public schools enrolling students experiencing significant educational disadvantage to elite independent schools serving much more advantaged student cohorts. Highlighting teachers’ experiences in themselves rather than their impact on students, this timely book will be of interest and value to scholars of sociology of education, teachers’ work and education policy.

Stress and Coping of English Learners

Author : Teresa Rishel
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1641131519
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (411 download)

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Book Synopsis Stress and Coping of English Learners by : Teresa Rishel

Download or read book Stress and Coping of English Learners written by Teresa Rishel and published by IAP. This book was released on 2018-03-01 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stress and Coping of English Learners addresses the many ways that ELs face academic and socioemotional stress in the K–12 school environment, the consequences of this stress at school, how they cope with this stress, and how school personnel and families can provide support and help. While enrollment in school programs offers assistance to many ELs, it often fails to provide the socioemotional support that ELs need as they navigate the rough waters of schooling. American schooling is often not prepared and/or unwilling to help ELs as they adapt to an unfamiliar language, culture, social norms, communication techniques, and teachers' expectations. Given the proper foundation and emotional support, ELs will be positioned for greater academic success, comfort at school, and a decrease in their sense of alienation in both the school environment and at home as they try to negotiate between two cultural environments.

Handbook of Research on Professional Development for Quality Teaching and Learning

Author : Petty, Teresa
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 152250205X
Total Pages : 824 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Professional Development for Quality Teaching and Learning by : Petty, Teresa

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Professional Development for Quality Teaching and Learning written by Petty, Teresa and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2016-06-16 with total page 824 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As educational standards continue to transform, it has become essential for educators and pre-service teachers to receive the support and training necessary to effectively instruct their students and meet societal expectations. However, there is not a clear consensus on what constitutes teacher effectiveness and quality within the education realm. The Handbook of Research on Professional Development for Quality Teaching and Learning provides theoretical perspectives and empirical research on educator preparation and methods for enhancing the teaching process. Focusing on teacher effectiveness and support provided to current and pre-service educators, this publication is a comprehensive reference source for practitioners, researchers, policy makers, graduate students, and university faculty.

Learning to Teach

Author : Patrick M. Jenlink
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1475860196
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (758 download)

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Book Synopsis Learning to Teach by : Patrick M. Jenlink

Download or read book Learning to Teach written by Patrick M. Jenlink and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2021-08-14 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learning to Teach: Curricular and Pedagogical Considerations for Teacher Preparation introduces the reader to a collection of thoughtful research-based works by the authors. The chapters reflect the personal and professional experiences, based on field-research, of the contributing authors. The research study presented in each chapter offers different perspectives and approaches to ‘learning to teach’. Bridging theory and research in pre-service teacher preparation programs are examined. Each study reflects the findings on how the components and experiences of teacher preparation are addressed in diverse contexts and disciplines as well as the prevalent challenges for pre-service teacher preparation. Chapter One opens the book with a focus on learning to teach and the importance of symmetry in preparation and practice. Chapters Two – Ten present field-based research that examines the important complexities of ‘learning to teach’ in pre-service teacher preparation, acknowledging that across different disciplines the ‘learning to teach’ experiences vary based on the role and responsibilities that teachers have upon entering the classroom to teach.

Personality, Stress, and Coping

Author : Erica Frydenberg
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1617355259
Total Pages : 339 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis Personality, Stress, and Coping by : Erica Frydenberg

Download or read book Personality, Stress, and Coping written by Erica Frydenberg and published by IAP. This book was released on 2011-09-01 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nearly all chapters in this volume are contemporary original research on personality, stress, and coping in educational contexts. The research spans primary, secondary, and tertiary education. Research participants are students and teachers. The volume brings together contributions from the United States, Australia, Canada, Italy, Scotland, and Hong Kong. Outcomes of interest in the studies include achievement (e.g., grades), cognitive processes such as problem solving, and psychological/ emotional health and well-being. The book is divided into two sections. Part I focuses on personality, stress, and coping in children and young people and Part II addresses personality, stress and coping among adults. Each chapter is introduced by an abstract that summarizes the study. Each chapter makes a unique contribution and can stand alone; interested individuals may benefit from reading any of the chapters without the necessity of reading others. At the same time, there is frequent content overlap among chapters; many authors utilized some of the same measurement devices to assess study variables, and similar or identical variables are studied across chapters utilizing diverse theoretical perspectives or models. In measuring coping, several chapters used the Adolescent Coping Scale (Frydenberg & Lewis, 1993) and a number of others utilized the COPE scale (Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989). Particular personality models or variables were commonly studied. A few chapters investigated the Big Five, two studied self efficacy and two researched implicit theories of personality.