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Tritium Transport In The Numi Decay Pipe Region Modeling And Comparison With Experimental Data
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Book Synopsis Tritium Transport in the NuMI Decay Pipe Region - Modeling and Comparison with Experimental Data by :
Download or read book Tritium Transport in the NuMI Decay Pipe Region - Modeling and Comparison with Experimental Data written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The NuMI (Neutrinos at Main Injector) beam facility at Fermilab is designed to produce an intense beam of muon neutrinos to be sent to the MINOS underground experiment in Soudan, Minnesota. Neutrinos are created by the decay of heavier particles. In the case of NuMI, the decaying particles are created by interaction of high-energy protons in a target, creating mostly positive pions. These particles can also interact with their environment, resulting in production of a variety of short-lived radionuclides and tritium. In the NuMI beam, neutrinos are produced by 120 GeV protons from the Fermilab Main Injector accelerator which are injected into the NuMI beam line using single turn extraction. The beam line has been designed for 400 kW beam power, roughly a factor of 2 above the initial (2005-06) running conditions. Extracted protons are bent downwards at a 57mr angle towards the Soudan Laboratory. The meson production target is a 94 cm segmented graphite rod, cooled by water in stainless tubes on the top and bottom of the target. The target is followed by two magnetic horns which are pulsed to 200 kA in synchronization with the passage of the beam, producing focusing of the secondary hadron beam and its daughter neutrinos. Downstream of the second horn the meson beam is transported for 675 m in an evacuated 2 m diameter beam (''decay'') pipe. Subsequently, the residual mesons and protons are absorbed in a water cooled aluminum/steel absorber immediately downstream of the decay pipe. Some 200 m of rock further downstream ranges out all of the residual muons. During beam operations, after installation of the chiller condensate system in December 2005, the concentration of tritiated water in the MINOS sump flow of 177 gpm was around 12 pCi/ml, for a total of 0.010 pCi/day. A simple model of tritium transport and deposition via humidity has been constructed to aid in understanding how tritium reaches the sump water. The model deals with tritium transported as HTO, water in which one hydrogen atom has been replaced with tritium. Based on concepts supported by the modeling, a dehumidification system was installed during May 2006 that reduced the tritium level in the sump by a factor of two. This note is primarily concerned with tritium that was produced in the NuMI target pile, carried by air flow into the target hall and down the decay pipe passageway (where most of it was deposited). The air is exhausted through the existing air vent shaft EAV2 (Figure 1).
Book Synopsis Modeling and Analysis of Tritium Transport in Multi-region Lead-lithium Liquid Metal Blankets by : Hongjie Zhang
Download or read book Modeling and Analysis of Tritium Transport in Multi-region Lead-lithium Liquid Metal Blankets written by Hongjie Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is critical to be able to predict tritium transport in lead-lithium liquid metal (LM) blankets with great accuracy to provide information for fusion reactor safety and economy analyses. However, tritium transport processes are complex and affected by multiple physics such as magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow, yet there is no single computer code capable of simulating these phenomena inclusively. Thus the objectives of this research are: 1) to develop mathematical models and computational codes to quantify both tritium distributions throughout the blanket and the permeation loss rate from LM to helium coolant, and 2) to evaluate the key factors that govern tritium permeation and distribution. To accomplish these objectives, a computational framework for analyzing tritium transport phenomena affected by multi-physics and geometric features has been developed. Models have been proposed to integrate multiple tritium transfer processes, including transport inside the LM MHD flow, transfer across the material interface, and permeation through the structural materials and into the helium coolant. Numerical schemes have been developed and implemented in the code to link the different transport mechanisms. The developed model and code have been validated against the data from the US-JA TITAN experiments on hydrogen transport through an [alpha]-Fe/PbLi system and in-reactor tritium release data from lead-lithium, and the modeling results agree well with the experimental data. Parametric studies are performed to quantify the MHD effects, buoyancy effects, PES effects, and the uncertainties of transport properties. The MHD effects reduce the tritium permeation rate due to the higher velocity near the wall. However, the rate of decrease is reduced at higher Hartmann numbers. The buoyancy effect on tritium transport in the LM MHD flows is revealed. Its tritium inventory drops by 80%, and the permeation rate drops by 20% for an upward flow compared to a downward flow. If a PES is introduced on the wall parallel to the magnetic field, tritium loss rate increases by 15% because the velocity is reduced near the front wall. The range of permeation rate change on the basis of uncertainties of transport properties is also provided, and the effect of the uncertainty of tritium solubility is significant. Furthermore, as the FCI electric conductivity increases from 5 to 500 [omega]−1m−1, the tritium permeation rate decreases by 46% due to the increasing velocity in the gap. Lastly, the difference in tritium permeation rates between dual coolant lead lithium (DCLL) and helium-cooled lead lithium (HCLL) blanket concepts is quantified. The tritium permeation loss percentage from the HCLL concept is about one order of magnitude higher than from the DCLL concept (~ 17%. vs. 1.2%). This is mainly due to a much lower velocity and thus a much higher tritium partial pressure for the HCLL concept. The computational models and results stated in this work provide guidance on the lead-lithium liquid metal blanket designs to comply tritium control requirements with regard to the reduction in tritium permeation and inventory and on planning the experiments for database evaluation.
Book Synopsis The Physics of Neutrinos by : Vernon Barger
Download or read book The Physics of Neutrinos written by Vernon Barger and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2012-09-30 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The physics of neutrinos--uncharged elementary particles that are key to helping us better understand the nature of our universe--is one of the most exciting frontiers of modern science. This book provides a comprehensive overview of neutrino physics today and explores promising new avenues of inquiry that could lead to future breakthroughs. The Physics of Neutrinos begins with a concise history of the field and a tutorial on the fundamental properties of neutrinos, and goes on to discuss how the three neutrino types interchange identities as they propagate from their sources to detectors. The book shows how studies of neutrinos produced by such phenomena as cosmic rays in the atmosphere and nuclear reactions in the solar interior provide striking evidence that neutrinos have mass, and it traces our astounding progress in deciphering the baffling experimental findings involving neutrinos. The discovery of neutrino mass offers the first indication of a new kind of physics that goes beyond the Standard Model of elementary particles, and this book considers the unanticipated patterns in the masses and mixings of neutrinos in the framework of proposed new theoretical models. The Physics of Neutrinos maps out the ambitious future facilities and experiments that will advance our knowledge of neutrinos, and explains why the way forward in solving the outstanding questions in neutrino science will require the collective efforts of particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, and cosmology.
Download or read book Fermilab Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Introduction to the Physics of Massive and Mixed Neutrinos by : Samoil Bilenky
Download or read book Introduction to the Physics of Massive and Mixed Neutrinos written by Samoil Bilenky and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-09-14 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For many years neutrino was considered a massless particle. The theory of a two-componentneutrino,whichplayedacrucialroleinthecreationofthetheoryof theweakinteraction,isbasedontheassumptionthattheneutrinomassisequalto zero. We now know that neutrinos have nonzero, small masses. In numerous exp- iments with solar, atmospheric, reactor and accelerator neutrinos a new p- nomenon, neutrino oscillations, was observed. Neutrino oscillations (periodic transitionsbetweendifferent?avorneutrinos? ,? ,? )arepossibleonlyifneutrino e ? ? mass-squareddifferencesaredifferentfromzeroandsmalland?avorneutrinosare “mixed”. The discovery of neutrino oscillations opened a new era in neutrino physics: an era of investigation of neutrino masses, mixing, magnetic moments and other neutrino properties. After the establishment of the Standard Model of the el- troweak interaction at the end of the seventies, the discovery of neutrino masses was the most important discovery in particle physics. Small neutrino masses cannot be explained by the standard Higgs mechanism of mass generation. For their explanation a new mechanism is needed. Thus, small neutrino masses is the ?rst signature in particle physics of a new beyond the Standard Model physics. It took many years of heroic efforts by many physicists to discover n- trino oscillations. After the ?rst period of investigation of neutrino oscillations, manychallengingproblemsremainedunsolved.Oneofthemostimportantisthe problem of the nature of neutrinos with de?nite masses. Are they Dirac n- trinos possessing a conserved lepton number which distinguish neutrinos and antineutrinos or Majorana neutrinos with identical neutrinos and antineutrinos? Many experiments of the next generation and new neutrino facilities are now under preparation and investigation. There is no doubt that exciting results are ahead.
Book Synopsis Neutrino Cosmology by : Julien Lesgourgues
Download or read book Neutrino Cosmology written by Julien Lesgourgues and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-02-21 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A self-contained guide to the role played by neutrinos in the Universe and how their properties influence cosmological and astrophysical observations.
Book Synopsis Particle Physics Reference Library by : Christian W. Fabjan
Download or read book Particle Physics Reference Library written by Christian W. Fabjan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020 with total page 1083 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second open access volume of the handbook series deals with detectors, large experimental facilities and data handling, both for accelerator and non-accelerator based experiments. It also covers applications in medicine and life sciences. A joint CERN-Springer initiative, the "Particle Physics Reference Library" provides revised and updated contributions based on previously published material in the well-known Landolt-Boernstein series on particle physics, accelerators and detectors (volumes 21A, B1,B2,C), which took stock of the field approximately one decade ago. Central to this new initiative is publication under full open access
Book Synopsis Neutrinos in Particle Physics, Astronomy and Cosmology by : Zhizhong Xing
Download or read book Neutrinos in Particle Physics, Astronomy and Cosmology written by Zhizhong Xing and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-08 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Neutrinos in Particle Physics, Astronomy and Cosmology" provides a comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to neutrino physics, neutrino astronomy and neutrino cosmology. The intrinsic properties and fundamental interactions of neutrinos are described, as is the phenomenology of lepton flavor mixing, seesaw mechanisms and neutrino oscillations. The cosmic neutrino background, stellar neutrinos, supernova neutrinos and ultrahigh-energy cosmic neutrinos, together with the cosmological matter-antimatter asymmetry and other roles of massive neutrinos in cosmology, are discussed in detail. This book is intended for researchers and graduate students in the fields of particle physics, particle astrophysics and cosmology. Dr. Zhizhong Xing is a professor at the Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Dr. Shun Zhou is currently a postdoctoral fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Physics, Germany.
Book Synopsis Massive Neutrinos by : Orrin Fackler
Download or read book Massive Neutrinos written by Orrin Fackler and published by Atlantica Séguier Frontières. This book was released on 1991 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Measurements of Neutrino Mass by : F. Ferroni
Download or read book Measurements of Neutrino Mass written by F. Ferroni and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2009-09-29 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers a valuable insight into various aspects of the ongoing work directed at measuring neutrino mass. It took twenty years to refute the assertions of Bethe and Peierls that neutrinos were not observable, but it has since been realised that much can be learnt from these particles. The moral is, as Fiorini argues here, that the study of neutrinos was and remains demanding but rewarding. Subjects addressed in this volume include; clarifying the meaning of the Klapdor-Kleingrothaus results, probing the Majorana nature of neutrinos, observing lepton number violating effects for the first time, studying the end point of the spectrum in the search for neutrino masses and speculating whether it is possible to measure neutrino masses in cosmology. Lectures are enriched with rich historical overviews and valuable introductory material. Attention is also given to theoretical topics such as the evolution of the concept of mass in particle physics, a status report on neutrino oscillations and current discussion on neutrino masses. The reader is further reminded that neutrino masses may also have some bearing on the very origin of the matter among us, and have many deep links with other important lines of current physics research.
Book Synopsis Industrial Accelerators and Their Applications by : Robert Wray Hamm
Download or read book Industrial Accelerators and Their Applications written by Robert Wray Hamm and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2012 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique new book is a comprehensive review of the many current industrial applications of particle accelerators, written by experts in each of these fields. Readers will gain a broad understanding of the principles of these applications, the extent to which they are employed, and the accelerator technology utilized. The book also serves as a thorough introduction to these fields for non-experts and laymen. Due to the increased interest in industrial applications, there is a growing interest among accelerator physicists and many other scientists worldwide in understanding how accelerators are used in various applications. The government agencies that fund scientific research with accelerators are also seeking more information on the many commercial applications that have been or can be developed with the technology developments they are funding. Many industries are also doing more research on how they can improve their products or processes using particle beams
Book Synopsis Cryostat Design by : J.G. Weisend II
Download or read book Cryostat Design written by J.G. Weisend II and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-12 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book enables the reader to learn the fundamental and applied aspects of practical cryostat design by examining previous design choices and resulting cryostat performance. Through a series of extended case studies the book presents an overview of existing cryostat design covering a wide range of cryostat types and applications, including the magnet cryostats that comprise the majority of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, space-borne cryostats containing sensors operating below 1 K, and large cryogenic liquid storage vessels. It starts with an introductory section on the principles of cryostat design including practical data and equations. This section is followed by a series of case studies on existing cryostats, describing the specific requirements of the cryostat, the challenges involved and the design choices made along with the resulting performance of the cryostat. The cryostat examples used in the studies are chosen to cover a broad range of cryostat applications and the authors of each case are leading experts in the field, most of whom participated in the design of the cryostats being described. The concluding chapter offers an overview of lessons learned and summarises some key hints and tips for practical cryostat design. The book will help the reader to expand their knowledge of many disciplines required for good cryostat design, including the cryogenic properties of materials, heat transfer and thermal insulation, instrumentation, safety, structures and seals.
Book Synopsis Microwave Absorbing Materials by : Yuping Duan
Download or read book Microwave Absorbing Materials written by Yuping Duan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-10-14 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the phenomenal development of electromagnetic wave communication devices and stealth technology, electromagnetic wave absorbing materials have been attracting attention as antielectromagnetic interference slabs, stealth materials, self-concealing technology, and microwave darkrooms. This book starts with the fundamental theory of electromagnetic wave absorption in loss medium space, followed by a discussion of different microwave absorbents, such as manganese dioxide, iron-based composite powder, conductive polyaniline, barium titanate powder, and manganese nitride. Then, structural absorbing materials are explored, including multilayer materials, new discrete absorbers, microwave absorption coatings, cement-based materials, and structural pyramid materials. Many of the graphics demonstrate not only the principles of physics and experimental results but also the methodology of computing. The book will be useful for graduate students of materials science and engineering, physics, chemistry, and electrical and electronic engineering; researchers in the fields of electromagnetic functional materials and nanoscience; and engineers in the fields of electromagnetic compatibility and stealth design.
Book Synopsis Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics by : Y. Suzuki
Download or read book Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics written by Y. Suzuki and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1999-07-28 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The scientific program of these important proceedings was arranged to cover most of the field of neutrino physics. In light of the rapid growth of interest stimulated by new interesting results from the field, more than half of the papers presented here are related to the neutrino mass and oscillations, including atmospheric and solar neutrino studies. Neutrino mass and oscillations could imply the existence of a mass scale many orders of magnitudes higher than presented in current physics and will probably guide scientists beyond the standard model of particle physics.
Book Synopsis Frontiers of Fundamental Physics by : M. Barone
Download or read book Frontiers of Fundamental Physics written by M. Barone and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Olympia conference Frontiers of Fundamental Physics was a gathering of about hundred scientists who carryon their research in conceptually important areas of physical science (they do "fundamental physics"). Most of them were physicists, but also historians and philosophers of science were well represented. An important fraction of the participants could be considered "heretical" because they disagreed with the validity of one or several fundamental assumptions of modern physics. Common to all participants was an excellent scientific level coupled with a remarkable intellectual honesty: we are proud to present to the readers this certainly unique book. Alternative ways of considering fundamental matters should of course be vitally important for the progress of science, unless one wanted to admit that physics at the end of the XXth century has already obtained the final truth, a very unlikely possibility even if one accepted the doubtful idea of the existence of a "final" truth. The merits of the Olympia conference should therefore not be judged a priori in a positive or in a negative way depending on one's refusal or acceptance, respectively, but considered after reading the actual of basic principles of contemporary science, new proposals and evidences there presented. They seem very important to us.
Book Synopsis Physics at Fermilab in the 1990's, August 15-24, 1989, Breckenridge, Colorado by : Dan Green
Download or read book Physics at Fermilab in the 1990's, August 15-24, 1989, Breckenridge, Colorado written by Dan Green and published by World Scientific Publishing Company. This book was released on 1990 with total page 586 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This conference celebrates the 40th anniversary of the first Rochester Conference and honours Prof. Susumu Okubo on his 60th birthday. The original Rochester Conference brought a small group of leading physicists to discuss current results and trends in both theory and experiment. The present conference has also adhered to this format -- covering the developments in particle physics over the last forty years and presenting the latest theoretical and experimental results in the field.
Author :United States. Department of Energy. Division of Nuclear Power Development Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :354 pages Book Rating :4.F/5 ( download)
Book Synopsis PWR steam generator chemical cleaning by : United States. Department of Energy. Division of Nuclear Power Development
Download or read book PWR steam generator chemical cleaning written by United States. Department of Energy. Division of Nuclear Power Development and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
