The Social Dynamics Of Organizational Justice

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The Social Dynamics of Organizational Justice

Author : Stephen W. Gilliland
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1623968623
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis The Social Dynamics of Organizational Justice by : Stephen W. Gilliland

Download or read book The Social Dynamics of Organizational Justice written by Stephen W. Gilliland and published by IAP. This book was released on 2015-02-01 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eighth volume in the Research in Social Issues in Management series explores a variety of social relations to expand our thinking about organizational justice, which is fundamentally based on relationships between organizational authorities and the employees of the organizations. These relationships also emphasize the roles of various actors and suggest fairness perspectives other than that of subordinates’ perceptions of the treatment received from their superiors. The 10 chapters of the volume are divided into two major sections plus a conclusion. The first section presents five chapters that bring new theoretical perspectives to bear on justice considerations. Topics treated throughout this section include conflicting perspectives on justice, psychological distance, greed, and punishment. The second section places emphasis on leaders’ or managers’ perspectives of justice, going back to some of the initial proactive roots of justice rather than on what has become the more traditional focus, that of subordinate perceptions or reactive justice. In the contributions comprising this section, leaders’ personalities, their motives, and their position as both superiors of some employees and subordinates of their own superiors are examined to provide new perspectives on the leadership role in justice matters. The concluding chapter, by Brockner and Carter, comments on the collection of chapters and proposes extensions and alternative perspectives for consideration. This commentary chapter suggests that the volume surfs a fifth wave in the history of justice research as these chapters all examine justice as a dependent variable influenced by numerous factors.

Managing Social and Ethical Issues in Organizations

Author : Stephen W. Gilliland
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1607527057
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis Managing Social and Ethical Issues in Organizations by : Stephen W. Gilliland

Download or read book Managing Social and Ethical Issues in Organizations written by Stephen W. Gilliland and published by IAP. This book was released on 2007-02-01 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides up-to-date reviews of the research on a number of social and ethical issues of increasing concern confronting today's managers and organizations. The authors, who are recognized international experts on the topics they treat, provide new theories and innovative perspectives on these issues. Further, they use a research base to identify ways for managers and human resources professionals to address these issues in their organizations. Given its breadth of coverage, practitioners faced with these issues, as well as researchers and graduate students in management and organizational psychology, should find this volume of interest. This collection of ten chapters provides the cutting edge on a number of the most pressing challenges in management today. Readers of the volume will discover new models, innovative theoretical approaches, comprehensive reviews, theoretical and methodological critiques, and specific and insightful suggestions for research on these different social and ethical issues facing organizations. Perhaps more importantly, the practical suggestions that come from the research provide a useful bridge between what we know and what we can do to address these challenges, and thus contribute, even in a small way, to workplaces that respect ethics and individuals in all their diversity.

Emerging Perspectives on Organizational Justice and Ethics

Author : Stephen W. Gilliland
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1617355836
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis Emerging Perspectives on Organizational Justice and Ethics by : Stephen W. Gilliland

Download or read book Emerging Perspectives on Organizational Justice and Ethics written by Stephen W. Gilliland and published by IAP. This book was released on 2011-09-01 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume in Research in Social Issues in Management expands our understanding of organizational justice and applies justice theories to develop models of ethical behavior in organizations. At a time of global economic recession and frequent business and accounting scandals, many people are questioning the ethics of business leaders. Whether these challenges are actual or perceived, models grounded in organizational justice theories provide powerful insights and suggest new ways of looking at leadership ethics. By examining what it means to be just and examining relationships between justice and ethicality, the chapters in this volume have provided conceptual models for understanding ethical challenges facing organizations. The chapters are organized around two related themes. The first theme is expanding models of organizational justice. After 30 years of research, a natural question is whether we have reached the useful limits in developing theories of organizational justice. The clear answer you will see after reading these chapters is no, as each chapter pushes our thinking in new directions. The second theme is applying organizational justice theories to develop models of ethical and unethical behavior in organizations. The models address topics of greed, dehumanization, and moral contracts.

Advances in Organizational Justice

Author : Jerald Greenberg
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0804764581
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in Organizational Justice by : Jerald Greenberg

Download or read book Advances in Organizational Justice written by Jerald Greenberg and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2002-03-01 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a state-of-the-science book about organizational justice, which is the study of people’s perception of fairness in organizations. The volume’s contributors, all acknowledged leaders in this burgeoning field, present new theoretical positions, clarify existing paradigms, and identify future areas of application. The first chapter provides a comprehensive framework that integrates and synthesizes key concepts in the field: distributive justice, procedural justice, and retributive justice. The second chapter is a full theoretical analysis of how people use fairness judgments as means of guiding their reactions to organizations and their authorities. The subsequent two chapters examine the conceptual interrelationships between various forms of organizational justice. First, we are given a definitive review and analysis of interactional justice that critically assesses the evidence bearing on its validity. The next chapter argues that previous research has underemphasized important similarities between distributive and procedural justice, and suggests new research directions for establishing these similarities. The three following chapters focus on the social and interpersonal antecedents of justice judgments: the influence that expectations of justice and injustice can have on work-related attitudes and behavior; the construction of a model of the determinants and consequences of normative beliefs about justice in organizations that emphasizes the role of cross-cultural norms; and the potential impact of diversity and multiculturalism on the viability of organizations. The book’s final chapter identifies seven canons of organizational justice and warns that in the absence of additional conceptual refinement these canons may operate as loose cannons that threaten the existence of justice as a viable construct in the organizational sciences.

Organizational Justice

Author : Carolina Moliner
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1317300289
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis Organizational Justice by : Carolina Moliner

Download or read book Organizational Justice written by Carolina Moliner and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-03-13 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Organizational justice – the perception of workplace fairness – can bring important benefits not only to the health and well-being of individual employees but also to the productivity of organizations themselves. This timely new collection, with contributions from leading researchers from around the world, considers organizational justice in an era when globalization has resulted in rapid organizational change, greater job insecurity, and increasing worker stress. Both comprehensive and cutting edge, the book initially considers what we mean by organizational justice in its relationship to self-interest, social identity, and personal moral codes. But moving beyond the perceptions of individuals, the book also reflects the increasing interest in the roles of teammates and leaders in creating organizational justice. There follow chapters on the negative results of perceived injustice, specifically around physical and mental employee health, as well as its deleterious impact on organizational productivity. Providing a definitive, state-of-the-art overview of the field, the book not only clarifies the key concepts and ideas that inform organizational justice but also explores their importance for today’s organizations, managers, and employees. Including a final section that both suggests new areas for research and critically reflects on the field itself, this will be essential reading for researchers and students across business and management, organizational studies, HRM, and organizational and work psychology.

Organizational Justice

Author : Carolina Moliner
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317300270
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis Organizational Justice by : Carolina Moliner

Download or read book Organizational Justice written by Carolina Moliner and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-03-13 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Organizational justice – the perception of workplace fairness – can bring important benefits not only to the health and well-being of individual employees but also to the productivity of organizations themselves. This timely new collection, with contributions from leading researchers from around the world, considers organizational justice in an era when globalization has resulted in rapid organizational change, greater job insecurity, and increasing worker stress. Both comprehensive and cutting edge, the book initially considers what we mean by organizational justice in its relationship to self-interest, social identity, and personal moral codes. But moving beyond the perceptions of individuals, the book also reflects the increasing interest in the roles of teammates and leaders in creating organizational justice. There follow chapters on the negative results of perceived injustice, specifically around physical and mental employee health, as well as its deleterious impact on organizational productivity. Providing a definitive, state-of-the-art overview of the field, the book not only clarifies the key concepts and ideas that inform organizational justice but also explores their importance for today’s organizations, managers, and employees. Including a final section that both suggests new areas for research and critically reflects on the field itself, this will be essential reading for researchers and students across business and management, organizational studies, HRM, and organizational and work psychology.

Theoretical and Cultural Perspectives on Organizational Justice

Author : Stephen W. Gilliland
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1607525410
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis Theoretical and Cultural Perspectives on Organizational Justice by : Stephen W. Gilliland

Download or read book Theoretical and Cultural Perspectives on Organizational Justice written by Stephen W. Gilliland and published by IAP. This book was released on 2001-02-01 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At the 1998 annual conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, we organized a roundtable discussion session titled “Innovating organizational justice: Cultural, value, and stakeholders’ perspectives.” We were impressed by the high level of discussion that this session generated and decided to try to continue the discussion in a conference devoted to these issues. In the summer of 1999, approximately 20 scholars from seven nations met for two days in Nice, France. The theme of the “International Roundtable” on organizational justice was “Innovating research on organizational justice.” The format of the meeting allowed for extensive discussion of each of the papers that were presented. A strong feeling that emerged from this meeting was that organizational justice research has much to contribute to our understanding of people at work. Further, our current research on organizational justice and the application of justice to managerial issues has in some ways been limited by the confines of our academic journals. The papers presented and discussed at the Nice roundtable clearly extended scholarly thinking in new and exciting directions. We invited a subset of the authors who presented their research at this meeting to submit their papers for review for the first volume of our newly developed series Research in Social Issues in Management. All papers were reviewed independently by organizational justice scholars.

Handbook of Socioeconomic Determinants of Occupational Health

Author : Töres Theorell
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030314383
Total Pages : 704 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Socioeconomic Determinants of Occupational Health by : Töres Theorell

Download or read book Handbook of Socioeconomic Determinants of Occupational Health written by Töres Theorell and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-12 with total page 704 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This anthology provides readers of scientific literature on socioeconomic factors and working conditions with the newest knowledge in this field. Since our world is subjected to constant change in accelerating speed, scientific reviews and updates are needed. Fortunately, research methodology in epidemiology, physiology, psychology and sociology is also developing rapidly and therefore the scientific community can provide politicians and policy makers with increasingly sophisticated and exact descriptions of societal factors in relation to work. The anthology starts in the macro level sphere – with international perspectives and reviews related to working conditions in relation to political change (the fall of the Soviet Union) gender, age, precarious employment, national economy and retirement. Two chapters relate to national policies and activities in international organizations. The second part of the book relates to the meso level sphere – with reviews on social patterns in distributions of psychosocial and physical risks at work in general as well as reviews on noise, shift work, under/overemployment, occupational physical activity, job intensity (which may be a particularly important problem in low income countries), digitization in modern work, climate change, childhood determinants of occupational health in adult years and theoretical models currently used in occupational epidemiology - demand/control, effort/reward, organizational justice, psychosocial safety climate, conflicts, bullying/harassment. This part of the book ends with two chapters on interventions (one chapter on the use of cultural interventions and one on interventions and their evaluation in general) and two chapters on financial aspects of poor/good work environments and evaluations of interventions. In the third part of the book the micro level is addressed. Here mechanisms translating working conditions into physiology are discussed. This starts in general theory relating basic theories regarding energy storage and release to psychosocial theory (extension of demand control theory). It also includes regeneration physiology, autonomic nervous system function, immunology and adverse behaviour. Sections in the Handbook: Macro-level determinants of occupational health: Akizumi Tsutsumi, Meso-level determinants of occupational health: Morten Wahrendorf and Jian Li, Micro-level determinants of occupational health: Bradley J. Wright

Racial and Cultural Dynamics in Group and Organizational Life

Author : Mary B. McRae
Publisher : SAGE Publications
ISBN 13 : 1483302156
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (833 download)

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Book Synopsis Racial and Cultural Dynamics in Group and Organizational Life by : Mary B. McRae

Download or read book Racial and Cultural Dynamics in Group and Organizational Life written by Mary B. McRae and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2009-09-16 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The field has been waiting for a masterpiece like Racial and Cultural Dynamics in Group and Organizational Life for a long time. It provides a thoughtful account of the subtle, barely visible, and sometimes unspeakable influences of racial and cultural dynamics that occur in groups." —Leo Wilton, Binghamton University, State University of New York "I believe that by focusing on group diversity, this book aligns with a major trend that has not received enough attention." — Christopher J. McCarthy, University of Texas at Austin This book presents a theoretical framework for understanding leadership and authority in group and organizational life. Using relational psychoanalytic and systems theory, the authors examine conscious and unconscious processes as they relate to racial and cultural issues in the formation and maintenance of groups. Unique among group dynamics texts, the book explores aspects of racial and cultural influences in every chapter. Readers will enhance their analytic and practice skills in addressing factors that impact diverse groups and organizations, including ethical considerations, social roles, strategies for leadership, dynamics of entering and joining, and termination. Key Features Case examples help readers integrate theory and practice, as illustrated in transcripts of interactions from group sessions. A group work competencies list ensures that readers master concepts as they progress through the book. An assessment form allows the student or practitioner to evaluate concrete dynamics of groups, such as size, and gendered and racial composition. This text is appropriate for graduate-level courses incorporating group dynamics and multicultural topics in departments of psychology, education, counseling, and social work. It is also a valuable resource for counselors, psychologists, and other mental health professionals in preparation for group work.

The Oxford Handbook of Justice in the Workplace

Author : Russell Cropanzano
Publisher : Oxford Library of Psychology
ISBN 13 : 0199981418
Total Pages : 697 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (999 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Justice in the Workplace by : Russell Cropanzano

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Justice in the Workplace written by Russell Cropanzano and published by Oxford Library of Psychology. This book was released on 2015 with total page 697 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Justice is everyone's concern. It plays a critical role in organizational success and promotes the quality of employees' working lives. For these reasons, understanding the nature of justice has become a prominent goal among scholars of organizational behavior. As research in organizational justice has proliferated, a need has emerged for scholars to integrate literature across disciplines. Offering the most thorough discussion of organizational justice currently available, The Oxford Handbook of Justice in the Workplace provides a comprehensive review of empirical and conceptual research addressing this vital topic. Reflecting this dynamic and expanding area of research, chapters provide cutting-edge reviews of selection, performance management, conflict resolution, diversity management, organizational climate, and other topics integral for promoting organizational success. Additionally, the book explores major conceptual issues such as interpersonal interaction, emotion, the structure of justice, the motivation for fairness, and cross-cultural considerations in fairness perceptions. The reader will find thorough discussions of legal issues, philosophical concerns, and human decision-making, all of which make this the standard reference book for both established scholars and emerging researchers.

Justice in the Workplace

Author : Russell Cropanzano
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 0805826947
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (58 download)

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Book Synopsis Justice in the Workplace by : Russell Cropanzano

Download or read book Justice in the Workplace written by Russell Cropanzano and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work aims to act as a central reference point for the application of organizational justice, helping human resource managers relate the importance of organizational justice within the workplace.

Handbook of Organizational Justice

Author : Jerald Greenberg
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1134811020
Total Pages : 657 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (348 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Organizational Justice by : Jerald Greenberg

Download or read book Handbook of Organizational Justice written by Jerald Greenberg and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 657 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Matters of perceived fairness and justice run deep in the workplace. Workers are concerned about being treated fairly by their supervisors; managers generally are interested in treating their direct reports fairly; and everyone is concerned about what happens when these expectations are violated. This exciting new handbook covers the topic of organizational justice, defined as people's perceptions of fairness in organizations. The Handbook of Organizational Justice is designed to be a complete, current, and comprehensive reference chronicling the current state of the organizational justice literature. Tracing the development of ideas regarding organizational justice, this book: *introduces the topic of organizational justice from a historical perspective and presents fundamental issues regarding the nature of organizational justice; *examines the justice judgment process, specifically addressing basic psychological processes, such as the roles of control, self-interest, morality, and trust in the formation of justice judgments; *discusses the consequences of fair and unfair treatment in the workplace; *focuses on such key issues as promoting justice in the workplace in ways that help manage stress, and the underlying processes that account for the effectiveness of justice applications; *examines the generalizability of the interaction between process and outcomes and focuses on the notion of cross-cultural differences in justice effects; and *summarizes the state of the science of organizational justice and presents various issues for future research and theorizing. This Handbook is useful as a guide for professors and graduate students, primarily in the fields of management and psychology. It also is highly relevant to professionals in the fields of communication, sociology, legal studies, marketing, and human resources management.

Pushing our Understanding of Diversity in Organizations

Author : Eden B. King
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1641139447
Total Pages : 227 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (411 download)

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Book Synopsis Pushing our Understanding of Diversity in Organizations by : Eden B. King

Download or read book Pushing our Understanding of Diversity in Organizations written by Eden B. King and published by IAP. This book was released on 2020-02-01 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Few time periods in the past five decades match the intensity of intergroup conflict that people around the world are currently experiencing. Polarized attitudes around various sociopolitical issues, such as gender equality and immigration, have dominated the media and our lives. Furthermore, these powerful social dynamics have also impacted the places where we work and intensified existing strains on workers and workplaces. To address these issues and improve organizational climates, more theories, research and collaborations to understand these phenomena are needed. The volumes in this series will describe and instigate scholarship that advances our understanding of diversity in organizations. This volume features renowned scholars who are unabashedly pushing the field by raising the questions that need to be asked, by working on topics that have received far too little research attention, and by holding researchers, practitioners, managers, organizations, and readers to task for doing what needs to be done to maximize social justice and egalitarian behaviors in the workplace. The chapters provoke the status quo in society and in scholarship, and in so doing, push our understanding of diversity in organizations.

Essentials of Job Attitudes and Other Workplace Psychological Constructs

Author : Valerie I. Sessa
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000282775
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Essentials of Job Attitudes and Other Workplace Psychological Constructs by : Valerie I. Sessa

Download or read book Essentials of Job Attitudes and Other Workplace Psychological Constructs written by Valerie I. Sessa and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-12-21 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although the topic of job attitudes and other workplace psychological constructs such as perceptions, identity, bonds, and motivational states is important, there are no books addressing the topic as a whole. Essentials of Job Attitudes and Other Workplace Psychological Constructs seeks to fill that void in a comprehensive edited volume that compiles chapters by experts on each construct. Essentials of Job Attitudes and Other Workplace Psychological Constructs begins with a review of the concept of job attitudes and other workplace psychological constructs, then devotes a single chapter to each construct. These chapters focus on organizational justice, perceived organizational support, organizational identification, job involvement, workplace commitments, job embeddedness, job satisfaction, employee engagement, and team-related work attitudes. Each of these chapters addresses parallel content including definitions, history, theory, a critique of the field to date with future research recommendations, and how the given construct can be used in practice. There are two additional features that make this book unique: first, each chapter provides a nomological network figure of the workplace psychological construct addressed; and second, each chapter provides one or more of the current measures used to assess the construct of interest. Essentials of Job Attitudes and Other Workplace Psychological Constructs is an ideal text for students and professionals in industrial-organizational psychology, organizational behavior, and human resource management.

Handbook on the Temporal Dynamics of Organizational Behavior

Author : Yannick Griep
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1788974387
Total Pages : 480 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (889 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook on the Temporal Dynamics of Organizational Behavior by : Yannick Griep

Download or read book Handbook on the Temporal Dynamics of Organizational Behavior written by Yannick Griep and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2020-05-29 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook on the Temporal Dynamics of Organizational Behavior is designed to help scholars begin to address the temporal shortcomings in the extant organizational behavior literature. The handbook provides conceptual and methodological reasons to study organizational behavior from a dynamic perspective and offers new conceptual and theoretical insights on some of the most popular organizational behavior topics. Unlike many other handbooks, this one provides methodological and analytical tools, including syntax and example data files, to help researchers tackle dynamic research questions effectively.

Perspectives on Race in Organizations

Author : Eden B. King
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (873 download)

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Book Synopsis Perspectives on Race in Organizations by : Eden B. King

Download or read book Perspectives on Race in Organizations written by Eden B. King and published by IAP. This book was released on 2023-07-01 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current volume, the fifth in the series, focuses on race and racism in organizations. Seventeen experts and trailblazers for building a science around race at work respond to prompts that align with the volume’s goal of building understanding and kindling new directions. These giants on whose shoulders new scholarship stands describe their paths to this area of work and the products of which they are most proud before sharing advice and inspiration for scholars and research in the future. Together, these reflections represent poignant examples of why scholarship on race continues to be of critical importance to management science.

The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Citizenship Behavior

Author : Philip M. Podsakoff
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190219017
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Citizenship Behavior by : Philip M. Podsakoff

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Citizenship Behavior written by Philip M. Podsakoff and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-06-27 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Citizenship Behavior provides a broad and interdisciplinary review of state-of-the-art research on organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs), and related constructs such as contextual performance, spontaneous organizational behavior, prosocial behavior, and proactive behavior in the workplace. Contributors address the conceptualization and measurement of OCBs; the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of these behaviors; and the methodological issues that are common when studying OCBs. In addition, this handbook pushes future scholarship in this and related areas by identifying substantive questions, methods, and issues for future research. The result is a single resource that will inform and inspire scholars, students, and practitioners of the origins of this construct, the current state of research on this topic, and potentially exciting avenues for future exploration. This handbook is designed to meet the needs of a broad spectrum of researchers and advanced undergraduate and graduate students in a variety of disciplines including management, organizational behavior, human resources management, and industrial and organizational psychology, as well as those interested in studying citizenship behavior in a variety of organizational contexts including marketing, nursing, engineering, sports, and education.