Reading the Silver Screen

Download Reading the Silver Screen PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harper Collins
ISBN 13 : 0062113402
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (621 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Reading the Silver Screen by : Thomas C. Foster

Download or read book Reading the Silver Screen written by Thomas C. Foster and published by Harper Collins. This book was released on 2016-09-13 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the New York Times bestselling author of How to Read Literature Like a Professor comes an indispensable analysis of our most celebrated medium, film. No art form is as instantly and continuously gratifying as film. When the house lights go down and the lion roars, we settle in to be shocked, frightened, elated, moved, and thrilled. We expect magic. While we’re being exhilarated and terrified, our minds are also processing data of all sorts—visual, linguistic, auditory, spatial—to collaborate in the construction of meaning. Thomas C. Foster’s Reading the Silver Screen will show movie buffs, students of film, and even aspiring screenwriters and directors how to transition from merely being viewers to becoming accomplished readers of this great medium. Beginning with the grammar of film, Foster demonstrates how every art form has a grammar, a set of practices and if-then propositions that amount to rules. He goes on to explain how the language of film enables movies to communicate the purpose behind their stories and the messages they are striving to convey to audiences by following and occasionally breaking these rules. Using the investigative approach readers love in How to Read Literature Like a Professor, Foster examines this grammar of film through various classic and current movies both foreign and domestic, with special recourse to the “AFI 100 Years-100 Movies” lists. The categories are idiosyncratic yet revealing. In Reading the Silver Screen, readers will gain the expertise and confidence to glean all they can from the movies they love.

Silver Screen

Download Silver Screen PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780333754375
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (543 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Silver Screen by : Justina Robson

Download or read book Silver Screen written by Justina Robson and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Silver Screen Fiend

Download Silver Screen Fiend PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1451673221
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (516 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Silver Screen Fiend by : Patton Oswalt

Download or read book Silver Screen Fiend written by Patton Oswalt and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2015-10-13 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Between 1995 and 1999, Patton Oswalt lived with an unshakable addiction. It wasn't drugs, alcohol or sex: it was film. After moving to L.A., Oswalt became a huge film buff (or as he calls it, a sprocket fiend), absorbing classics, cult hits, and new releases at the New Beverly Cinema. Silver screen celluloid became Patton's life schoolbook, informing his notion of acting, writing, comedy, and relationships. Set in the nascent days of L.A.'s alternative comedy scene, Oswalt's memoir chronicles his journey from fledgling stand-up comedian to self-assured sitcom actor, with the colorful New Beverly collective and a cast of now-notable young comedians supporting him all along the way"--

Danger on the Silver Screen

Download Danger on the Silver Screen PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Running Press Adult
ISBN 13 : 9780762474844
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (748 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Danger on the Silver Screen by : Scott McGee

Download or read book Danger on the Silver Screen written by Scott McGee and published by Running Press Adult. This book was released on 2022 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "An entertaining, action-packed addition to the TCM program that celebrates an essential, but often overlooked or disregarded part of the film industry: stunts. Offering readers a unique perspective as well as history of the impact and evolution of stunt work, and behind-the-scenes stories from the stunt professionals who risked life and limb to make the magic happen"--

An Amorous History of the Silver Screen

Download An Amorous History of the Silver Screen PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 9780226982373
Total Pages : 534 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (823 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis An Amorous History of the Silver Screen by : Zhang Zhen

Download or read book An Amorous History of the Silver Screen written by Zhang Zhen and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Illustrating the cultural significance of film and its power as a vehicle for social change, this book reveals the intricacies of the cultural movement and explores its connections to other art forms such as photography, drama, and literature.

Savior on the Silver Screen

Download Savior on the Silver Screen PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Paulist Press
ISBN 13 : 9780809138555
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (385 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Savior on the Silver Screen by : Richard C. Stern

Download or read book Savior on the Silver Screen written by Richard C. Stern and published by Paulist Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Savior on the Silver Screen examines nine movies about the life of Jesus - ranging from the traditional to the provocativeand explores how the image of Jesus in each reflects the time and culture in which the film was produced. The selections encompass silent, foreign, epic, and musical films. Both entertaining and insightful, Savior on the Silver Screen is structured for easy use in classroom, small group, and individual settings and includes rental information and practical tips for using the book. For each film there is an introduction, pre-viewing and post-viewing questions, and a discussion of its major features. -- Provided by publisher.

Silver Screen to Digital

Download Silver Screen to Digital PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Libbey Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0861969685
Total Pages : 169 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (619 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Silver Screen to Digital by : Carlo Montanaro

Download or read book Silver Screen to Digital written by Carlo Montanaro and published by John Libbey Publishing. This book was released on 2019-12-03 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An era has ended. After one hundred and twenty-five years, a change has taken place in cinemas. The thousands of figures formed by silver and coloured pigments can no longer be viewed through transparent film, instead, everything has become digital, compressed, virtual and built into the rapid alternation of millions (hopefully, for quality's sake) of dots, or pixels within a very neat and minuscule grid. But projection is just the last link in a chain that is transforming the most direct language invented by humanity over the centuries. The other links – shooting, editing, special effects, re-elaboration and sound reproduction – have by now undergone radical transformations that have often signified progress. Perhaps, it is worth the trouble, then, having accepted this transformation-revolution once and for all, to understand where we started out from, how cinematographic language was born and how its grammar first and later its syntax evolved thanks to technological development. Without lightweight equipment for sound recording, sensitive emulsions, portable and compact lighting, it would not have been possible, at the end of the 50s, for example, to create identifiable "currents" of experimentation and concept under such titles as free cinema or nouvelle vague, which were largely based on footage from life and no longer reconstructed in the studio. That which filmmakers today can achieve even more effectively thanks to a range of digital technologies, paradoxically, involves working with even more-minimal equipment such as a smartphone in front of green or blue screens, against absolutely virtual backgrounds. In short: no more silver and more and more pixels.

Silver Screen

Download Silver Screen PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781942084013
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Silver Screen by :

Download or read book Silver Screen written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using her iPhone, Tama Hochbaum (born 1953) grabs TV screenshots of classic movies favored by her mother, who died in February of 2012. Silver Screen traces her mother's legacy in a blend of visual technologies: celluloid transmitted via broadcast and rendered digitally, the TV screen and the ubiquitous iPhone. Tama Hochbaum is an artist/photographer living in Chapel Hill. Originally from New York, she received her BA from Brandeis University in Fine Arts and was awarded upon graduation a Thomas J. Watson Foundation Fellowship to study printmaking at Atelier 17 in Paris. She received her MFA in Painting from Queens College in NYC. She worked as a painter for 20 years before turning to photography. She has exhibited extensively in the Triangle including an exhibition entitled Silver Screen in July and Augustof 2014 at Daylight Project Space in Hillsborough, NC. A solo exhibition of her work entitled Silver Screen: Dancers was mounted in February of 2015 in San Francisco at George Lawson Gallery. Her work was included at the Miami/Basel Art Fair in December of 2014 and 2012 and was included at the PhotoLA fair in January of 2014, all with George Lawson Gallery.

The Couch and the Silver Screen

Download The Couch and the Silver Screen PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135444528
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (354 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Couch and the Silver Screen by : Andrea Sabbadini

Download or read book The Couch and the Silver Screen written by Andrea Sabbadini and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2005-07-05 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Couch and the Silver Screen is a collection of original contributions which explore European cinema from psychoanalytic perspectives. Both classic and contemporary films are presented and analysed by a variety of authors, including leading cinema historians and theorists, psychoanalysts with a specific expertise in the interpretation of films, as well as the filmmakers themselves. This composite approach offers a fascinating insight into the world of cinema. The Couch and the Silver Screen is illustrated with stills throughout and Andrea Sabbadini's introduction provides a theoretical and historical context for the current state of psychoanalytic studies of films. The book is organised into four clear sections - Set and Stage, Working Through Trauma, Horror Perspectives and Documenting Internal Worlds - which form the basis for engaging chapters including: easily readable and jargon-free film reviews. essays on specific subjects such as perspectives on the horror film genre and adolescent development. transcripts of live debates among film directors including Bernardo Bertolucci, actors, critics and psychoanalysts discussing films. The cultural richness of the material presented, combined with the originality of multidisciplinary dialogues on European cinema, makes this book appealing not only to film buffs, but also to professionals, academics and students interested in the application of psychoanalytic ideas to the arts.

Silver Screen Saucers

Download Silver Screen Saucers PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781910121115
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (211 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Silver Screen Saucers by : Robbie Graham

Download or read book Silver Screen Saucers written by Robbie Graham and published by . This book was released on 2015-08-01 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More so than any other medium, cinema has shaped our expectations of potential alien life and visitation. From The Day the Earth Stood Still and Close Encounters of the Third Kind, to Battleship, Prometheus and beyond, our hopes and fears of alien contact have been fuelled by the silver screen. But what messages does Hollywood impart to us about our possible otherworldly neighbours, from where do UFO movies draw their inspiration, and what other factors - cultural or conspiratorial - might influence their production and content? Silver Screen Saucers is a timely and revealing examination of the interplay between Hollywood's UFO movies and the UFO phenomenon itself, from 1950 to present day. The book grants the reader a rare, close-up examination of the DNA that builds our perceptions of the UFO mystery: one strand of this DNA weaves real events, stories and people from the historical record of UFOlogy, while the other spins and twists with the film and TV products they have inspired. With our alien dreams and nightmares now more fully visualized onscreen than ever before, Silver Screen Saucers asks the question: what does it all mean? Are all UFO stories just fever dreams from LA screenwriters, or are they based in something else? Could any of them be real and are they part of a bigger message? From interviews with screenwriters and directors whose visions have been shaped by their lifelong UFO obsessions; to Presidents Carter and Reagan talking aliens with Spielberg at the White House; to CIA and Pentagon manipulation of UFO-themed productions; to movie stars and producers being stalked by real Men in Black, Silver Screen Saucers provides fresh perspective on the frequently debated but little understood subject of UFOs & Hollywood. The book addresses questions such as: Does Hollywood fuel the UFO mythos, or vice versa? In other words, are our beliefs about alien visitation shaped by UFO movies, or are UFO movies shaped by our beliefs about alien visitation? Do Hollywood's UFO movies fictionalize the UFO phenomenon in the public mind, actualize it, or both? If and when humanity makes full and open contact with an unearthly intelligence, would we, as cinemagoers, be able to divorce Hollywood's historical imaginings from the reality with which we are presented? Indeed... Should we? After all, a great deal of Hollywood's UFO movie content has been closely informed by supposedly factual UFOlogical literature, events and debates. Perhaps, then, there is more truth to be found in Hollywood's UFO movies than we might imagine - which raises the question: Just how has so much dense UFOlogical theory (by its very nature 'fringe' and subcultural) managed find its way into Hollywood's populist science fiction narratives? Is Hollywood's incorporation of UFO lore attributable to a "Hollywood UFO conspiracy" designed to acclimate us to a UFO/alien reality, or is it merely the result of a natural cultural process? Silver Screen Saucers is bursting with ideas and information that will excite and intrigue any reader with a passing or serious interest in UFOs and/or science-fiction cinema."

Nixon and the Silver Screen

Download Nixon and the Silver Screen PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022604923X
Total Pages : 62 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (26 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nixon and the Silver Screen by : Mark Feeney

Download or read book Nixon and the Silver Screen written by Mark Feeney and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2012-12-20 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Richard Nixon and the film industry arrived in Southern California in the same year, 1913. In Nixon and the Silver Screen, Mark Feeney offers a new and often revelatory way of thinking about one of our most controversial presidents: by looking not just at Nixon's career—but Hollywood's. Nixon viewed more movies while in office than any other president, and Feeney argues that Nixon’s story, both in politics and in his personal life, is nothing if not quintessentially American. Bearing in mind the events that shaped his presidency from 1969 to 1974, Feeney sees aspects of Nixon’s character—and the nation’s—refracted and reimagined in the more than 500 films Nixon watched during his tenure in the White House. The verdict? Nixon’s legacy, for better or worse, is forever representative of the “Silver Age” in Hollywood, shaping and being shaped by that flickering silver screen.

Martial Culture, Silver Screen

Download Martial Culture, Silver Screen PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : LSU Press
ISBN 13 : 080717470X
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (71 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Martial Culture, Silver Screen by : Matthew Christopher Hulbert

Download or read book Martial Culture, Silver Screen written by Matthew Christopher Hulbert and published by LSU Press. This book was released on 2020-11-04 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Martial Culture, Silver Screen analyzes war movies, one of the most popular genres in American cinema, for what they reveal about the narratives and ideologies that shape U.S. national identity. Edited by Matthew Christopher Hulbert and Matthew E. Stanley, this volume explores the extent to which the motion picture industry, particularly Hollywood, has played an outsized role in the construction and evolution of American self-definition. Moving chronologically, eleven essays highlight cinematic versions of military and cultural conflicts spanning from the American Revolution to the War on Terror. Each focuses on a selection of films about a specific war or historical period, often foregrounding recent productions that remain understudied in the critical literature on cinema, history, and cultural memory. Scrutinizing cinema through the lens of nationalism and its “invention of tradition,” Martial Culture, Silver Screen considers how movies possess the power to frame ideologies, provide social coherence, betray collective neuroses and fears, construct narratives of victimhood or heroism, forge communities of remembrance, and cement tradition and convention. Hollywood war films routinely present broad, identifiable narratives—such as that of the rugged pioneer or the “good war”—through which filmmakers invent representations of the past, establishing narratives that advance discrete social and political functions in the present. As a result, cinematic versions of wartime conflicts condition and reinforce popular understandings of American national character as it relates to violence, individualism, democracy, militarism, capitalism, masculinity, race, class, and empire. Approaching war movies as identity-forging apparatuses and tools of social power, Martial Culture, Silver Screen lays bare how cinematic versions of warfare have helped define for audiences what it means to be American.

Cinematography

Download Cinematography PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rutgers University Press
ISBN 13 : 0813563518
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (135 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cinematography by : Patrick Keating

Download or read book Cinematography written by Patrick Keating and published by Rutgers University Press. This book was released on 2014-07-18 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How does a film come to look the way it does? And what influence does the look of a film have on our reaction to it? The role of cinematography, as both a science and an art, is often forgotten in the chatter about acting, directing, and budgets. The successful cinematographer must have a keen creative eye, as well as expert knowledge about the constantly expanding array of new camera, film, and lighting technologies. Without these skills at a director’s disposal, most movies quickly fade from memory. Cinematography focuses on the highlights of this art and provides the first comprehensive overview of how the field has rapidly evolved, from the early silent film era to the digital imagery of today. The essays in this volume introduce us to the visual conventions of the Hollywood style, explaining how these first arose and how they have subsequently been challenged by alternative aesthetics. In order to frame this fascinating history, the contributors employ a series of questions about technology (how did new technology shape cinematography?), authorship (can a cinematographer develop styles and themes over the course of a career?), and classicism (how should cinematographers use new technology in light of past practice?). Taking us from the hand-cranked cameras of the silent era to the digital devices used today, the collection of original essays explores how the art of cinematography has been influenced not only by technological advances, but also by trends in the movie industry, from the rise of big-budget blockbusters to the spread of indie films. The book also reveals the people behind the camera, profiling numerous acclaimed cinematographers from James Wong Howe to Roger Deakins. Lavishly illustrated with over 50 indelible images from landmark films, Cinematography offers a provocative behind-the-scenes look at the profession and a stirring celebration of the art form. Anyone who reads this history will come away with a fresh eye for what appears on the screen because of what happens behind it.

Shadows of the Silver Screen

Download Shadows of the Silver Screen PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Nosy Crow
ISBN 13 : 0857630539
Total Pages : 185 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (576 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Shadows of the Silver Screen by : Christopher Edge

Download or read book Shadows of the Silver Screen written by Christopher Edge and published by Nosy Crow. This book was released on 2013-01-10 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Step into the past in this spine-tingling historical adventure from award-winning author Christopher Edge. Penelope Tredwell is the feisty thirteen-year-old orphan heiress of the bestselling magazine, The Penny Dreadful . Her masterly tales of the macabre are gripping Victorian Britain, even if no one knows she's the author. One day a mysterious filmmaker approaches The Penny Dreadful with a proposal to turn their sinister stories into motion pictures. Filming begins but is plagued by a series of strange and frightening events. As Penelope is drawn into the mysteries surrounding the filming she soon finds herself trapped in a nightmare penned by her own hand... Can Penny uncover the filmmaker's dark secret before it's too late? Spine-tingling historical adventure series with a supernatural twist! From the acclaimed author of The Many Worlds of Albie Bright and The Infinite Lives of Maisie Day . Related discussion notes and activity ideas available on the Nosy Crow website.

Buffalo Bill on the Silver Screen

Download Buffalo Bill on the Silver Screen PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806151404
Total Pages : 231 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Buffalo Bill on the Silver Screen by : Sandra K. Sagala

Download or read book Buffalo Bill on the Silver Screen written by Sandra K. Sagala and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2013-08-13 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For more than thirty years, William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody entertained audiences across the United States and Europe with his Wild West show. Scores of books have been written about Cody’s fabled career as a showman, but his involvement in the film industry—following the dissolution of his traveling show—is less well known. In Buffalo Bill on the Silver Screen, Sandra K. Sagala chronicles the fascinating story of Cody’s venture into filmmaking during the early cinema period. In 1894 Thomas Edison invited Cody to bring some of the Wild West performers to the inventor’s kinetoscope studio. From then on, as Sagala reveals, Cody was frequently in the camera’s eye, eager to participate in the newest and most popular phenomenon of the era: the motion picture. In 1910, promoter Pliny Craft produced The Life of Buffalo Bill, a film in which Cody played his own persona. After his Wild West show disbanded, Cody fully embraced the film business, seeing the technology as a way to recoup his financial losses and as a new vehicle for preserving America’s history and his own legacy for future generations. Because he had participated as a scout in some of the battles and skirmishes between the U.S. Army and Plains Indians, Cody wanted to make a film that captured these historical events. Unfortunately for Cody, The Indian Wars (1913) was not a financial success, and only three minutes of footage have survived. Long after his death, Cody’s legacy lives on through the many movies that have featured his character. Sagala provides a useful appendix listing all of these films, as well as those for which Cody himself took an active role as director, producer, or actor. Published on the eve of the centennial anniversary of The Indian Wars, this engaging book offers readers new insights into the legendary figure’s life and career and explores his lasting image in film.

The Challenge of the Silver Screen

Download The Challenge of the Silver Screen PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004168613
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Challenge of the Silver Screen by : Freek L. Bakker

Download or read book The Challenge of the Silver Screen written by Freek L. Bakker and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2009 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1897 only two years after the invention of film the first feature film about Jesus appeared. This and other films about Jesus became examples for and an inspiration for films on other important religious figures like Rama, Buddha and Muhammad. Although religious leaders did not always approve of these films, they did find a ready audience among believers. This book explores these films and looks at how these films dealt with the fundamental question of portraying an individual thought to have either divine status or a very special and unique status among human beings. This book will thus benefit not only students of religious film but also those studying the portrayal of central religious figures in the contemporary world.

Strongheart: Wonder Dog of the Silver Screen

Download Strongheart: Wonder Dog of the Silver Screen PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Yearling
ISBN 13 : 0593708601
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (937 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Strongheart: Wonder Dog of the Silver Screen by : Candace Fleming

Download or read book Strongheart: Wonder Dog of the Silver Screen written by Candace Fleming and published by Yearling. This book was released on 2024-02-06 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For fans of Balto and other real-life dog stories, here's a heavily illustrated middle-grade novel about a canine movie star of the 1920s, dramatically told in both words and pictures by an acclaimed author and a Caldecott Medal-winning illustrator. When movie director Larry Trimble travels to Berlin searching for his next big star--a dog!--he finds Etzel, a fierce, highly trained three-year-old German shepherd police dog. Larry sees past the snarls and growls and brings Etzel back to Hollywood, where he is renamed Strongheart. Along with screenwriter Jane Murfin, Larry grooms his protégé to be a star of the silver screen--and he succeeds, starting with Strongheart's first film, The Love Master, which is released in 1921. Strongheart is soon joined by a leading lady, a German shepherd named Lady Julie, and becomes a sensation. Touching, charming, playful, and based on real events, this moving tale by Candace Fleming and illustrated by Eric Rohmann tells all about "the wonder dog" who took America by storm. A NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY BEST BOOK OF 2018 A CHICAGO PUBLIC LIBRARY BEST BOOK OF 2018