The Selection Of Political Party Leaders In Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies

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The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies

Author : Jean-Benoit Pilet
Publisher : Taylor & Francis Group
ISBN 13 : 9780415704168
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (41 download)

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Book Synopsis The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies by : Jean-Benoit Pilet

Download or read book The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies written by Jean-Benoit Pilet and published by Taylor & Francis Group. This book was released on 2013 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the ways in which political parties, in contemporary parliamentary democracies, choose their leaders and then subsequently hold them accountable. The authors provide a comprehensive examination of party leadership selection and accountability both through examination of parties and countries in different institutional settings and through a holistic analysis of the role of party leaders and the methods through which they assume, and exit, the office. The collection includes essays on Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Norway and the United Kingdom which have important differences in their party systems, their degree of democratization, the role assigned to party leaders and their methods of leadership selection. Each country examination provides significant data relating to party rules and norms of leadership selection, leadership tenures and leadership contests. The book concludes with a chapter that merges the country data analyses to provide a truly comparative examination of the theoretical questions underlying the volume. This book will be of strong interest to students and scholars of legislative studies, elections, democracy, political parties, party systems, political elites and comparative politics.

Politics at the Centre

Author : William P. Cross
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019162845X
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

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Book Synopsis Politics at the Centre by : William P. Cross

Download or read book Politics at the Centre written by William P. Cross and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012-01-12 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Politics at the Centre is a comparative study of the rules, norms and behaviour surrounding political party leadership. The primary analysis includes 25 parties in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom from 1965 onwards. The topics covered include methods of leadership selection and removal and the nature of leadership politics. The themes of the book include intra party democracy, with an emphasis on the relative roles of the parliamentary and extra parliamentary groups, and the causes of organizational reform within parties. Particular attention is paid to change over time and to differences among parties with explanations offered for both. Considerable attention is paid to the trend of expanding the leadership selectorate including consideration of why many parties are adopting this reform while others resist it. Data, collected from more than 200 leadership elections, are analyzed to consider issues such as the competitiveness of leadership contests, the types of individuals who win the contests and the longevity of leaders. The influence of different methods of selection and removal on these issues is also examined. Much of the analysis is based on in-country interviews conducted with active politicians, former and current party leaders, political journalists and officials of the extra parliamentary parties. Extensive use is also made of a comprehensive review of party documents related to leadership selection. Many real-life examples from all five countries are used to illustrate the central concepts and themes. A separate chapter considers the applicability of the findings from the Westminster systems to parties in other parliamentary and presidential systems. The concluding chapter makes a normative argument for a particular version of leadership selection and removal. Comparative Politics is a series for students, teachers, and researchers of political science that deals with contemporary government and politics. Global in scope, books in the series are characterised by a stress on comparative analysis and strong methodological rigour. The series is published in association with the European Consortium for Political Research. For more information visit: www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr. The Comparative Politics Series is edited by Professor David M. Farrell, School of Politics and International Relations, University College Dublin, Kenneth Carty, Professor of Political Science, University of British Columbia, and Professor Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Institute of Political Science, Philipps University, Marburg.

The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies

Author : Jean-Benoit Pilet
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317929454
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (179 download)

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Book Synopsis The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies by : Jean-Benoit Pilet

Download or read book The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies written by Jean-Benoit Pilet and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-01-10 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the ways in which political parties, in contemporary parliamentary democracies, choose their leaders and then subsequently hold them accountable. The authors provide a comprehensive examination of party leadership selection and accountability both through examination of parties and countries in different institutional settings and through a holistic analysis of the role of party leaders and the methods through which they assume, and exit, the office. The collection includes essays on Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Norway and the United Kingdom which have important differences in their party systems, their degree of democratization, the role assigned to party leaders and their methods of leadership selection. Each country examination provides significant data relating to party rules and norms of leadership selection, leadership tenures and leadership contests. The book concludes with a chapter that merges the country data analyses to provide a truly comparative examination of the theoretical questions underlying the volume. This book will be of strong interest to students and scholars of legislative studies, elections, democracy, political parties, party systems, political elites and comparative politics.

Political Leaders Beyond Party Politics

Author : Fortunato Musella
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 331959348X
Total Pages : 179 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Political Leaders Beyond Party Politics by : Fortunato Musella

Download or read book Political Leaders Beyond Party Politics written by Fortunato Musella and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-07-31 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book studies party leaders from selection to post-presidency. Based on data covering a large set of Western countries, and focusing on the trends of personalisation of politics, the volume is one of the first empirical investigations into how party leaders are elected, how long they stay in office, and whether they enter and guide democratic governments. It also provides novel data on how leaders end their career in a broad and diverse range of business activities. Topics covered include political leaders’ increasing autonomy, their reinforcement of popular legitimation, often through the introduction of direct election by party rank and file, and their grip on party organization. The book will appeal to students and scholars interested in political parties, political leadership, the transformation of democracy, and comparative politics.

Political Leaders and Democratic Elections

Author : Kees Aarts
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191612340
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

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Book Synopsis Political Leaders and Democratic Elections by : Kees Aarts

Download or read book Political Leaders and Democratic Elections written by Kees Aarts and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Outcomes of legislative elections are typically reported in terms of party support: how many votes and seats were obtained by each party? But in fact voters are faced with three choices which must be folded into one. They must decide which party they prefer, but in so doing they must take account of the policies advocated by these parties and the leaders who will eventually have to enact them. This simple fact raises question about the relative weight of these considerations, and espeically the importance granted to the leaders. This issue has been largely neglected in the vast literature on voting behaviour.The dominant traditions in the study of voting behaviour focus on political parties and party identification; and on political issues and ideology, respectively. This volume uses election surveys over the past 50 years to systematically assesses the impact of political leaders on voting decisions in nine democracies (Australia, Britain, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United States). It analyses issues such as the changes in political communication (particularly the rise of televized politics), and the relative importance accorded to political leaders in different types of political systems. It demonstrates how electoral systems and other political institutions have a discernible effect on the importance voters accord to actual political leaders. Contrary to popular wisdom, Political Leaders and Democratic Elections shows how unimportant the characteristics of political leaders, parties, and indeed the voters themselves actually are on voting patterns. The volume shows that voters tend to let themselves be guided by the leaders they like rather than being pushed away from those they dislike. Comparative Politics is a series for students, teachers, and researchers of political science that deals with contemporary government and politics. Global in scope, books in the series are characterised by a stress on comparative analysis and strong methodological rigour. The series is published in association with the European Consortium for Political Research. For more information visit: www.ecprnet.eu. The Comparative Politics series is edited by Professor David M. Farrell, School of Politics and International Relations, University College Dublin, Kenneth Carty, Professor of Political Science, University of British Columbia, and Professor Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Institute of Political Science, Philipps University, Marburg.

The Selection of Politicians in Times of Crisis

Author : Xavier Coller
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351716751
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (517 download)

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Book Synopsis The Selection of Politicians in Times of Crisis by : Xavier Coller

Download or read book The Selection of Politicians in Times of Crisis written by Xavier Coller and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-04-27 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Selecting candidates for elections is a major goal of political parties and a major function of political regimes in democratic systems. With the negative effects of the economic crisis being seen to translate into changes in voting patterns, and citizens using elections to punish parties in government for their roles in economic mismanagement or lack of response to the global economic crisis, a broad examination is required. This book is presented as the first comparative study of the effects of the political crisis on candidate selection covering a large number of countries. Using an integrated framework and unified strategy, it examines how new relevant political actors are really implementing participative ways of candidate selection, whether they are being innovative in their political environments and the extent to which traditionally mainstream parties are changing selection procedures to have more open and inclusive mechanisms as part of internal, or intra-party, democracy. The book illuminates these issues through empirically driven chapters explaining changes in the way candidates for parliaments are selected in countries where new parties have emerged and consolidated, or where traditional mainstream parties have adopted new mechanisms of selection affecting (if not challenging) traditional politics. Additionally, therefore, this work will serve as a response to some current debates in the discipline on the consequences of the democratization of party life, relating political participation and representation. This text will be of key interest to scholars and students of political parties, organizational change, social and political elites and more broadly to comparative politics and sociology.

The Presidentialization of Politics

Author : Thomas Poguntke
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191622710
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

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Book Synopsis The Presidentialization of Politics by : Thomas Poguntke

Download or read book The Presidentialization of Politics written by Thomas Poguntke and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2007-04-27 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Presidentialization of Politics shows that the politics of democratic societies is moving towards a presidentialized working mode, even in the absence of formal institutional changes. These developments can be explained by a combination of long-term structural changes in modern politics and societies' contingent factors which fluctuate over time. While these contingent, short-term factors relate to the personalities of office holders, the overall political agenda, and the majority situation in parliament, there are several structural factors which are relatively uniform across modern nations. First, the internationalization of modern politics (which is particularly pronounced within the European Union) has led to an 'executive bias' of the political process which has strengthened the role of political top elites vis-à-vis their parliamentary groups and/or their parties. Their predominance has been amplified further by the vastly expanded steering capacities of state machineries which have severely reduced the scope of effective parliamentary control. At the same time, the declining stability of political alignments has increased the proportion of citizens whose voting decisions are not constrained by long-standing party loyalties. In conjunction with the mediatization of politics, this has increased the capacity of political leaders to by-pass their party machines and to appeal directly to voters. As a result, three interrelated processes have led to a political process increasingly moulded by the inherent logic of presidentialism: increasing leadership power and autonomy within the political executive; increasing leadership power and autonomy within political parties; and increasingly leadership-centred electoral processes. The book presents evidence for this process of presidentialization for 14 modern democracies (including the US and Canada). While there are substantial cross-national differences, the overall thesis holds: modern democracies are increasingly following a presidential logic of governance through which leadership is becoming more central and more powerful, but also increasingly dependent on successful immediate appeal to the mass public. Implications for democratic theory are considered.

Choosing Party Leaders

Author : Andrew Denham
Publisher : New Perspectives on the Right
ISBN 13 : 9781526134868
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (348 download)

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Book Synopsis Choosing Party Leaders by : Andrew Denham

Download or read book Choosing Party Leaders written by Andrew Denham and published by New Perspectives on the Right. This book was released on 2020-05-15 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This rigorous, seminal study of leadership selection in British Politics focuses on the Conservatives and Labour Party to explore the skills needed to be an effective leader over the course of the 20th and into the 21st Century.

Delegation and Accountability in Parliamentary Democracies

Author : Kaare Strøm
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 019152297X
Total Pages : 780 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

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Book Synopsis Delegation and Accountability in Parliamentary Democracies by : Kaare Strøm

Download or read book Delegation and Accountability in Parliamentary Democracies written by Kaare Strøm and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2003-11-20 with total page 780 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parliamentary democracy is the most common way of organizing delegation and accountability in contemporary democracies. Yet knowledge of this type of regime has been incomplete and often unsystematic. Delegation and Accountability in Parliamentary Democracies offers new conceptual clarity on the topic. Taking principal-agent theory as its framework, the work illustrates how a variety of apparently unrelated representation issues can now be understood. This procedure allows scholarship to move well beyond what have previously been cloudy and confusing debates aimed at defining the virtues and perils of parliamentarism. This new empirical investigation includes all seventeen West European parliamentary democracies. These countries are compared in a series of cross-national tables and figures, and seventeen country chapters provide a wealth of information on four discrete stages in the delegation process: delegation from voters to parliamentary representatives, delegation from parliament to the prime minister and cabinet, delegation within the cabinet, and delegation from cabinet ministers to civil servants. Each chapter illustrates how political parties serve as bonding instruments which align incentives and permit citizen control of the policy process. This is complemented by a consideration of external constraints, such as courts, central banks, corporatism, and the European Union, which can impinge on national-level democratic delegation. The concluding chapters go on to consider how well the problems of delegation and accountability are solved in these countries. Delegation and Accountability in Parliamentary Democracies provides an unprecedented guide to contemporary European parliamentary democracies. As democratic governance is transformed at the dawn of the twenty-first century, it illustrates the important challenges faced by the parliamentary democracies of Western Europe.

Handbook of Party Politics

Author : Richard S Katz
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 1446206815
Total Pages : 565 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (462 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Party Politics by : Richard S Katz

Download or read book Handbook of Party Politics written by Richard S Katz and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2006-01-05 with total page 565 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ′This thoughtful and wide-ranging review of parties and party research contains contributions from many of the foremost party scholars and is a must for all library shelves′ - Richard Luther, Keele University ′The study of political parties has never been livelier and this genuinely international Handbook – theoretically rich, comparatively informed, and focused on important questions – defines the field. This volume is both an indispensable summary of what we know and the starting point for future research′ - R K Carty, University of British Columbia ′Political parties are ubiquitous, but their forms and functions vary greatly from regime to regime, from continent to continent, and from era to era. The Handbook of Party Politics captures this variation and richness in impressive ways. The editors have assembled an excellent team, and the scope of the volume is vast and intriguing′ - Kaare Strom, University of California, San Diego Political parties are indispensable to democracy and a central subject of research and study in political science around the world. This major new handbook is the first to comprehensively map the state-of-the-art in contemporary party politics scholarship. The Handbook is designed to: - provide an invaluable survey of the major theories and approaches in this dynamic area of study and research - give students and researchers a concise ′road map′ to the core literatures in all the sub-fields of party related theorizing and research - identify the theories, approaches and topics that define the current ′cutting edge′ of the field. The Handbook is comparative in overall approach but also addresses some topics to be addressed in nationally or regionally specific ways. The resulting collaboration has brought together the world′s leading party theorists to provide an unrivalled resource on the role of parties in the pressing contemporary problems of institutional design and democratic governance today.

The Uneasy Relationships Between Parliamentary Members and Leaders

Author : Reuven Y. Hazan
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113526838X
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (352 download)

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Book Synopsis The Uneasy Relationships Between Parliamentary Members and Leaders by : Reuven Y. Hazan

Download or read book The Uneasy Relationships Between Parliamentary Members and Leaders written by Reuven Y. Hazan and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-04-04 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The bases of uneasy member-leadership relations, their manifestation and sometimes resolution, and the consequences of member-leadership tension to effective parliamentary performace and policy-making are considered in studies ranging from Germany to the US and New Zealand and globally.

Managing Leader Selection in European Political Parties

Author : Nicholas Aylott
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030550001
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Managing Leader Selection in European Political Parties by : Nicholas Aylott

Download or read book Managing Leader Selection in European Political Parties written by Nicholas Aylott and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-11-18 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the varying ways in which political parties in Europe make arguably their most important decisions: the selection of their leaders. The choice shapes the representation of a party externally. It also influences the management of internal conflict, because there will always be some disagreement about the party’s direction. The rules of selection will naturally affect the outcome. Yet there is more to it than rules. Sometimes the process is open and fiercely contested. Sometimes the field of potential leaders is filtered even before the decision reaches the selectorate – the organ that, according to party statutes, formally makes the appointment. The selectorate might have only a single candidate to ratify, a so-called ‘coronation’. The book presents a framework for analysing both the formal and informal sides of leader selection, and hones the framework through its application in a series of case studies from nine European countries.

Parties Without Partisans

Author : Martin P. Wattenberg
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191528994
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

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Book Synopsis Parties Without Partisans by : Martin P. Wattenberg

Download or read book Parties Without Partisans written by Martin P. Wattenberg and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2000-11-30 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If democracy without political parties is unthinkable, what would happen if the role of political parties if the democratic process is weakened? The ongoing debate about the vitality of political parties is also a debate about the vitality of representative democracy. Leading scholars in the field of party research assess the evidence for partisan decline or adaptation for the OECD nations in this book. It documents the broadscale erosion of the public's partisan identities in virtually all advanced industrial democracies. Partisan dealignment is diminishing involvement in electoral politics, and for those who participate it leads to more volatility in their voting choices, an openness to new political appeals, and less predictablity in their party preferences. Political parties have adapted to partisan dealignment by strengthening their internal organizational structures and partially isolating themselves from the ebbs and flows of electoral politics. Centralized, professionalized parties with short time horizons have replaced the ideologically-driven mass parties of the past. This study also examines the role of parties within government, and finds that parties have retained their traditional roles in structuring legislative action and the function of government-further evidence that party organizations are insulating themselves from the changes transforming democratic publics. Parties without Partisans is the most comprehensive cross-national study of parties in advanced industrial democracies in all of their forms — in electoral politics, as organizations, and in government. Its findings chart both how representative democracy has been transformed in the later half of the 20th Century, as well as what the new style of democratic politics is likely to look like in the 21st Century.

The Acceptance of Party Unity in Parliamentary Democracies

Author : David M. Willumsen
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198805438
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (988 download)

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Book Synopsis The Acceptance of Party Unity in Parliamentary Democracies by : David M. Willumsen

Download or read book The Acceptance of Party Unity in Parliamentary Democracies written by David M. Willumsen and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book seeks to explain how political parties in parliamentary countries manage to be almost perfectly united when it comes to voting in parliament.

Political Parties in Western Democracies

Author : Leon D. Epstein
Publisher : New York : Praeger
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Political Parties in Western Democracies by : Leon D. Epstein

Download or read book Political Parties in Western Democracies written by Leon D. Epstein and published by New York : Praeger. This book was released on 1967 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Challenges of Intra-Party Democracy

Author : William P. Cross
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191638005
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

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Book Synopsis The Challenges of Intra-Party Democracy by : William P. Cross

Download or read book The Challenges of Intra-Party Democracy written by William P. Cross and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2013-02-28 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Challenges of Intra-Party Democracy provides a comprehensive examination of both the concept and the practice of intra-party democracy (IPD). Acknowledging that IPD is now widely viewed, among both democratic practitioners and scholars, as a normative good, this volume suggests that there is no single, or uniformly preferred, form of IPD. Rather, each party's version of IPD results from a series of choices they make relating to the organization and division of power internally. These decisions reflect many variables including a party's democratic ethos, its electoral context, state regulation and whether or not it is in government. Individual chapters examine the relationship between party models and IPD, the decline in party membership and activism, the role of the state in regulating party democracy, issues relating to gender and party organization, norms of candidate and leadership recruitment and selection, party policy development and party finance. The analysis considers the principal issues that parties (and the state) must consider relating to IPD in each area of party activity, the range of options open to them, current trends in terms of paths chosen, what these choices tell us about parties and, most importantly, what the implications of these choices are. In doing so, we offer a common language and set of questions relating to IPD that enhance the ability for consistent evaluation of the state of internal party democracy. Through thorough analysis of associated costs and benefits, we also provide a framework to assist with considerations of IPD reforms — particularly in terms of their scope, the range of options available and their implications. Comparative Politics is a series for students, teachers, and researchers of political science that deals with contemporary government and politics. Global in scope, books in the series are characterised by a stress on comparative analysis and strong methodological rigour. The series is published in association with the European Consortium for Political Research. For more information visit: www.ecprnet.eu. The Comparative Politics series is edited by Professor David M. Farrell, School of Politics and International Relations, University College Dublin, and Kenneth Carty, Professor of Political Science, University of British Columbia.

The Party's Over

Author : Keith Sutherland
Publisher : Andrews UK Limited
ISBN 13 : 1845405293
Total Pages : 213 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (454 download)

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Book Synopsis The Party's Over by : Keith Sutherland

Download or read book The Party's Over written by Keith Sutherland and published by Andrews UK Limited. This book was released on 2013-12-09 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Consider the following paradox: As the leaders of both of the main British political parties subscribed to the neoconservative doctrine on Iraq, everybody else in the birthplace of parliamentary democracy was effectively disenfranchised. Yet one of the rationales supporting the deployment of UK forces in Iraq was the wish to export democracy to the Middle East. The Emperor would appear to have mislaid his clothes (see Gordon Graham's Case Against the Democratic State). Judging from the lack of ministerial resignations in the wake of the Butler enquiry, Britain is no longer a parliamentary democracy. The classical doctrine of joint and several ministerial responsibility is revealed to be a fiction, and Lord Hailsham's verdict of 'elective dictatorship' is a better assessment of the British constitution. By contrast unelected bodies like the BBC are now far more accountable for their actions. The reason of this paradox is the monopoly power of the ruling party, controlled by the Prime Minister. The UK political party started off as a loose association of like-minded MPs. However, in recent years the tail has been wagging the dog - politicians now have no alternative but to choose and then fall in line behind a strong leader with the charisma to win elections. This book examines the historical forces that gave rise to the modern political party and questions its role in the post-ideological age. If we all now share the liberal market consensus, then what is the function of the party? Parties in America are a lot weaker, so the book considers Graham Allen's argument to emulate the US system of checks and balances, but concludes that we would be better off reinterpreting our own constitution more literally. When the Chancellor really was a minister of the crown, every line of the budget was meticulously scrutinized. The key to the changes advocated in the book is the replacement of the Victorian ballot-box with a modern system of representation, based on the jury-selection principle.