The Psychology Of Radicalization And Terrorism

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The Psychology of Radicalization and Terrorism

Author : Willem Koomen
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131767703X
Total Pages : 285 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis The Psychology of Radicalization and Terrorism by : Willem Koomen

Download or read book The Psychology of Radicalization and Terrorism written by Willem Koomen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-11-19 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Terrorism and radicalization have a long history, but in recent years their prominence has been a particularly conspicuous and influential feature of the global political landscape. This important book presents an overview of the processes involved in radicalization and terrorism, and introduces a systematic framework which captures the most crucial individual and social factors involved in determining these processes. The authors begin by considering the possible role of prejudice, economic deprivation, and discrimination, and the cognitive responses and emotions they can trigger. Such responses tend in turn to increase the importance of group membership, and promote intergroup differentiation and polarization, a process which is often accompanied by more pronounced and more extreme religious and ideological beliefs. The book also describes the role of cultural values and social climate in processes of radicalization, as well as the role of personality factors and demographics such as age and marital status. As for violent terrorist action itself, this final most radical stage is elicited by a number of group factors such as groupthink, isolation, and leadership. Certain cognitive mechanisms – for example, dehumanizing the target and attributing responsibility elsewhere – can also provide excuses for violence. The book explores why some groups turn to violence and others don’t, and it addresses processes of disengagement, deradicalization programs, and other methods used to inhibit the spread of radicalization and terrorism. The Psychology of Radicalization and Terrorism takes a unique and systematic approach to a vital topic, integrating knowledge from diverse literatures, and using social psychology as a basis for comprehending human behaviour. It will be essential reading for students and researchers from all disciplines seeking a greater understanding of terrorism and violent political conflict in all its forms.

Radicalization to Terrorism

Author : Sophia Moskalenko
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190862610
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

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Book Synopsis Radicalization to Terrorism by : Sophia Moskalenko

Download or read book Radicalization to Terrorism written by Sophia Moskalenko and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-05-01 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Terrorism and radicalization came to the forefront of news and politics in the US after the unforgettable attacks of September 11th, 2001. When George W. Bush famously asked "Why do they hate us?," the President echoed the confusion, anger and fear felt by millions of Americans, while also creating a politicized discourse that has come to characterize and obscure discussions of both phenomena in the media. Since then the American public has lived through a number of domestic attacks and threats, and watched international terrorist attacks from afar on television sets and computer screens. The anxiety and misinformation surrounding terrorism and radicalization are perhaps best detected in questions that have continued to recur in the last decade: "Are terrorists crazy?"; "Is there a profile of individuals likely to become terrorists?"; "Is it possible to prevent radicalization to terrorism?" Fortunately, in the two decades since 9/11, a significant body of research has emerged that can help provide definitive answers. As experts in the psychology of radicalization, Sophia Moskalenko and Clark McCauley propose twelve mechanisms that can move individuals, groups, and mass publics from political indifference to sympathy and support for terrorist violence. Radicalization to Terrorism: What Everyone Needs to Know synthesizes original and existing research to answer the questions raised after each new attack, including those committed by radicalized Americans. It offers a rigorously informed overview of the insight that will enable readers to see beyond the relentless news cycle to understand where terrorism comes from and how best to respond to it.

The Psychology of Extremism

Author : Arie W. Kruglanski
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000454002
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis The Psychology of Extremism by : Arie W. Kruglanski

Download or read book The Psychology of Extremism written by Arie W. Kruglanski and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-09-12 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This ground-breaking book introduces a new model of extremism that emphasizes motivational imbalance among individual needs, offering a unique multidisciplinary exploration of extreme behaviors relating to terrorism, dieting, sports, love, addictions, and money. In popular discourse, the term ‘extremism’ has come to mean largely ‘violent extremism’, but this is just one of many different types: extreme sports, extreme diets, political and religious extremisms, extreme self-interest, extreme attitudes, extreme devotion to a cause, addiction to substances, or behavioral addiction (to videogames, shopping, pornography, sex, and work). But do these descriptions have a deeper meaning? Do they reveal a common psychological dynamic? Or are they merely a mode of things about phenomena that have little in common? Bringing together world-leading psychologists from a variety of disciplines, the book uses a brand-new model to examine different expressions of extremism, at different levels of analysis (brain, hormones, and behavior), in order not merely to describe such behaviors but also to explain their occurrence, and the conditions under which they may be likely to emerge. Also including suggestions for ways in which extremism could be counteracted, and to what extent it appears to be harmful to individuals and society, this is essential reading for students and academics in psychology and behavioral sciences.

Psychology of Terrorism

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Psychology of Terrorism by :

Download or read book Psychology of Terrorism written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In compiling this annotated bibliography on the psychology of terrorism, the author has defined terrorism as "acts of violence intentionally perpetrated on civilian noncombatants with the goal of furthering some ideological, religious or political objective." The principal focus is on nonstate actors. The task was to identify and analyze the scientific and professional social science literature pertaining to the psychological and/or behavioral dimensions of terrorist behavior (not on victimization or effects). The objectives were to explore what questions pertaining to terrorist groups and behavior had been asked by social science researchers; to identify the main findings from that research; and attempt to distill and summarize them within a framework of operationally relevant questions. To identify the relevant social science literature, the author began by searching a series of major academic databases using a systematic, iterative keyword strategy, mapping, where possible, onto existing subject headings. The focus was on locating professional social science literature published in major books or in peer-reviewed journals. Searches were conducted of the following databases October 2003: Sociofile/Sociological Abstracts, Criminal Justice Abstracts (CJ Abstracts), Criminal Justice Periodical Index (CJPI), National Criminal Justice Reference Service Abstracts (NCJRS), PsycInfo, Medline, and Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). Three types of annotations were provided for works in this bibliography: Author's Abstract -- this is the abstract of the work as provided (and often published) by the author; Editor's Annotation -- this is an annotation written by the editor of this bibliography; and Key Quote Summary -- this is an annotation composed of "key quotes" from the original work, edited to provide a cogent overview of its main points.

The Handbook of the Criminology of Terrorism

Author : Gary LaFree
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118923952
Total Pages : 640 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (189 download)

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Book Synopsis The Handbook of the Criminology of Terrorism by : Gary LaFree

Download or read book The Handbook of the Criminology of Terrorism written by Gary LaFree and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-11-30 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of the Criminology of Terrorism features a collection of essays that represent the most recent criminological research relating to the origins and evolution of, along with responses to, terrorism, from a criminological perspective. Offers an authoritative overview of the latest criminological research into the causes of and responses to terrorism in today’s world Covers broad themes that include terrorism’s origins, theories, methodologies, types, relationship to other forms of crime, terrorism and the criminal justice system, ways to counter terrorism, and more Features original contributions from a group of international experts in the field Provides unique insights into the field through an exclusive focus on criminological conceptual frameworks and empirical studies that engage terrorism and responses to it

Psychological Perspectives on Radicalization

Author : Allard R. Feddes
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351714538
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (517 download)

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Book Synopsis Psychological Perspectives on Radicalization by : Allard R. Feddes

Download or read book Psychological Perspectives on Radicalization written by Allard R. Feddes and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-05-26 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This innovative book examines radicalization from new psychological perspectives by examining the different typologies of radicalizing individuals, what makes individuals resilient against radicalization, and events that can trigger individuals to radicalize or to deradicalize. What is radicalization? Which psychological processes or events in a person's life play a role in radicalization? What determines whether a personal is resilient against radicalization, and is deradicalization something that we can achieve? This book goes beyond previous publications on this topic by identifying concrete key events in the process of radicalization, providing a useful theoretical framework that summarizes the current state-of-the-art research on radicalization and deradicalization. A model is presented in which a distinction is made between different levels of radicalization and deradicalization, with key underlying psychological needs discussed: the need for identity, justice, significance, and sensation. The authors also describe what makes people resilient against messages from "the outside world" when they belong to an extremist group and discuss observable events which may "trigger" a person to radicalize (further) or to deradicalize. Including real-world examples and clear guidelines for interventions aimed at prevention of radicalization and stimulation of deradicalization, this is essential reading for policy makers, researchers, practitioners, and students interested in this crucial societal issue.

The Three Pillars of Radicalization

Author : Arie W. Kruglanski
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0190851120
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

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Book Synopsis The Three Pillars of Radicalization by : Arie W. Kruglanski

Download or read book The Three Pillars of Radicalization written by Arie W. Kruglanski and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2019 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What fuels radicalization? Is deradicalization a possibility? The Three Pillars of Radicalization: Needs, Narratives, and Networks addresses these crucial questions by identifying the three major determinants of radicalization that progresses into violent extremism. The first determinant is the need: individuals' universal desire for personal significance. The second determinant is narrative, which guides members in their "quest for significance." The third determinant is the network, or membership in one's group that validates the collective narrative and dispenses rewards like respect and veneration to members who implement it. In this book, Arie W. Kruglanski, Jocelyn J. Bélanger, and Rohan Gunaratna present a new model of radicalization that takes into account factors that activate the individual's quest for significance. Synthesizing varied empirical evidence, this volume reinterprets prior theories of radicalization and examines major issues in deradicalization and recidivism, which will only become more relevant as communities continue to negotiate the threat of extremism.

The Psychology of Terrorism

Author : Neil Shortland
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000196771
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis The Psychology of Terrorism by : Neil Shortland

Download or read book The Psychology of Terrorism written by Neil Shortland and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-10-07 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What is terrorism? Can anyone be radicalized? How can we respond to terrorist acts? The Psychology of Terrorism seeks to explain why some acts of violence are considered terrorism and others are not, and why some individuals may be more susceptible to engaging in radical terrorist behavior. Debunking myths and lazy stereotypes, the book delves into some of the most shocking atrocities of our times to discuss the complex and varied psychological characteristics of individual terrorists, organized groups, and their acts. Whilw there is no simple solution, The Psychology of Terrorism shows us that a growing reverse radicalization movement and modern interventionist techniques can give us hope for the future.

The Mind of the Terrorist

Author : Jerrold M. Post
Publisher : St. Martin's Press
ISBN 13 : 0230608590
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis The Mind of the Terrorist by : Jerrold M. Post

Download or read book The Mind of the Terrorist written by Jerrold M. Post and published by St. Martin's Press. This book was released on 2007-12-10 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In contrast to the widely held assumption that terrorists as crazed fanatics, Jerrold Post demonstrates they are psychologically "normal" and that "hatred has been bred in the bone". He reveals the powerful motivations that drive these ordinary people to such extraordinary evil by exploring the different types of terrorists, from national-separatists like the Irish Republican Army to social revolutionary terrorists like the Shining Path, as well as religious extremists like al-Qaeda and Aum Shinrikyo. In The Mind of the Terrorist, Post uses his expertise to explain how the terrorist mind works and how this information can help us to combat terrorism more effectively.

Radicalization to Terrorism

Author : Sophia Moskalenko
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190862602
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

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Book Synopsis Radicalization to Terrorism by : Sophia Moskalenko

Download or read book Radicalization to Terrorism written by Sophia Moskalenko and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-05-01 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Terrorism and radicalization came to the forefront of news and politics in the US after the unforgettable attacks of September 11th, 2001. When George W. Bush famously asked "Why do they hate us?," the President echoed the confusion, anger and fear felt by millions of Americans, while also creating a politicized discourse that has come to characterize and obscure discussions of both phenomena in the media. Since then the American public has lived through a number of domestic attacks and threats, and watched international terrorist attacks from afar on television sets and computer screens. The anxiety and misinformation surrounding terrorism and radicalization are perhaps best detected in questions that have continued to recur in the last decade: "Are terrorists crazy?"; "Is there a profile of individuals likely to become terrorists?"; "Is it possible to prevent radicalization to terrorism?" Fortunately, in the two decades since 9/11, a significant body of research has emerged that can help provide definitive answers. As experts in the psychology of radicalization, Sophia Moskalenko and Clark McCauley propose twelve mechanisms that can move individuals, groups, and mass publics from political indifference to sympathy and support for terrorist violence. Radicalization to Terrorism: What Everyone Needs to Know synthesizes original and existing research to answer the questions raised after each new attack, including those committed by radicalized Americans. It offers a rigorously informed overview of the insight that will enable readers to see beyond the relentless news cycle to understand where terrorism comes from and how best to respond to it.

Psychological Assessment and Interventions for Individuals Linked to Radicalization and Lone Wolf Terrorism

Author : Carlo Lazzari
Publisher : Bentham Science Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9814998346
Total Pages : 151 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (149 download)

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Book Synopsis Psychological Assessment and Interventions for Individuals Linked to Radicalization and Lone Wolf Terrorism by : Carlo Lazzari

Download or read book Psychological Assessment and Interventions for Individuals Linked to Radicalization and Lone Wolf Terrorism written by Carlo Lazzari and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2021-09-02 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent times, the phenomenon of lone wolf terrorism has been observed with the social assumption that a radicalized individual is only guided by personal, social, and ethnic reasons to commit an extremist act. Nevertheless, there is still much to understand about this phenomenon and improve the methods of investigation or psychiatric interventions. This handbook attempts to cover gaps in understanding the psychiatric aspects of radicalization and the phenomenon of lone-wolf terrorism. Edited by expert clinical psychologists, the contributors have taken both a qualitative and theoretical route to analyze the phenomenon, prompted by their clinical experience with mental health professionals, being in contact with radicalized people living in local towns and prisons. Key Features - Addresses the topic of lone wolf terrorism from multiple angles including psychological aspects, social aspects, philosophical aspects and prevention - Provides insights into forensic psychiatric methods used to study terrorism - Includes contributions from several mental health experts - Explains information in a concise, easy to comprehend manner - Includes references for further research Psychological Assessment and Interventions for Individuals Linked to Radicalization and Lone Wolf Terrorism serves as a practical handbook for psychologists, psychiatrists, criminologists, social workers, allied professionals (such as law enforcement officers) and students (in criminology, social science or psychology programs for example) who want to learn about the causes and prevention of terrorism, with a focus on radicalization processes and lone wolf agents.

Psychology of Terrorism

Author : Bruce Michael Bongar
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0195172493
Total Pages : 511 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (951 download)

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Book Synopsis Psychology of Terrorism by : Bruce Michael Bongar

Download or read book Psychology of Terrorism written by Bruce Michael Bongar and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2007 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher description

Terrorist Minds

Author : John Horgan
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231552602
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Terrorist Minds by : John Horgan

Download or read book Terrorist Minds written by John Horgan and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2023-12-26 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What makes a person want to become a terrorist? Who becomes involved in terrorism, and why? In what ways does participating in violent extremism change someone? And how can people become deradicalized? John Horgan—one of the world’s leading experts on the psychology of terrorism—takes readers on a globe-spanning journey into the terrorist mindset. Drawing on groundbreaking personal interviews as well as decades of research from psychologists and others, he traces the pathways that lead people into violent extremism and explores what happens to them as their involvement deepens. Horgan provides an up-to-date, evidence-based understanding of the patterns, motives, and mentalities of violent extremists from the Islamic State and al-Shabaab to white supremacists and incels. He argues that there is not a straightforward psychological profile of a terrorist, in part because of the great variety of today’s extremists, who are able to attract a more diverse pool of recruits than ever before. But even though there is no one-size-fits-all profile, psychological study can provide crucial insight into why and how people become terrorists. Accessible and nuanced, Terrorist Minds is an essential book for readers interested in what psychology can explain about extremist behavior.

State, Society and National Security

Author : Shashi Jayakumar
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9813140135
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis State, Society and National Security by : Shashi Jayakumar

Download or read book State, Society and National Security written by Shashi Jayakumar and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2016-04-12 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Addressing the complexities of radicalisation, resilience, cyber, and homeland security, State, Society and National Security: Challenges and Opportunities in the 21st Century aims to shed light on what has changed in recent years security discourse, what has worked (as well as what has not), and what the potential further evolutions within each domain might be. The release of this book commemorates the 10th anniversary of the creation of the Centre of Excellence for National Security (CENS) — a policy-oriented security think tank within the S Rajaratnam School for International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, as well as the 10th edition of CENS' annual Asia-Pacific Programme for Senior National Security Officers (APPSNO), which has developed into a premier international security conference in Southeast Asia. Featuring contributions from practitioners, policy experts and academics closely linked to CENS, this volume is a reminder of the meaningful and impact-creating insights that 10 years' worth of thinking and talking about national security imperatives have generated. Contributors to this volume include Professor Sir David Omand, former director of the United Kingdom's Government Communication Headquarters (GCHQ), Steven R Corman, Professor in the Hugh Downs School of Human Communication, Marc Sageman, former operations officer at the United States Central Intelligence Agency, Ilan Mizrahi, former Head of Israel's National Security Council and John, Lord Alderdice, Liberal Democrat member of the House of Lords and Senior Research Fellow and Director of the Centre for the Resolution of Intractable Conflict at Harris Manchester College, Oxford. This book has been written in a manner that makes it accessible to policymakers, security practitioners and academics, as well as interested lay readers. Contents:National Security:Securing the State: A Conversation with Peter Ho and Benny Lim Thinking about National Security (Sir David Omand)Strategic Intelligence Challenges in the 21st Century (Ilan Mizrahi)The Velocity of Change: Global Threats, Moore's Law and Securing the Future (David F Heyman)Resilience:The Role of Community Resilience in Advancing Security (Stephen E Flynn)Social Resilience and the Troubles in Northern Ireland (Lord John Alderdice)Resilience and National Security: "Everyone Has a Plan 'Til They Get Punched in the Mouth" (Norman Vasu)Radicalisation and Extremism:On Radicalization (Marc Sageman)'Radicalisation': The Transformation of Modern Understanding of Terrorist Origins, Psychology and Motivation (Andrew Silke and Katherine Brown)Radicalisation into Violent Extremism: A New Synthesis? (Kumar Ramakrishna)Strategic and Crisis Communications:The 21st Century Strategic Communication Landscape and its Challenges for Policymakers (Steven R Corman)Digital Naturals and the Effects of Social Media on Disaster Communication (W Timothy Coombs)The Evolution, Impact and Future of Social Media for National Security (Damien D Cheong)Cyber:Embracing Transformation: Success and Failure in Cybersecurity Implementation (Christian Lifländer)Singapore's Approach to Cybersecurity (Wong Yu Han)Regional Cybersecurity Policy Developments in Southeast Asia and the Wider Asia Pacific (Caitríona Heinl) Readership: Policymakers, security practitioners, security studies academics, general readers interested in issues of security.

Weaponized Words

Author : Kurt Braddock
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108474527
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Weaponized Words by : Kurt Braddock

Download or read book Weaponized Words written by Kurt Braddock and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-04-16 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover theories of persuasion that show how terrorist messages promote radicalization and how counter-messages fight terrorist propaganda.

The Psychology of Extremism

Author : Katherine V. Aumer
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030596982
Total Pages : 124 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis The Psychology of Extremism by : Katherine V. Aumer

Download or read book The Psychology of Extremism written by Katherine V. Aumer and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-04-25 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume examines the psychological factors, environments, and social factors contributing to identification with extremist identities and ideologies. Incorporating recent findings on interpersonal relationships, emotions, and social identity, the book aims to improve understanding of what makes individuals vulnerable to extremism. It concludes with a discussion of the intricacies of identification with extremist groups, a proposal for de-radicalization, and a call for awareness as a means to resist polarization. Chapters highlight interdisciplinary research into specific concepts and behaviors that can lead to extremism, addressing topics such as: ● Homogamy, tribalism and the desire to belong ● Shared hatred in strong group identities ● The impact of emotional contagion on personal relationships ● Dehumanization across political party lines An in-depth exploration of an increasingly divisive modern issue, The Psychology of Extremism is an essential resource for researchers and students across social psychology, sociology, political psychology, and political science.

Friction

Author : Clark R. McCauley
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190624922
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis Friction by : Clark R. McCauley

Download or read book Friction written by Clark R. McCauley and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-12 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Terrorism is an extreme form of radicalization. In this ground-breaking and important book, Clark McCauley and Sophia Moskalenko identify and outline twelve mechanisms of political radicalization that can move individuals, groups, and the masses to increased sympathy and support for political violence. Co-authored by two psychologists both acknowledged in their field as experts in radicalization and consultants to the Department of Homeland Security and other government agencies, Friction draws on wide-ranging case histories to show striking parallels between 1800s anti-czarist terrorism, 1970s anti-war terrorism, and 21st century jihadist terrorism. Altogether, the twelve mechanisms of political radicalization demonstrate how unexceptional people are moved to exceptional violence in the conflict between states and non-state challengers. In this revised and expanded edition, McCauley and Moskalenko use the twelve mechanisms to analyze recent cases of lone-wolf terrorists and illustrate how individuals can become radicalized to jihadist violence with group influence or organizational support. Additionally, in the context of the Islamic State's worldwide efforts to radicalize moderate Muslims for jihad, they advance a model that differentiates radicalization in opinion from radicalization in action, and suggest different strategies for countering these diverse forms of radicalization. As a result, the authors conclude that the same mechanisms are at work in radicalizing both terrorists and states targeted by terrorists, implying that these conclusions are as relevant for policy-makers and security officers as they are for citizens facing the threat of terror today.