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The Effects Of Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure On Hematological Markers And Exercise Performance
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Book Synopsis The Effects of Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure on Hematological Markers and Exercise Performance by : Krista G. Austin
Download or read book The Effects of Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure on Hematological Markers and Exercise Performance written by Krista G. Austin and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Effects of Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure (IHE) on Haemorheology of Elite Middle Distance Runners by :
Download or read book The Effects of Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure (IHE) on Haemorheology of Elite Middle Distance Runners written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: The present investigation posed the following questions; 1)What are the relative contributions of Plasma Viscosity (PV), Red Blood Cell Deformability Index (RBCDI) and Haematocrit (Hct) to Whole Blood Viscosity (WBV) in elite middle distance runners? 2)What is the relationship between WBV and performance in elite middle distance runners? 3)Is WBV modified by sleeping in a hypoxic environment? 4)Does sleeping in a hypoxic environment increase performance? Methodology. The present investigation was part of a larger study at the Australian Institute of Sport investigating the effect of Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure (IHE) on the performance of elite middle distance runners. IHE was regulated to simulate an altitude of 2650 metres by the use of nitrogen to generate a normobaric-hypoxia sleeping chamber (Oxygen 16.3 %, barometric pressure approximately 710 mmHg). Eleven elite middle distance runners volunteered to participate in the study. All runners were members of the Australian Institute of Sport Development Squad with a time of 232.3 ł 1.4 s for 1500 meters. There was (i) a 5 day testing block pre-IHE (at Altitude 600 m, the results of which were used to allocate runners into either the ALTITUDE or CONTROL group); (ii) 5 nights of IHE (2650 m), (iii) 3 days at home (all athletes resided in Canberra, Altitude 600 metres), (iv) 5 nights of IHE (2650 m), (v) 3 days home (600 m), (vi) 5 nights IHE (2650 m), (vii) a post-IHE 5 day testing block (600 m), (viii) 11 days out of the IHE chamber with no tests (600 m) and (ix) a post-IHE 5 day testing block (600 m). Three performance tests were completed each 5 day testing block. The performance tests included (i) long duration treadmill test (VO2max), (ii) short duration treadmill test (anaerobic capacity) and (iii) a 1500 m time trial on a synthetic 400 m track. Blood was collected from a superficial forearm vein on nine occasions. Of the nine occasions blood was collected, three were in the mornings immediately proceeding the 1500 m time trials, three were in the mornings following the first night of exposure in the IHE and the remaining three blood samples were collected in the mornings following the fifth night of exposure to the IHE. Blood was analysed for WBV, PV, Hct, Hb, Red Blood Deformability Index (RBCDI), Red Blood Cell Count (RBCC), White Blood Cell Count (WBCC), red blood cell Mean Cell Volume (MCV), percent Reticulocytes (% retics), Platelet Count (PC) and Mean Cell Volume of the Reticulocyte (MCVr). Results. 1.) 1500 m time trial results for the ALTITUDE and CONTROL groups over the three 5 day testing blocks were 241.3 ł 3.0 s vs 241.7 ł 1.9 s, 243.3 ł 1.4 s vs 238.6 ł 1.8 s and 236.6 ł 2.0 s vs 236.2 ł 0.8 s respectively. Long duration treadmill test (VO2max) time to exhaustion results for the ALTITUDE and CONTROL groups over the three 5 day testing blocks were 612 ł 18.4 s vs 588 ł 24.1 s, 645 ł 6.9 s vs 606 ł 24.1 s and 654 ł 10.2 s vs 645 ł 25.5 respectively. Short duration treadmill test to exhaustion results for the ALTITUDE and CONTROL groups over the three 5 day testing blocks were 120 ł 8.6 s vs 129 ł 12.5 s, 113 ł 2.9 s vs 126 ł 7.2 s and 146 ł 7.8 s vs 145 ł 10.7 s respectively. 2.) A significant (p=0.0004) and positive relationship was found between PV and WBV, Hct and WBV (p=0.0001), Hb and WBV (p=0.0001), RBCC and WBV (p=0.04), WBCC and WBV (p=0.04) and PC and WBV (p=0.01). A significant (p=0.05) and negative relationship was found between RBCDI and WBV. No significant relationship was found to exist between WBV and MCV, WBV and Percent Reticulocytes or WBV and MCVr. 3.) A significant (p=0.002) and positive relationship was found to exist between 1500 m time trial time and WBV and a significant (p=0.001) but negative relationship between 1500m time trial-time and Hct. No significant relationship was found to exist between the long duration treadmill test run time to exhaustion (aerobic capacity) and WBV. A significant (p=0.01) and positive relationship was found to exist between Hct and the long duration treadmill test run time to exhaustion. No significant relationship was found to exist between the short duration treadmill test time to exhaustion (anaerobic capacity) and WBV. A significant (p=0.02) and positive relationship was found to exist between short duration treadmill test time to exhaustion and Hct. 4.) Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure resulted in a significant elevation of WBV (p=0.001) in the ALTITUDE group compared to the CONTROL group over the course of the study. 5.) In elite middle distance runners, 15 nights of sleeping in IHE did not significantly improve anaerobic (short duration treadmill test), aerobic (long duration treadmill test) performance, or 1500 m time, any more than sleeping in normoxic (600 m) conditions. Conclusions. i) PV, RBCDI and Hct do significantly and positively contribute to WBV. ii) A significant and positive relationship exists between WBV and WBCC and WBV and PC. iii) There was a paradoxical situation in elite middle distance runners between WBV and 1500 m time trial time and Hct and 1500m time trial time. Increased WBV leads to slower 1500 m time trial times and a shorter time to exhaustion. Increased Hct leads to faster 1500 m time trial times and a longer time to exhaustion. We conclude; (1) that there exists an optimal combination of Hct and WBV to produce optimal performance in elite middle distance runners. (2) Whole blood is significantly more viscous as the result of IHE. (3) Intermittent hypoxic exposure did not improve 1500 m time trial performance, aerobic or anaerobic capacity in an elite middle distance runners.
Download or read book High Altitude written by Erik R. Swenson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-26 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last decade the science and medicine of high altitude and hypoxia adaptation has seen great advances. High Altitude: Human Adaptation to Hypoxia addresses the challenges in dealing with the changes in human physiology and the particular medical conditions that arise from exposure to high altitude. In-depth and comprehensive chapters cover both the basic science and the clinical consequences of exposure to high altitude. Genetic, cellular, organ and whole body system responses to high altitudes are covered and chapters discuss these effects on a wide range of diseases. Expert authors provide insight into the care of patients with pre-existing medical conditions that fail in some cases to adapt as well as offer insights into how high altitude research can help critically ill patients. High Altitude: Human Adaptation to Hypoxia is an important new volume that offers a window into greater understanding and more successful treatment of hypoxic human diseases.
Download or read book Intermittent Hypoxia written by Lei Xi and published by Nova Science Pub Incorporated. This book was released on 2012-12-20 with total page 615 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In consolidation of the most updated experimental results and perspectives from diverse research fields on a main theme - Intermittent Hypoxia, this book encompasses the structural, physiological, pathophysiological, biochemical, genetic, metabolic, and therapeutic aspects of intermittent hypoxia and provides an open forum to promote the bench-to-bed translational implications of both adaptive (beneficial) and maladaptive (detrimental) responses to intermittent hypoxia in animals and humans. Authored by 74 leading scientists from 17 countries in Asia, Europe, North America, and Oceana, the 30 chapters are grouped under 7 different sections covering the profound effects of intermittent hypoxia particularly on cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, and skeletal muscular systems. Special attentions are paid to the protective or injurious roles played by intermittent hypoxia and their underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms in several major human diseases such as acute myocardial infarction, stroke, sleep apnea, and Parkinsons disease. Several chapters have also reviewed the use of intermittent hypoxia training for enhancing exercise performance in elite athletes. Overall, as endorsed by Professor John B. West (Member, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences of U.S.A.; Editor-in-Chief, High Altitude Medicine and Biology) through his Foreword for the book, this is the most comprehensive monograph to date on the topic of intermittent hypoxia, which can cause significant structural and functional impact on the systemic, organic, cellular and molecular processes of human physiology and pathophysiology. Hence, this book could serve as a thorough reference for research scientists, physicians, academic faculty, graduate and medical students, athletic coaches and trainers, who are interested in enhancing their knowledge about the past, present, and future of intermittent hypoxia research and its translational applications for prevention and treatment of major diseases and improving exercise performance.
Book Synopsis Antioxidants in Sport Nutrition by : Manfred Lamprecht
Download or read book Antioxidants in Sport Nutrition written by Manfred Lamprecht and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-09-17 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of antioxidants in sports is controversial due to existing evidence that they both support and hinder athletic performance. Antioxidants in Sport Nutrition covers antioxidant use in the athlete ́s basic nutrition and discusses the controversies surrounding the usefulness of antioxidant supplementation. The book also stresses how antioxidants may affect immunity, health, and exercise performance. The book contains scientifically based chapters explaining the basic mechanisms of exercise-induced oxidative damage. Also covered are methodological approaches to assess the effectiveness of antioxidant treatment. Biomarkers are discussed as a method to estimate the bioefficacy of dietary/supplemental antioxidants in sports. This book is useful for sport nutrition scientists, physicians, exercise physiologists, product developers, sport practitioners, coaches, top athletes, and recreational athletes. In it, they will find objective information and practical guidance.
Book Synopsis Genetic Basis for Respiratory Control Disorders by : Claude Gaultier
Download or read book Genetic Basis for Respiratory Control Disorders written by Claude Gaultier and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-10-23 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing together top-level contributions on all aspects of the subject, this book provides an overview of the recent advances in the genetics of respiratory control in health and disease. It also shows how combined studies in humans and mouse models have helped to improve our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie genetically determined respiratory control disorders with the goal of developing new therapeutic interventions.
Book Synopsis Dissertation Abstracts International by :
Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 774 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Intermittent Hypoxia and Human Diseases by : Lei Xi
Download or read book Intermittent Hypoxia and Human Diseases written by Lei Xi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-06-05 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intermittent hypoxia can cause significant structural and functional impact on the systemic, organic, cellular and molecular processes of human physiology and pathophysiology. This book focuses on the most updated scientific understanding of the adaptive (beneficial) and maladaptive (detrimental) responses to intermittent hypoxia and their potential pathogenetic or prophylactic roles in the development and progression of major human diseases. This is a comprehensive monograph for clinicians, research scientists, academic faculty, postgraduate and medical students, and allied health professionals who are interested in enhancing their up-to-date knowledge of intermittent hypoxia research and its translational applications in preventing and treating major human diseases.
Download or read book Hypoxia written by Robert C. Roach and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International Hypoxia Symposium convenes biannually to bring together international experts from many fields to explore the state of the art in normal and pathophysiological responses to hypoxia. Representatives from five continents and 32 countries joined together in February 2003 for four days in the dramatic mountains of Banff, Alberta. As editors of the Proceedings of the International Hypoxia Symposia, we strive to maintain a 26 six year tradition of presenting a stimulating blend of clinical and basic science papers focused on hypoxia. Topics covered in 2003 include hibernation and hypoxia, hypoxia and fetal development and new advances in high altitude pathophysiology, oxidative stress and membrane damage, hypoxic regulation of blood flow, heat shock proteins in hypoxia, and future directions in hypoxia research. In 2003 we also had the privilege ofhonoring John W. Severinghaus as a friend, colleague, mentor and inspiration to many in the field. Tom Hornbein's personal tribute to John Severinghaus is the first chapter in this volume, followed by an entertaining update of the history of the discovery of oxygen written by John Severinghaus.
Book Synopsis Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals by : National Research Council
Download or read book Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-03-18 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the eighth volume in the series Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, and reviews AEGLs for acrolein, carbon monoxide, 1,2-dichloroethene, ethylenimine, fluorine, hydrazine, peracetic acid, propylenimine, and sulfur dioxide for scientific accuracy, completeness, and consistency with the NRC guideline reports.
Book Synopsis High-Intensity Exercise in Hypoxia - Beneficial Aspects and Potential Drawbacks by : Olivier Girard
Download or read book High-Intensity Exercise in Hypoxia - Beneficial Aspects and Potential Drawbacks written by Olivier Girard and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-01-25 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past, ‘traditional’ moderate-intensity continuous training (60-75% peak heart rate) was the type of physical activity most frequently recommended for both athletes and clinical populations (cf. American College of Sports Medicine guidelines). However, growing evidence indicates that high-intensity interval training (80-100% peak heart rate) could actually be associated with larger cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic function benefits and, thereby, physical performance gains for athletes. Similarly, recent data in obese and hypertensive individuals indicate that various mechanisms – further improvement in endothelial function, reductions in sympathetic neural activity, or in arterial stiffness – might be involved in the larger cardiovascular protective effects associated with training at high exercise intensities. Concerning hypoxic training, similar trends have been observed from ‘traditional’ prolonged altitude sojourns (‘Live High Train High’ or ‘Live High Train Low’), which result in increased hemoglobin mass and blood carrying capacity. Recent innovative ‘Live Low Train High’ methods (‘Resistance Training in Hypoxia’ or ‘Repeated Sprint Training in Hypoxia’) have resulted in peripheral adaptations, such as hypertrophy or delay in muscle fatigue. Other interventions inducing peripheral hypoxia, such as vascular occlusion during endurance/resistance training or remote ischemic preconditioning (i.e. succession of ischemia/reperfusion episodes), have been proposed as methods for improving subsequent exercise performance or altitude tolerance (e.g. reduced severity of acute-mountain sickness symptoms). Postulated mechanisms behind these metabolic, neuro-humoral, hemodynamics, and systemic adaptations include stimulation of nitric oxide synthase, increase in anti-oxidant enzymes, and down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, although the amount of evidence is not yet significant enough. Improved O2 delivery/utilization conferred by hypoxic training interventions might also be effective in preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases, as well as contributing to improve exercise tolerance and health status of patients. For example, in obese subjects, combining exercise with hypoxic exposure enhances the negative energy balance, which further reduces weight and improves cardio-metabolic health. In hypertensive patients, the larger lowering of blood pressure through the endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway and the associated compensatory vasodilation is taken to reflect the superiority of exercising in hypoxia compared to normoxia. A hypoxic stimulus, in addition to exercise at high vs. moderate intensity, has the potential to further ameliorate various aspects of the vascular function, as observed in healthy populations. This may have clinical implications for the reduction of cardiovascular risks. Key open questions are therefore of interest for patients suffering from chronic vascular or cellular hypoxia (e.g. work-rest or ischemia/reperfusion intermittent pattern; exercise intensity; hypoxic severity and exposure duration; type of hypoxia (normobaric vs. hypobaric); health risks; magnitude and maintenance of the benefits). Outside any potential beneficial effects of exercising in O2-deprived environments, there may also be long-term adverse consequences of chronic intermittent severe hypoxia. Sleep apnea syndrome, for instance, leads to oxidative stress and the production of reactive oxygen species, and ultimately systemic inflammation. Postulated pathophysiological changes associated with intermittent hypoxic exposure include alteration in baroreflex activity, increase in pulmonary arterial pressure and hematocrit, changes in heart structure and function, and an alteration in endothelial-dependent vasodilation in cerebral and muscular arteries. There is a need to explore the combination of exercising in hypoxia and association of hypertension, developmental defects, neuro-pathological and neuro-cognitive deficits, enhanced susceptibility to oxidative injury, and possibly increased myocardial and cerebral infarction in individuals sensitive to hypoxic stress. The aim of this Research Topic is to shed more light on the transcriptional, vascular, hemodynamics, neuro-humoral, and systemic consequences of training at high intensities under various hypoxic conditions.
Book Synopsis Physiological and Pathological Responses to Hypoxia and High Altitude by : Rodrigo Iturriaga
Download or read book Physiological and Pathological Responses to Hypoxia and High Altitude written by Rodrigo Iturriaga and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-06-22 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The appearance of photosynthetic organisms about 3 billion years ago increased the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the atmosphere and enabled the evolution of organisms that use glucose and oxygen to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Hypoxia is commonly defined as the reduced availability of oxygen in the tissues produced by different causes, which include reduction of atmospheric PO2 as in high altitude, and secondary to pathological conditions such as sleep breathing and pulmonary disorders, anemia, and cardiovascular alterations leading to inadequate transport, delivery, and exchange of oxygen between capillaries and cells. Nowadays, it has been shown that hypoxia plays an important role in the genesis of several human pathologies including cardiovascular, renal, myocardial and cerebral diseases in fetal, young and adult life. Several mechanisms have evolved to maintain oxygen homeostasis. Certainly, all cells respond and adapt to hypoxia, but only a few of them can detect hypoxia and initiate a cascade of signals intended to produce a functional systemic response. In mammals, oxygen detection mechanisms have been extensively studied in erythropoietin-producing cells, chromaffin cells, bulbar and cortical neurons, pulmonary neuroepithelial cells, smooth muscle cells of pulmonary arteries, and chemoreceptor cells. While the precise mechanism underpinning oxygen, sensing is not completely known several molecular entities have been proposed as possible oxygen sensors (i.e. Hem proteins, ion channels, NADPH oxidase, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase). Remarkably, cellular adaptation to hypoxia is mediated by the master oxygen-sensitive transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1, which can induce up-regulation of different genes to cope the cellular effects related to a decrease in oxygen levels. Short-term responses to hypoxia included mainly chemoreceptor-mediated reflex ventilatory and hemodynamic adaptations to manage the low oxygen concentration while more prolonged exposures to hypoxia can elicit more sustained physiological responses including switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, vascularization, and enhancement of blood O2 carrying capacity. The focus of this research topic is to provide an up-to-date vision on the current knowledge on oxygen sensing mechanism, physiological responses to acute or chronic hypoxia and cellular/tissue/organ adaptations to hypoxic environment.
Book Synopsis Hypoxia Conditioning in Health, Exercise and Sport by : Olivier Girard
Download or read book Hypoxia Conditioning in Health, Exercise and Sport written by Olivier Girard and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-09-30 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While severe hypoxia has detrimental health consequences, the controlled application of hypoxia can be protective and holds great promise as a performance-enhancing and therapeutic intervention. Hypoxia Conditioning in Health, Exercise and Sport: Principles, Mechanisms and Applications delivers an understanding of systemic and molecular mechanisms involved in hypoxia adaptations and examines the most promising forms of hypoxia conditioning with a view to create performance-enhancing strategies for athletes, as well as an offering an examination on clinical applications for numerous pathologies. This cutting-edge book examines how positive physiological adaptations not only acutely enhance tolerance to hypoxia but can also induce sustained health benefits. This has enabled the development and refinement of approaches utilizing hypoxia, strategies also termed hypoxia conditioning, to improve health and performance outcomes. By linking research with recommendations for real-world situations, this volume will serve as an invaluable resource for students, academics, exercise science professionals and sports medicine specialists, especially those in environmental physiology and coaching subjects.
Book Synopsis Netter's Sports Medicine, E-Book by : Christopher Madden
Download or read book Netter's Sports Medicine, E-Book written by Christopher Madden and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2021-12-24 with total page 998 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With comprehensive, highly visual coverage designed for sports clinicians, team physicians, sports medicine fellows, primary care physicians, and other health care professionals who provide care to athletes and active individuals, Netter's Sports Medicine, 3rd Edition, is an ideal resource for everyday use. Editors include three past presidents of the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, it includes contributions from world-renowned experts as well as a rich illustration program with many classic paintings by Frank H. Netter, MD. From Little League to professional sports, weekend warriors to Olympic champions, and backcountry mountainside to the Super Bowl field, this interdisciplinary reference is indispensable in the busy outpatient office, in the training room, on the sidelines, and in preparation for sports medicine board certification. - More than 1,000 superb Netter graphics, tables, figures, pictures, diagnostic images, and other medical artwork highlight easy-to-read, bulleted text. - New coverage of esports, as well as other key topics such as travel considerations for the athlete, EKG interpretation, cardiac disease, diagnostic imaging and ultrasound, injury prevention protocols, and mixed martial arts. - Up-to-date information on nutritional supplements, eating disorders, sports and pharmacology for chronic conditions and behavioral medicine, and extreme and adventure sports. - Designed for quick reference, with a logical organization by both topic and sport. - Online features include downloadable patient education handouts, and handy links.
Book Synopsis Exercise Biochemistry by : Vassilis Mougios
Download or read book Exercise Biochemistry written by Vassilis Mougios and published by Human Kinetics Publishers. This book was released on 2020 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exercise Biochemistry, Second Edition, offers a clear explanation of how exercise affects molecular-level functioning in athletes and nonathletes, both healthy and diseased.
Book Synopsis Progress in Brain Research by : J. P. Schadé
Download or read book Progress in Brain Research written by J. P. Schadé and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis High Altitude Physiology and Medicine by : W. Brendel
Download or read book High Altitude Physiology and Medicine written by W. Brendel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High altitude physiology and medicine has again become important. The excep tional achievements of mountaineers who have climbed nearly all peaks over 8,000 m without breathing equipment raise the question of maximal adaptation ca pacity of man to low oxygen pressures. More importantly, the increase in tourism in the Andes and the Himalayas brings over 10,000 people to sites at altitudes above 4,000 and 5,000 m each year. At such heights several kinds of high alti tude diseases are likely to occur, and these complications require detailed medical investigations. Medical authorities need to inform both mountaineers and tourists as to how great a physical burden can be taken in the mountain environment without risk to health. Physicians need to know what kind of prophylaxis is to be employed at high altitudes to prevent the development of diseases and what therapeutic measures should be used once high altitude diseases have occurred. Moreover, the physical condition of the indigenous population living at higher altitudes such as the Andes and the Himalayas, who are exposed continuously to the stress of high altitude, requires our attention. We have become familiar with symptoms characteristic of chronic high-altitude disease: under special conditions this popu lation has a tendency to develop pulmonary hypertension, which is associated with pulmonary edema, pulmonary congestion, and right heart failure.
