Terror Truncated

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Terror Truncated

Author : Bob East
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1443866695
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (438 download)

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Book Synopsis Terror Truncated by : Bob East

Download or read book Terror Truncated written by Bob East and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2014-09-01 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The task of researching the material for this book proved more arduous than originally anticipated. The Abu Sayyaf Group was generally misunderstood in their formation, goals, ideology – if any – and structure. Consequently, it became necessary to chronologically trace all the crimes attributed to the group as well as research the lives and deeds of the leaders and majordomos in the group. This at times became a task of trying to distinguish what was fact from what was myth. The main source of primary evidence for this book came from newspaper reports and official Philippine Government media releases – including Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) releases. The newspaper reports, and AFP releases, were, in the main, carefully choreographed to reflect the domestic security policies of the Philippine Administration of the time. Individual reports, including those from the Bangkok-based Focus on the Global South, gave a more balanced account of the Abu Sayyaf activities and their leaders. After careful consideration of all data and evidence available, it became obvious the Abu Sayyaf had been in decline since its heyday of 2002. This was even more so since the death of Khadaffy Janjalani in the middle part of the first decade of the 21st century. The conclusion reached was that the Abu Sayyaf in 2012 existed in name only – or fragmented cells – more so than any organised terrorist entity.

Catastrophes, Confrontations, and Constraints

Author : Tobias Ide
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262374498
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (623 download)

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Book Synopsis Catastrophes, Confrontations, and Constraints by : Tobias Ide

Download or read book Catastrophes, Confrontations, and Constraints written by Tobias Ide and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2023-06-06 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A ground-breaking study on how natural disasters can escalate or defuse wars, insurgencies, and other strife. Armed conflict and natural disasters have plagued the twenty-first century. Not since the end of World War II has the number of armed conflicts been higher. At the same time, natural disasters have increased in frequency and intensity over the past two decades, their impacts worsened by climate change, urbanization, and persistent social and economic inequalities. Providing the first comprehensive analysis of the interplay between natural disasters and armed conflict, Catastrophes, Confrontations, and Constraints explores the extent to which disasters facilitate the escalation or abatement of armed conflicts—as well as the ways and contexts in which combatants exploit these catastrophes. Tobias Ide utilizes both qualitative insights and quantitative data to explain the link between disasters and the (de-)escalation of armed conflict and presents over thirty case studies of earthquakes, droughts, floods, and storms in Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Latin America. He also examines the impact of COVID-19 on armed conflicts in Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria, and the Philippines. Catastrophes, Confrontations, and Constraints is an invaluable addition to current debates on climate change, environmental stress, and security. Professionals and students will greatly appreciate the wealth of timely data it provides for their own investigations.

Countering New(est) Terrorism

Author : Bruce Oliver Newsome
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351385704
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis Countering New(est) Terrorism by : Bruce Oliver Newsome

Download or read book Countering New(est) Terrorism written by Bruce Oliver Newsome and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-15 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How should we analyze and assess new terrorist behaviors? What are the particular risks and challenges from new terrorism? Should we negotiate with terrorists, and, if so, how? When should we use force against terrorists? Countering New(est) Terrorism: Hostage-Taking, Kidnapping, and Active Violence—Assessing, Negotiating, and Assaulting improves our knowledge of new terrorist behaviors, and our skills in responding to such attacks. The term "new terrorism" has been in circulation since the late 90’s. This book analyzes the "newest terrorism" that has emerged in recent years—characterized by increased hostage-taking, kidnapping, and active violence—and develops best practices for countering these emerging threats. Along the way, it challenges fashionable wishful thinking that all terrorists are open to rational negotiation or de-radicalization, that military responses always reflect badly on the official side, and that terrorists are not constrained by their own doctrines. The new terrorists are dramatically more ideological, murderous, and suicidal. They are generally less reconcilable, less trusting of official negotiators, less likely to release detainees, and more likely to kill detainees. They are less likely to demand ransoms yet more likely to release hostages in cases in which they do demand ransom. They are more informed about the official side’s policies, tactics, techniques, and procedures. They are more likely to use new information and communication technologies against responding agencies and officials. They are more capable fighters—they kill more people despite deploying fewer fighters per hostage. Most disturbing is the fact that they take advantage of free-er societies to access easier targets. Features: Includes evidence-based definitions and descriptions of political, religious, Jihadi, and new terrorism Presents the first large-n comparison of old and new terrorism, using an original extension of the Global Terrorism Database (GTD), with added codes for each of 10,735 hostage crises and more than 500,000 data points from 1970 through 2016 Details a further extension of the GTD covering all terrorist events from 2004 through 2016, roughly 5 million data points. Offers prescriptive advice and visual decision trees on how to negotiate crises, assess the risk of terrorism, and how and when to assault terrorists Reviews official practices, interviews with experienced officials, and real-world simulations of recent terrorist events and attacks Countering New(est) Terrorism will be of interest to researchers, students enrolled in terrorism and Homeland Security programs, crisis negotiators, and police, security, intelligence, and military authorities tasked with counterterrorism and anti-terrorism efforts.

Terrorism, Democracy, and Human Security

Author : Ronald Crelinsten
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000351432
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Terrorism, Democracy, and Human Security by : Ronald Crelinsten

Download or read book Terrorism, Democracy, and Human Security written by Ronald Crelinsten and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-03-15 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the relationship between terrorism and counterterrorism and how it operates within the broader context of communication, control, power, and democratic governance at the national, international, and transnational level. A culmination of decades of research on the challenges that liberal democracies face in dealing with terrorism, this work provides an innovative framework that maps out the broader context in which terrorism and counterterrorism interact and co-evolve – the terrorism–counterterrorism nexus. In a series of models moving from local to global perspectives, the framework places this nexus within the broader context of social, cultural, political, and economic life. This framework provides a tool for maintaining situational awareness in a multi-tiered, networked world where geography and history are splintering into a rainbow of perspectives and locales, revealing the contested nature of space and time themselves. This book will be of much interest to students of political violence, terrorism studies, communication studies, and international relations, as well as security professionals.

Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Counterterrorism

Author : Andrew Silke
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317592700
Total Pages : 668 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (175 download)

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Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Counterterrorism by : Andrew Silke

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Counterterrorism written by Andrew Silke and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-09-03 with total page 668 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new Handbook provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art overview of current knowledge and debates on terrorism and counterterrorism, as well as providing a benchmark for future research. The attacks of 9/11 and the ‘global war on terror’ and its various legacies have dominated international politics in the opening decades of the 21st century. In response to the dramatic rise of terrorism, within the public eye and the academic world, the need for an accessible and comprehensive overview of these controversial issues remains profound. The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Counterterrorism seeks to fulfil this need. The volume is divided into two key parts: Part I: Terrorism: This section provides an overview of terrorism, covering the history of terrorism, its causes and characteristics, major tactics and strategies, major trends and critical contemporary issues such as radicalisation and cyber-terrorism. It concludes with a series of detailed case studies, including the IRA, Hamas and Islamic State. Part II: Counterterrorism: This part draws on the main themes and critical issues surrounding counterterrorism. It covers the major strategies and policies, key events and trends and the impact and effectiveness of different approaches. This section also concludes with a series of case studies focused on major counterterrorism campaigns. This book will be of great interest to all students of terrorism and counterterrorism, political violence, counter-insurgency, criminology, war and conflict studies, security studies and IR more generally.

The Other Side of Terror

Author : Nivedita Majumdar
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Other Side of Terror by : Nivedita Majumdar

Download or read book The Other Side of Terror written by Nivedita Majumdar and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2009 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: South Asia offers an instructive instance for studying the phenomenon of terrorism. The Other Side of Terror offers insights from the literatures of India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. The Nepali writings concern the Maoist insurgency; those from Sri Lanka, the Tamil militancy. The Indian selections engage with manifestations ranging from the militant wing of the Independence movement to the various post-Independence terrorist movements, such as separatism in Punjab, the insurgency in Assam, and the Naxalite movement in Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh. The selections, comprising both original writings in English as well as translations from regional languages, include short stories, poetry, and excerpts from novels and plays. The volume will appeal to all those concerned with the phenomenon of terrorism in South Asia, cultural studies, history, literature, as well as general readers.

Terrorism and Societies

Author : Stephen Vertigans
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131704603X
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Terrorism and Societies by : Stephen Vertigans

Download or read book Terrorism and Societies written by Stephen Vertigans and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-03-16 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Which socializing agents are influential in people joining terror groups? What ideologies do terror groups hold? Which aspects of societies and social contexts contribute towards groups forming and people joining them? This book considers a range of influential terror groups from the last 40 years, exploring relationships between people, local and global social processes, and activities that result in acts of terrorism. Examining Islamic groups alongside nationalist, 'red' and far right organizations, Stephen Vertigans identifies important similarities in the social contexts, experiences of members and some of their demands. Key questions are applied to a range of case studies of contemporary relevance. The groups studied originated from Europe, the United States, Asia and Africa and are associated with religion, nationalism, pro-state terrorism, militias and racism. Each chapter offers the reader a clear understanding about why particular terror groups form, while comparative analysis draws out commonalities and distinctions.

Defeating Jihadist Terrorism

Author : Jacques Baud
Publisher : Max Milo
ISBN 13 : 2315010802
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Defeating Jihadist Terrorism by : Jacques Baud

Download or read book Defeating Jihadist Terrorism written by Jacques Baud and published by Max Milo. This book was released on 2023-07-04 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the early 1990s, terrorism and its victims have increased exponentially. Without any action strategy or exit solution, through political and military incompetence, stupidity and ideological blindness, Western interventions have only contributed to its development. We eliminate terrorists, but not terrorism. The solution lies in a more holistic, more subtle, more intelligent and less dogmatic approach. Terrorism is not an ideology. It is a method that takes many forms, including jihadist terrorism. Each form of terrorism is fought with a specific strategy. Based on the original texts of jihadist strategists as well as on their own analyses of attacks in France, Belgium, Great Britain and the United States, Jacques Baud explains the reasons for Western failure. He uses the analyses of Western intelligence services to decipher the mechanisms of jihadist terrorism, in order to extract strategies of action likely to avoid it or to fight it effectively and durably.

Political Terrorism

Author : A.J. Jongman
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351498606
Total Pages : 1196 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (514 download)

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Book Synopsis Political Terrorism by : A.J. Jongman

Download or read book Political Terrorism written by A.J. Jongman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-28 with total page 1196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While there is no easy way to define terrorism, it may generally be viewed as a method of violence in which civilians are targeted with the objective of forcing a perceived enemy into submission by creating fear, demoralization, and political friction in the population under attack. At one time a marginal field of study in the social sciences, terrorism is now very much in center stage. The 1970s terrorist attacks by the PLO, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, the Japanese Red Army, the Unabomber, Aum Shinrikyo, Timothy McVeigh, the World Trade Center attacks, the assault on a school in Russia, and suicide bombers have all made the term terrorism an all-too-common part of our vocabulary.This edition of Political Terrorism was originally published in the 1980s, well before some of the horrific events noted above. This monumental collection of definitions, conceptual frameworks, paradigmatic formulations, and bibliographic sources is being reissued in paperback now as a resource for the expanding community of researchers on the subject of terrorism. This is a carefully constructed guide to one of the most urgent issues of the world today.When the first edition was originally published, Choice noted, This extremely useful reference tool should be part of any serious social science collection. Chronicles of Culture called it a tremendously comprehensive book about a subject that any who have anything to lose--from property to liberty, life to limbs--should be forewarned against.

Evolutionary Psychology and Terrorism

Author : Max Taylor
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317678354
Total Pages : 203 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis Evolutionary Psychology and Terrorism by : Max Taylor

Download or read book Evolutionary Psychology and Terrorism written by Max Taylor and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-08-27 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the evolutionary context of terrorism and political violence. While evolutionary thinking has come to permeate both biological and social-science theorising, it has not yet been applied systematically to the areas of terrorism and political violence. This volume seeks to do this for the first time. It presents a collection of essays on evolutionary psychology and terrorism, which encourage the reader to approach terrorism from a non-traditional perspective, by developing new approaches to understanding it and those who commit such acts of violence. The book identifies evolutionary thought as heuristically important in the understanding of terrorism, explores the key conceptual themes, and provides an evolutionary (and cross-species) understanding of the community-wide effects of terrorist attacks. The contributors bring forward innovative ideas and concepts to assist the practitioner, analyst and academic to better understand and respond to the threat of terrorism. In doing so this book challenges existing assumptions about terrorism and those who carry out such acts, in order to move the debate into new areas characterized by an emphasis on intellectual quality and rigour, an interdisciplinary approach, and a drawing together of theory and practice. The intention is to provide a sufficient discussion to enable the reader to both understand the relevance of evolutionary thinking to terrorism and political violence, and to appreciate the practical implications of conceptualising problems in this way. This book will be of much interest to students of terrorism and political violence, psychology, criminology and security studies.

Political Terrorism

Author : Albert J. Jongman
Publisher : Transaction Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781412815666
Total Pages : 724 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (156 download)

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Book Synopsis Political Terrorism by : Albert J. Jongman

Download or read book Political Terrorism written by Albert J. Jongman and published by Transaction Publishers. This book was released on 1988 with total page 724 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While there is no easy way to define terrorism, it may generally be viewed as a method of violence in which civilians are targeted with the objective of forcing a perceived enemy into submission by creating fear, demoralization, and political friction in the population under attack. At one time a marginal field of study in the social sciences, terrorism is now very much in center stage. The 1970s terrorist attacks by the PLO, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, the Japanese Red Army, the Unabomber, Aum Shinrikyo, Timothy McVeigh, the World Trade Center attacks, the assault on a school in Russia, and suicide bombers have all made the term "terrorism" an all-too-common part of our vocabulary. This edition of Political Terrorism was originally published in the 1980s, well before some of the horrific events noted above. This monumental collection of definitions, conceptual frameworks, paradigmatic formulations, and bibliographic sources is being reissued in paperback now as a resource for the expanding community of researchers on the subject of terrorism. This is a carefully constructed guide to one of the most urgent issues of the world today. When the first edition was originally published, Choice noted, "This extremely useful reference tool should be part of any serious social science collection." Chronicles of Culture called it "a tremendously comprehensive book about a subject that any who have anything to lose--from property to liberty, life to limbs--should be forewarned against." Alex P. Schmid received his Ph.D. from the University of Zrich, Switzerland, and is a professor in the Department of Political Science at Leiden University. He is the coauthor, with Albert J. Jongman, of Soviet Military Interventions since 1945, available from Transaction. Albert J. Jongman is principal researcher for PIOOM, the Interdisciplinary Research Programme on Causes of Human Rights Violations, and has been a research assistant at the SIPRI in Sweden. He is the author of Monitoring Human Rights Violations (State Violence, State Terrorism, and Human Rights).Irving Louis Horowitz is Hannah Arendt Distinguished University Professor Emeritus of Sociology and Political Science at Rutgers University, and the chairman and editorial director of Transaction Publishers.

Terrorist's Creed

Author : R. Griffin
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137284722
Total Pages : 438 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (372 download)

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Book Synopsis Terrorist's Creed by : R. Griffin

Download or read book Terrorist's Creed written by R. Griffin and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-09-19 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Terrorist's Creed casts a penetrating beam of empathetic understanding into the disturbing and murky psychological world of fanatical violence, explaining how the fanaticism it demands stems from the profoundly human need to imbue existence with meaning and transcendence.

The European Union, counter terrorism and police co–operation, 1991–2007

Author : David Brown
Publisher : Manchester University Press
ISBN 13 : 1847796699
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (477 download)

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Book Synopsis The European Union, counter terrorism and police co–operation, 1991–2007 by : David Brown

Download or read book The European Union, counter terrorism and police co–operation, 1991–2007 written by David Brown and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 2013-07-19 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume examines the underlying foundations on which the European Union's counter-terrorism and police co-operation policies have been built since the inception of the Treaty on European Union, questioning both the effectiveness and legitimacy of the EU's efforts in these two critically important security areas. Given the importance of such developments to the wider credibility of the EU as a security actor, this volume adopts a more structured analysis of key stages of the implementation process. These include the establishment of objectives, both at the wider level of internal security co-operation and in terms of both counter-terrorism and policing, particularly in relation to the European Police Office, the nature of information exchange and the 'value added' by legislative and operational developments at the European level. It also offers a more accurate appraisal of the official characterisation of the terrorist threat within the EU as a 'matter of common concern'. In doing so, not only does it raise important questions about the utility of the European level for organising internal security co-operation, but it also provides a more comprehensive assessment of the EU's activities throughout the lifetime of the Third Pillar, placing in a wider and more realistic context the EU's reaction to the events of 11 September 2001 and the greater prominence of Islamist terrorism.

Moral Victories

Author : Andrew R. Hom
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198801823
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (988 download)

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Book Synopsis Moral Victories by : Andrew R. Hom

Download or read book Moral Victories written by Andrew R. Hom and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Moral Victories is the first book-length treatment of the ethical dimensions of victory in war.

Terrorism, Identity, and Legitimacy

Author : Jean E. Rosenfeld
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136848673
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (368 download)

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Book Synopsis Terrorism, Identity, and Legitimacy by : Jean E. Rosenfeld

Download or read book Terrorism, Identity, and Legitimacy written by Jean E. Rosenfeld and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-12-13 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book argues that terrorism in the modern world has occurred in four "waves" of forty years each. It offers evidence-based explanations of terrorism, national identity, and political legitimacy by leading scholars from various disciplines with contrasting perspectives on political violence. Whether violence is local or global, it tends to be both patterned and innovative. It elicits chaos, but can be understood by the application of new models or theories, depending upon the methods and data experts employ. The contributors in this volume apply their experiences and studies of terrorists, mob violence, fashions in international and political violence, religion’s role in terrorism and violence, the relationship between technology and terror, a recurring paradigm of terrorist waves, nation-states struggling to establish democratic/elective governments, and factions competing for control within states - in order to make sense of both national and international acts of political violence and to ask and answer some of the most disturbing questions these phenomena present. This book will be of much interest to students of terrorism, religion and violence, nationalism, sociology, war and conflict studies and IR in general.

The League of Nations, International Terrorism, and British Foreign Policy, 1934–1938

Author : Michael D. Callahan
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319772007
Total Pages : 317 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis The League of Nations, International Terrorism, and British Foreign Policy, 1934–1938 by : Michael D. Callahan

Download or read book The League of Nations, International Terrorism, and British Foreign Policy, 1934–1938 written by Michael D. Callahan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-05-02 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the League of Nations, state-supported terrorism, and British foreign policy after the rise of Hitler in the 1930s. It argues that with strong leadership from Britain and France, the League made it possible for states to preserve the peace of Europe after terrorists aided by Italy and Hungary killed the King of Yugoslavia in 1934. This achievement represents the League at its most effective and demonstrates that the organization could carry out its peacekeeping functions. The League also made it possible to draft two international conventions to suppress and punish acts of terrorism. While both conventions were examples of productive collaboration, in the end, few governments supported the League’s anti-terrorism project in itself. Still, for Britain, Geneva served the cause of peace by helping states to settle their differences by mediation and concession while promoting international cooperation, a central conviction of British “appeasement” policy in the 1930s.

Terror Truncated: the Decline of the Abu Sayyaf Group from the Crucial Year 2002

Author : Bob East
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781519073358
Total Pages : 125 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (733 download)

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Book Synopsis Terror Truncated: the Decline of the Abu Sayyaf Group from the Crucial Year 2002 by : Bob East

Download or read book Terror Truncated: the Decline of the Abu Sayyaf Group from the Crucial Year 2002 written by Bob East and published by . This book was released on 2013-03-13 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The task of researching the material for this book proved more arduous than originally anticipated. The Abu Sayyaf Group was generally misunderstood in their formation, goals, ideology - if any - and structure. Consequently, it became necessary to chronologically trace all the crimes attributed to the group as well as research the lives and deeds of the leaders and majordomos in the group. This at times became a task of trying to distinguish what was fact from what was myth.The main source of primary evidence for this book came from newspaper reports and official Philippine Government media releases - including Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) releases. The newspaper reports, and AFP releases, were, in the main, carefully choreographed to reflect the domestic security policies of the Philippine Administration of the time. Individual reports, including those from the Bangkok-based Focus on the Global South, gave a more balanced account of the Abu Sayyaf activities and their leaders.After careful consideration of all data and evidence available, it became obvious the Abu Sayyaf had been in decline since its heyday of 2002. This was even more so since the death of Khadaffy Janjalani in the middle part of the first decade of the 21st century. The conclusion reached was that the Abu Sayyaf in 2012 existed in name only - or fragmented cells - more so than any organised terrorist entity.Bob East is an independent Australian researcher who holds a PhD in International Peace and Conflict Studies. He has written extensively about insurgency in the southern Philippines - a region he has travelled to on a number of occasions. Bob lives on a rural property in the south-east of Queensland, Australia. He is widowed and has three adult children.