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Synthesis Of Two Dimensional Transition Metal Nitrides
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Book Synopsis Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Nitrides by : Patrick S. Urbankowski
Download or read book Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Nitrides written by Patrick S. Urbankowski and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The family of two-dimensional (2D) materials 0̐Ư solids with high aspect ratios and thicknesses consisting of a few atomic layers 0̐Ư has grown far beyond graphene. 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides, known as MXenes, are one of the latest additions to this family. This rapidly growing class of 2D materials finds applications in fields ranging from energy storage to electromagnetic interference shielding and transparent conductive coatings. However, while over twenty carbide MXenes have been synthesized, very few transition metal nitrides (TMNs), and no nitride MXenes, had previously been reported. Two-dimensional TMNs, including nitride MXenes, have several potential advantages over their carbide analogs. They theoretically have higher values of electrical conductivity than carbide MXenes, which has implications on outperforming carbides in electrochemical and other applications. Compared to carbides, they are superior candidates for promising plasmonic devices and spintronic devices that incorporate magnetic 2D materials. Although there are theoretically as many nitride MXenes as carbide MXenes predicted, synthesizing nitride MXenes and 2D TMNs in general faces several challenges. Synthesis methods that have produced over two dozen 2D carbides MXenes have failed to yield 2D TMNs. The major focus of this dissertation is investigating routes of synthesizing 2D TMNs including, but not limited to, selective etching of layered bulk metal nitride precursors. Three promising routes of synthesis are explored, and their electronic and magnetic properties of the synthesized materials are also characterized. Discovering how to synthesize 2D TMNs will remove the barrier between merely studying their theoretically predicted properties and finally applying these outstanding properties in devices for energy storage, spintronics and beyond.
Book Synopsis 2D Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) by : Babak Anasori
Download or read book 2D Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) written by Babak Anasori and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-10-30 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the rapidly expanding field of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes). It covers fundamental knowledge on synthesis, structure, and properties of these new materials, and a description of their processing, scale-up and emerging applications. The ways in which the quickly expanding family of MXenes can outperform other novel nanomaterials in a variety of applications, spanning from energy storage and conversion to electronics; from water science to transportation; and in defense and medical applications, are discussed in detail.
Book Synopsis Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) Handbook by : Chuanfang Zhang
Download or read book Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) Handbook written by Chuanfang Zhang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2024-07-23 with total page 788 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive overview of the synthesis of high-quality MXenes In Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) Handbook: Synthesis, Processing, Properties and Applications, a team of esteemed researchers provides an expert review encompassing the fundamentals of precursor selection, MXene synthesis, characterizations, properties, processing, and applications. You’ll find detailed discussions of the selection of MXene members for specific applications, as along with summaries of the physical and chemical properties of MXenes, including electrical, mechanical, optical, electromechanical, electrochemical, and electromagnetic properties. The authors delve into both successful and unsuccessful synthesis examples, offering detailed explanations of various failures to facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the reasons behind unsuccessful syntheses. Additionally, they provide detailed examinations on the characterizations of MXenes, empowering readers to develop a sophisticated understanding of how to achieve optimal quality, flake size, oxidation states, and more. You’ll also find: A thorough review of common applications of MXenes, including electrochemical applications, electromagnetic interference shielding, communications devices, and more Comprehensive explorations of solution and non-solution processing of MXenes Practical discussions of the synthesis of high-quality MXene powders, colloidal solutions and flakes, including information about MXene precursors Fulsome treatments of MXene precursor selection and their impact on MXene quality Tailored to meet the needs of graduate students, researchers, and scientists in the areas of materials science, inorganic chemistry, and physical chemistry, the Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) Handbook will also benefit biochemists and professionals working in drug delivery.
Book Synopsis Two Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides by : Narayanasamy Sabari Arul
Download or read book Two Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides written by Narayanasamy Sabari Arul and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-07-30 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents advanced synthesis techniques adopted to fabricate two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) materials with its enhanced properties towards their utilization in various applications such as, energy storage devices, photovoltaics, electrocatalysis, electronic devices, photocatalysts, sensing and biomedical applications. It provides detailed coverage on everything from the synthesis and properties to the applications and future prospects of research in 2D TMD nanomaterials.
Book Synopsis MXenes and their Composites by : Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni
Download or read book MXenes and their Composites written by Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-10-07 with total page 796 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MXenes and their Composites: Synthesis, Properties and Potential Applications presents a state of the art overview of the recent developments on the synthesis, functionalization, properties and emerging applications of two-dimensional (2D) MXenes and their composites.The book systematically describes the state-of-the-art knowledge and fundamentals of MXene synthesis, structure, surface chemistry and functionalization. The book also discusses the unique electronic, optical, mechanical and topological properties of MXenes. Besides, this book covers the various emerging applications of MXenes and their composites across different fields such as energy storage and conversion, gas sensing and biosensing, rechargeable lithium and sodium-ion batteries, lithium-sulphur and multivalent batteries, electromagnetic interference shielding, hybrid capacitors and supercapacitors, hydrogen storage, catalysis and photoelectrocatalysis, gas separation and water desalination, environmental remediation and medical and biomedical applications. All these applications have been efficiently discussed in the specific chapters and in each case, the processing of MXene composites has also been discussed.This book will be an excellent reference for scientists and engineers across various disciplines and industries working in the field of highly promising 2D MXenes and their composites. The book will also act as a guide for academic researchers, material scientists, and advanced students in investigating the new applications of 2D MXenes based materials. Covers fundamentals of technologically important MAX phases, MXene derivatives, MXene synthesis methods, intercalation and delamination strategies, surface functionalization, fundamental characteristics and properties Demonstrates major application areas of MXenes, including catalytic, energy storage and energy generation, flexible electronics, EMI shielding, sensors and biosensors, medical and biomedical, gas separation and water desalination Presents a detailed discussion on the processing and performance of various MXenes towards different applications
Download or read book MAX Phases written by Michel W. Barsoum and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-11-13 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this comprehensive yet compact monograph, Michel W. Barsoum, one of the pioneers in the field and the leading figure in MAX phase research, summarizes and explains, from both an experimental and a theoretical viewpoint, all the features that are necessary to understand and apply these new materials. The book covers elastic, electrical, thermal, chemical and mechanical properties in different temperature regimes. By bringing together, in a unifi ed, self-contained manner, all the information on MAX phases hitherto only found scattered in the journal literature, this one-stop resource offers researchers and developers alike an insight into these fascinating materials.
Book Synopsis Mechanism and Kinetics of 2D Transition Metal Carbides (MXenes) Synthesis by : Mark Anayee
Download or read book Mechanism and Kinetics of 2D Transition Metal Carbides (MXenes) Synthesis written by Mark Anayee and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials including graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and MXenes have attracted much attention because they present a wide range of physicochemical, optoelectronic, and mechanical properties along with various atomic structures and compositions. MXenes represent the largest and rapidly growing family of 2D transition metal carbides and/or nitrides, which exhibit unique combinations of properties, including metallic conductivity, hydrophilic surface chemistry, redox-active surface, and plasmonic behavior that make them attractive as electrodes for pseudocapacitive energy storage to coatings for electromagnetic interference shielding, transparent conducting displays for optoelectronics, conductive yarns for functional textiles, implantable electrodes for medicine, and many other applications. MXenes are typically derived via topochemical etching of atomically thick layers from precursor layered MAX phases using corrosive aqueous etchants. However, the chemical etching process is only somewhat optimized for one composition, and is nonetheless often slow, with low-yield, and results in defects in the materials.
Book Synopsis Synthesis and Characterization of Two Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides by : Jian Gao
Download or read book Synthesis and Characterization of Two Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides written by Jian Gao and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Surface characterization of 2D transition metal carbides (MXenes) by : Ingemar Persson
Download or read book Surface characterization of 2D transition metal carbides (MXenes) written by Ingemar Persson and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2019-05-20 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research on two-dimensional (2D) materials is a rapidly growing field owing to the wide range of new interesting properties found in 2D structures that are vastly different from their three-dimensional (3D) analogues. In addition, 2D materials embodies a significant surface area that facilitates a high degree of surface reactions per unit volume or mass, that is imperative in many applications such as catalysis, energy storage, energy conversion, filtration, and single molecule sensing. MXenes constitute a family of 2D materials consisting of transition metal carbides and/or nitrides, which are typically formed after selective etching of their 3D parent MAX phases. The latter, are a family of nanolaminated compounds that typically follow the formula Mn+1AXn (n=1-3), where M is a transition metal, A is a group 13 or 14 element, and X is C and or N. Selective etching by aqueous F- containing acids removes the A layer leaving 2D Mn+1Xn slabs instantly terminated by a mix of O-, OH- and F-groups. The first and most investigated MXene is Ti3C2TX, where TX stands for surface termination, which has shown record properties in a range of applications (eg. electrode in Li-batteries, supercapacitors, sieving membrane, electromagnetic interference shielding, and carbon capture). Adding to that, over 30 different MXenes have been discovered since 2011, exhibiting alternative or superior properties. Most importantly, elegant routes for property design in the MXene family has been demonstrated, by means of either varying the chemistry in the Mn+1Xn compound, by alloying two M elements, or by changing the structure of the MXene by introducing vacancies. The present work has a led to an additional route for post synthesis property tuning in MXenes by manipulation of surface termination elements. This enables a unique toolbox for property tuning which is not available to other 2D materials and is highly beneficial for applications that is dependent on surface reactions. Furthermore, chemical and structural characterization of terminations on single sheets is essential to rule out the influence of intercalants or contamination that is typically present in multilayer MXene samples or thin films. For that purpose, a method for preparing isolated contamination free single sheets of MXene samples for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization was established. In order to determine vacancy and termination sites, atomically resolved scanning (S)TEM imaging and image simulations was carried out. Two main processes were employed to substitute the termination elements. 1) An initial thermal treatment in vacuum facilitates F desorption and it was shown that O-terminations rearranges on the evacuated sites. H2 gas exposure in a controlled environment demonstrated a removal of the remaining O-terminations. As a result, termination-free MXene is possible to realize under vacuum conditions. 2) CO2 was introduced as a first non-inherent termination on MXene by in situ CO2 gas exposure at low temperatures. That was a first demonstration of Ti3C2TX as promising material for carbon capture. Additionally, O-saturated surfaces were demonstrated after introduction of O2 gas on the F-depleted Ti3C2TX MXene, which is highly relevant for hydrogen evolution reactions where fully O-terminated Ti3C2TX are predicted to improve efficiency. A Lewis acid melt synthesis method was used to realize the first MXene exclusively terminated with Cl. Moreover, this was the first report of a MXene directly synthesised with terminations other than O, OH, and F. Furthermore, we have expanded the space of property tuning by introduction of chemical ordering, by selective etching of Y in an alloyed (Mo2/3Y1/3)2CTX MXene. This either produced chemical ordering with one M (Mo) element and vacancies, or ordering between two M (Mo and Y) elements. This was further reported to significantly increase volumetric capacitance because of the increased number of active sites around vacancies, leading to an increasing charge density. As a final note, the stability of Nb2CTX MXene under ambient conditions was investigated. It was found that the surface Nb adatoms, present after etching, got oxidized over time which resulted in local clustering and effectively degraded the MXene. This work has demonstrated reproducible surface characterization methods for determining termination elements and sites in 2D MXenes, that is ultimately governing MXene properties. Most importantly, we report on a new approach for MXene property tuning as well as contributing to several existing property tuning approaches.
Book Synopsis Synthesis and transport properties of 2D transition metal carbides (MXenes) by : Joseph Halim
Download or read book Synthesis and transport properties of 2D transition metal carbides (MXenes) written by Joseph Halim and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2018-09-28 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the isolation and characterization of graphene, there has been a growing interest in 2D materials owing to their unique properties compared to their 3D counterparts. Recently, a family of 2D materials of early transition metal carbides and nitrides, labelled MXenes, has been discovered (Ti2CTz, Ti3C2Tz, Mo2TiC2Tz, Ti3CNTz, Ta4C3Tz, Ti4N3Tz among many others), where T stands for surface-terminating groups (O, OH, and F). MXenes are mostly produced by selectively etching A layers (where A stands for group A elements, mostly groups 13 and 14) from the MAX phases. The latter are a family of layered ternary carbides and/or nitrides and have a general formula of Mn+1AXn (n = 1-3), where M is a transition metal and X is carbon and/or nitrogen. The produced MXenes have a conductive carbide core and a non-conductive O-, OH- and/or F-terminated surface, which allows them to work as electrodes for energy storage applications, such as Li-ion batteries and supercapacitors. Prior to this work, MXenes were produced in the form of flakes of lateral dimension of about 1 to 2 microns; such dimensions and form are not suitable for electronic characterization and applications. I have synthesized various MXenes (Ti3C2Tz, Ti2CTz and Nb2CTz) as epitaxial thin films, a more suitable form for electronic and photonic applications. These films were produced by HF, NH4HF2 or LiF + HCl etching of magnetron sputtered epitaxial Ti3AlC2, Ti2AlC, and Nb2AlC thin films. For transport properties of the Ti-based MXenes, Ti2CTz and Ti3C2Tz, changing n from 1 to 2 resulted in an increase in conductivity but had no effect on the transport mechanism (i.e. both Ti3C2Tx and Ti2CTx were metallic). In order to examine whether the electronic properties of MXenes differ when going from a few layers to a single flake, similar to graphene, the electrical characterization of a single Ti3C2Tz flake with a lateral size of about 10 μm was performed. These measurements, the first for MXene, demonstrated its metallic nature, along with determining the nature of the charge carriers and their mobility. This indicates that Ti3C2Tz is inherently of 2D nature independent of the number of stacked layers, unlike graphene, where the electronic properties change based on the number of stacked layers. Changing the transition metal from Ti to Nb, viz. comparing Ti2CTz and Nb2CTz thin films, the electronic properties and electronic conduction mechanism differ. Ti2CTz showed metallic-like behavior (resistivity increases with increasing temperature) unlike Nb2CTz where the conduction occurs via variable range hopping mechanism (VRH) - where resistivity decreases with increasing temperature. Furthermore, these studies show the synthesis of pure Mo2CTz in the form of single flakes and freestanding films made by filtering Mo2CTz colloidal suspensions. Electronic characterization of free-standing films made from delaminated Mo2CTz flakes was investigated, showing that a VRH mechanism prevails at low temperatures (7 to ≈ 60 K). Upon vacuum annealing, the room temperature, RT, conductivity of Mo2CTx increased by two orders of magnitude. The conduction mechanism was concluded to be VRH most likely dominated by hopping within each flake. Other Mo-based MXenes, Mo2TiC2Tz and Mo2Ti2C3Tz, showed VRH mechanism at low temperature. However, at higher temperatures up to RT, the transport mechanism was not clearly understood. Therefore, a part of this thesis was dedicated to further investigating the transport properties of Mo-based MXenes. This includes Mo2CTz, out-of-plane ordered Mo2TiC2Tz and Mo2Ti2C3Tz, and vacancy ordered Mo1.33CTz. Magneto-transport of free-standing thin films of the Mo-based MXenes were studied, showing that all Mo-based MXenes have two transport regimes: a VRH mechanism at lower temperatures and a thermally activated process at higher temperatures. All Mo-based MXenes except Mo1.33CTz show that the electrical transport is dominated by inter-flake transfer. As for Mo1.33CTz, the primary electrical transport mechanism is more likely to be intra-flake. The synthesis of vacancy ordered MXenes (Mo1.33CTz and W1.33CTz) raised the question of possible introduction of vacancies in all MXenes. Vacancy ordered MXenes are produced by selective etching of Al and (Sc or Y) atoms from the parent 3D MAX phases, such as (Mo2/3Sc1/3)2AlC, with in-plane chemical ordering of Mo and Sc. However, not all quaternary parent MAX phases form the in-plane chemical ordering of the two M metals; thus the synthesis of the vacancy-ordered MXenes is restricted to a very limited number of MAX phases. I present a new method to obtain MXene flakes with disordered vacancies that may be generalized to all quaternary MAX phases. As proof of concept, I chose Nb-C MXene, as this 2D material has shown promise in several applications, including energy storage, photothermal cell ablation and photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution. Starting from synthetizing (Nb2/3Sc1/3)2AlC quaternary solid solution and etching both the Sc and Al atoms resulted in Nb1.33C material with a large number of vacancies and vacancy clusters. This method may be applicable to other quaternary or higher MAX phases wherein one of the transition metals is more reactive than the other, and it could be of vital importance in applications such as catalysis and energy storage.
Download or read book MXenes written by Yury Gogotsi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-08-24 with total page 1100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since their discovery in 2011, MXenes (2D carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides of early transition metals) have developed into one of the largest and most intensively studied families of 2D materials. They offer unique properties and are being explored in a large variety of applications. This book compiles the most important research from a pioneer of the field, Professor Yury Gogotsi, and his interdisciplinary research team, as well as numerous collaborators worldwide. It reports on the discovery and rise of MXenes and describes their synthesis and processing, properties, and incorporation into polymer, ceramic, and metal matrices to produce composites. It also discusses the potential of MXenes for use in energy storage, optics, electronics, and sensing, as well as biomedical, environmental, and electrocatalysis applications. The book will appeal to anyone interested in nanomaterials and their synthesis, properties, and applications.
Book Synopsis Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides by : Louis Toth
Download or read book Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides written by Louis Toth and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-04-11 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Refractory Materials, Volume 7: Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides discusses the developments in transition metal carbide and nitride research. This volume is organized into nine chapters that emphasize the mechanical and superconducting properties of these compounds. The introductory chapters deal with the general properties, preparation techniques, characterization, crystal chemistry, phase relationships, and thermodynamics of transition metal carbides and nitrides. The following chapter highlights the mechanical properties of these compounds, such as elastic and plastic deformation, fracture, strengthening mechanisms, and hardness. The discussion then shifts to specific electrical and magnetic properties, including electrical resistivity, Hall coefficient, and magnetic susceptibility. A separate chapter is devoted to carbides and nitrides as superconductors. The concluding chapters explore certain theories that explain the mechanisms of band structure and bonding in carbides and nitrides. This volume is of great value to research workers in metallurgy, ceramics, physics, chemistry, and related fields, as well as to advanced students investigating problems concerning high temperature materials or interstitial compounds.
Book Synopsis Synthesis and Characterization of Two-dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides by : Zihan Yao
Download or read book Synthesis and Characterization of Two-dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides written by Zihan Yao and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Contemporary Nanomaterials in Material Engineering Applications by : Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak
Download or read book Contemporary Nanomaterials in Material Engineering Applications written by Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak and published by Springer. This book was released on 2021-12-19 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers remarkable contemporary nanomaterials such as carbon nanomaterials, nanoclays, quantum dots, MXene, and metal-organic frameworks. Each chapter discusses the synthesis techniques, characterization methods, properties, and the nanomaterials’ use in different aspects of biomedical, energy, polymers, material construction, biosensors, coatings, and catalysis. Moreover, commercialization challenges and environmental risks of nanomaterials are also covered in depth. The book provides an understanding of the fundamental properties, limitations and challenges in nanomaterials synthesis, serving as a valuable resource for researchers, graduate students, academicians, and consultants working with nanomaterials for engineering applications.
Book Synopsis The Chemistry of Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides by : S.T. Oyama
Download or read book The Chemistry of Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides written by S.T. Oyama and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 565 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book arose from a symposium titled 'Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides: Preparation, Properties, and Reactivity' organized by Jae Sung Lee, Masatoshi Nagai and myself. The symposium was part of the 1995 Congress of Pacific Rim Chemical Societies, held in Honolulu, Hawaii between December 17-22, 1995. The meeting was the first major conference to exclusively address the theme of metal carbides and nitrides, and brought together many of the major researchers in the field. Over 50 scientists and engineers reported their latest findings in five sessions of presentations and discussions. The book closely follows the topics covered in the conference: Theory of bonding Structure and composition Catalytic properties Physical properties New methods of preparation Spectroscopy and microscopy The book is unique in its coverage. It provides a general introduction to the properties and nature of the materials, but also covers their latest applications in a wide variety of fields. It should thus be of interest to both experts and nonexperts in the fields of material science, solid-state chemistry, physics, ceramics engineering, and catalysis. The first chapter gives an overview, and many of the chapters provide summaries of advanced topics. All contributions were peer-reviewed.
Book Synopsis Two Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides by : Yifei Yu
Download or read book Two Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides written by Yifei Yu and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fundamentals and Supercapacitor Applications of 2D Materials by : Chandra Sekhar Rout
Download or read book Fundamentals and Supercapacitor Applications of 2D Materials written by Chandra Sekhar Rout and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-05-10 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fundamentals and Applications of Supercapacitor 2D Materials covers different aspects of supercapacitor 2D materials, including their important properties, synthesis, and recent developments in supercapacitor applications of engineered 2D materials. In addition, theoretical investigations and various types of supercapacitors based on 2D materials such as symmetric, asymmetric, flexible, and micro-supercapacitors are covered. This book is a useful resource for research scientists, engineers, and students in the fields of supercapacitors, 2D nanomaterials, and energy storage devices. Due to their sub-nanometer thickness, 2D materials have a high packing density, which is suitable for the fabrication of highly-packed energy supplier/storage devices with enhanced energy and power density. The flexibility of 2D materials, and their good mechanical properties and high packing densities, make them suitable for the development of thin, flexible, and wearable devices. Explores recent developments and looks at the importance of 2D materials in energy storage technologies Presents both the theoretical and DFT related studies Discusses the impact on performance of various operating conditions Includes a brief overview of the applications of supercapacitors in various industries, including aerospace, defense, biomedical, environmental, energy, and automotive
