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Author : 官崇煜
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (114 download)
Download or read book Study of Plant Microbial Fuel Cells for Environmental Greening, Remediation and Waste Valorization written by 官崇煜 and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Rouzbeh Abbassi
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 0128174943
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)
Download or read book Integrated Microbial Fuel Cells for Wastewater Treatment written by Rouzbeh Abbassi and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2020-04-10 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current wastewater treatment technologies are not sustainable simply due to their high operational costs and process inefficiency. Integrated Microbial Fuel Cells for Wastewater Treatment is intended for professionals who are searching for an innovative method to improve the efficiencies of wastewater treatment processes by exploiting the potential of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) technology. The book is broadly divided into four sections. It begins with an overview of the "state of the art" bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) as well as the fundamentals of MFC technology and its potential to enhance wastewater treatment efficiencies and reduce electricity generation cost. In section two, discusses the integration, installation, and optimization of MFC into conventional wastewater treatment processes such as activated sludge process, lagoons, constructed wetlands, and membrane bioreactors. Section three outlines integrations of MFCs into other wastewater processes. The final section provides explorative studies of MFC integrated systems for large scale wastewater treatment and the challenges which are inherent in the upscaling process. Clearly describes the latest techniques for integrating MFC into traditional wastewater treatment processes such as activated sludge process, lagoons, constructed wetlands, and membrane bioreactors Discusses the fundamentals of bioelectrochemical systems for degrading the contaminants from the municipal and industrial wastewater Covers methods for the optimization of integrated systems
Author : Abhilasha Singh Mathuriya
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031468589
Total Pages : 315 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (314 download)
Download or read book Green Technologies for Industrial Waste Remediation written by Abhilasha Singh Mathuriya and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-12-31 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This proposed book chapter is expected to provide the readers with wide aspects of green technologies for industrial waste remediation. The first chapter is dedicated to the introduction to the title of the book. The chapter discusses various green technologies for industrial waste remediation. After that, the second chapter emphasizes the different types of applications of microorganisms in industrial waste treatment. After that, chapters emphasize the specific area of the title, including the micro and nanofiltration technology for the treatment of industrial wastewater, methods for the recovery and removal of heavy metals from industrial effluents, algal photobioreactor technology for industrial wastewater treatment, carbon capture and energy recovery, bioremediation of radioactive wastes, membrane-based technologies for industrial waste management, valorization of agro-industrial wastes for biorefinery products, bioaccumulation and detoxification of metals through genetically engineered microorganism, application of biochar in waste remediation, constructed wetlands for industrial wastewater remediation, bioelectrochemical treatment of recalcitrant pollutants, microplastics, petrochemicals including BTEX, applications of biosorbents in industrial wastewater treatment, Microbial biofilm reactor for sustainable wastewater treatment, dye adsorption and degradation using microbial consortium, sustainable treatment of endocrine disruptive chemicals released from industries, biological nanomaterials for industrial wastewater management, vermifiltration as a natural, cost-effective and green technology for biomanagement of industrial wastewater, biocatalytic remediation of industrial pollutants, and green treatment of poly aromatic hydrocarbons released from industrial waste. All the chapters cover various aspects of sustainable management of industrial wastes covering relevant literature and data. Further, this book discusses the various advanced techniques/methods adopted for the enhancement of waste management, like the application of nanoparticles. This book discusses other related topics such as algal photobioreactors for carbon dioxide sequestration. Further, chapters are included to discuss about life cycle assessment of the wastewater treatment tools and commercialization aspects.
Author : Arpita Roy
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (869 download)
Download or read book Microbial Fuel Cell: Electricity Generation and Environmental Remediation written by Arpita Roy and published by . This book was released on 2022-10-03 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides comprehensive knowledge on the mechanisms of microbial fuel cells and their in-depth application in the field of bio-remediation and electricity production. It provides full coverage of the basic concepts of the environmental remediation process occurring through a microbial fuel cell and reviews the latest applications of microbial fuel. Researchers will be able to find all relevant applications of microbial fuel cells in this book.
Author : Arun Lal Srivastav
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031524853
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (315 download)
Download or read book Valorization of Biomass Wastes for Environmental Sustainability written by Arun Lal Srivastav and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Zusammenfassung: This volume discusses the reduction, recycling, and reuse of industrial and agricultural biomass wastes to develop value-added products using environmentally sustainable practices and technologies. Through these waste valorization approaches, biomass waste materials can be converted into useful bio-chemical products, sustainable construction materials, polymers, bio-energy, and bio-fuel as sustainable alternatives to products and materials with negative environmental and health consequences. The chapters highlight the development and implementation of eco-friendly solutions to biomass waste production with the aim of reducing natural resource deterioration, bolstering rural and small-scale business systems in communities impacted by pollution and climate change, and providing power from residual biomass to broadly reduce environmental impacts through improved waste management practices. The book is intended to be a useful resource for researchers, policymakers, NGOs, government agencies, and local community authorities working in waste management and environmental sustainability
Author : Nancy G. Love
Publisher : International Water Assn
ISBN 13 : 9781843393368
Total Pages : 64 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (933 download)
Download or read book Development of a Microbial Fuel Cell for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment written by Nancy G. Love and published by International Water Assn. This book was released on 2011-01 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wastewater treatment is an energy intensive process that removes contaminants and protects the environment. While some wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) recover a small portion of their energy demand through sludge handling processes, most of the useful energy available from wastewater remains unrecovered. Efforts are underway to harness energy from wastewater by developing microbial fuel cells (MiFCs) that generate electricity. Key challenges to the development of microbial fuel cells include inefficiencies inherent in recovering energy from microbial metabolism (particularly carbon metabolism) and ineffective electron transfer processes between the bacteria and the anode. We explored the prospects for constructing microaerobic nitrifying MiFCs which could exhibit key advantages over carbon-based metabolism in particular applications (e.g., potential use in ammonia-rich recycle streams). In addition, we evaluated nanostructure-enhanced anodes which have the potential to facilitate more efficient electron transfer for MiFCs because carbon nanostructures, such as nanofibers, possess outstanding conducting properties and increase the available surface area for cellular attachment. In the initial phase of this project, we investigated the performance of a novel nitrifying MiFC that contains a nanostructure-enhanced anode and that demonstrated power generation during preliminary batch testing. Subsequent batch runs were performed with pure cultures of Nitrosomonas europaea which demonstrated very low power generation. After validating our fuel cell hardware using abiotic experiments, we proceeded to test the MiFC using a mixed culture from a local wastewater treatment plant, which was enriched for nitrifying bacteria. Again, the power generation was very low though noticeably higher on the nanostructured anodes. After establishing and monitoring the growth of another enriched nitrifying culture, we repeated the experiment a third time, again observing very low power generation. In the absence of appreciable and repeatable power production from pure and mixed nitrifying cultures, we focused on the second major objective of the work which was the fabrication and characterization of carbon nanostructured anodes. The second research objective evaluated whether or not addition of carbon nanostructures to stainless steel anodes in anaerobic microbial fuel cells enhanced electricity generation. The results from the studies focused on this element were very promising and demonstrated that CNS-coated anodes produced up to two orders of magnitude more power in anaerobic microbial fuel cells than in MiFCs with uncoated stainless steel anodes. The largest power density achieved in this study was 506 mW m-2, and the average maximum power density of the CNS-enhanced MiFCs using anaerobic sludge was 300 mW m-2. In comparison, the average maximum power density of the MiFCs with uncoated anodes in the same experiments was only 13.7 mW m-2, an almost 22-fold reduction. Electron microscopy showed that microorganisms were affiliated with the CNS-coated anodes to a much greater degree than the noncoated anodes. Sodium azide inhibition studies showed that active microorganisms were required to achieve enhanced power generation. The current was reduced significantly in MiFCs receiving the inhibitor compared to MiFCs that did not receive the inhibitor. The nature of the microbial-nanostructure relationship that caused enhanced current was not determined during this study but deserves further evaluation. These results are promising and suggest that CNS-enhanced anodes, when coupled with more efficient MiFC designs than were used in this research, may enhance the possibility that MiFC technologies can move to commercial application.
Author : Jauharah Md Khudzari
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (18 download)
Download or read book Bioelectricity Production in Compost, Soil, and Plant Microbial Fuel Cells written by Jauharah Md Khudzari and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Microbial fuel cell (MFC) studies are often conducted using liquid-phase carbon sources because of the simplicity of carbon delivery. Therefore, MFC studies dedicated to solid-phase carbon sources are still limited. Notwithstanding, solid organic waste can lead to environmental concerns associated with solid waste management and greenhouse gas emissions. This thesis focuses on solid-phase carbon sources from kitchen waste, soil, and living plants as a source of carbon for MFCs.The first study investigated bioelectricity production using kitchen waste in compost MFC (CMFC) treated with different C/N ratios and salinities. CMFC of lower C/N ratio (C/N 24) under non-saline conditions produced the highest bioelectricity. Further, adding 10 g/L of NaCl did not improve power production.Based on established understandings that salinity can be detrimental to power production and that power performance of MFCs depends on the carbon source, the second study investigated bioelectricity production using weeping alkaligrass (Puccinellia distans), a salt-tolerant grass, in potting mix or sandy loam soil at different salinities. The performance of plant MFC (PMFC) was compared to soil MFC (SMFC). Both PMFC and SMFC performance was best at a salinity level of 6 g/L of NaCl. The bioelectricity production in PMFC with potting mix was higher compared to bioelectricity production in PMFC with sandy loam soil. The presence of alkaligrass in MFCs increased bioelectricity production by 14-fold. Experiments under different photoperiod conditions (24/0 h, 16/8 h, 9/15 h, 0/24 h) have shown that bioelectricity production declined in shorter photoperiods and was affected by frequent changes during the photoperiods test.iiMajor challenges to implementing MFC technology include the cost of electrode materials. The use of low-cost material like biochar has been studied in the past. Hence, the third study was dedicated to understanding the effects of biochar application on the production of bioelectricity, methane, and plant biomass. This work examined the potential of using biochar as an alternative anode to the standard carbon felt anode in SMFC and PMFC with rice (Oryza sativa) and alkaligrass. Over 125 days, the highest bioelectricity production was obtained from rice PMFC, followed by alkaligrass PMFC, and SMFC. The bioelectricity production of MFCs with biochar anodes was between 16-75% of the bioelectricity production of MFCs with carbon felt anodes. Methane emissions of MFCs with biochar anodes were found to be lower than those of MFCs with carbon felt anodes. In brief, biochar is promising for bioelectricity production and for reducing methane emissions without significantly decreasing plant biomass yield.Understanding temporal trends in a particular research area and broadening research networks are necessary for integrated research efforts. The final study, therefore, focused on bibliometric analysis to evaluate global research trends in the MFC field. Interest in MFC has been growing rapidly since 2008. Researchers from China and the USA have contributed 60% of total publications globally, leading 70 other countries. Progress in MFC research encompasses material science, nanotechnology, ceramics, biochar, artificial neural networks, and economics assessment." --
Author : Angana Sarkar
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323951805
Total Pages : 447 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)
Download or read book Processing of Biomass Waste written by Angana Sarkar and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-04-25 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Processing of Biomass Waste: Technological Upgradation and Advancement focuses on the exploitation of various waste management technologies and their associated process (microbial/chemical/physical) as tools to simultaneously generate value during treatment processes, including degradation/detoxification/stabilization toxic and hazardous contaminants. The book explores wastes as a veritable resource for wealth creation, with particular focus on resources recoverable from diverse wastes using special intervention of biotechnological tools. Other sections highlight recent technologies of waste bioprocessing in biorefinery approaches and enlighten on different approaches. The book encompasses advanced and updated information as well as future directions for young researchers and scientists who are working in the field of waste management, with a focus on sustainable value generation. Includes cutting-edge technologies in waste bioprocessing Focuses on applications of molecular biotechnological tools in waste bioprocessing Provides natural and eco-friendly solutions to deal with the problem of pollution aiming value generation Details underlying mechanisms of waste bioprocessing approaches that cover microbes for the simultaneous value generation and removal of emerging contaminants Includes field studies on the application of biorefinery approach for eco-restoration of contaminated sites Presents recent advances and challenges in waste bioprocessing research and applications for sustainable development
Author : Shachi Shah
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811327726
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)
Download or read book Sustainable Green Technologies for Environmental Management written by Shachi Shah and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-02-19 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our Earth is considered as a natural system which organizes and controls itself. However, the present scale of anthropogenic activity is unprecedented in the history of mankind compelling the intelligentia to ponder over the scientific causes of the problems, processes and sustainable and pragmatic solutions. The current rate of resource use and consumption pattern are depleting the planet’s finite resources and damaging life-supporting ecosystems. A large number of toxic substances are increasingly found in air, water, soil, and flora and fauna. We are in the midst of a period of increasing interconnected and complex global challenges that seek action across temporal and spatial scales, diverse sectors, and concerted efforts from global citizens. The environment on account of human’s action has been experiencing imbalances and ecological catastrophe. Environmental issues like global climate change, biodiversity loss, the rapid depletion of natural resources, degradation of global commons, stratospheric ozone depletion have been restricting the safe operating space and transgressing the planetary boundaries endangering the existence of human societies. The global environmental problems if not scientifically managed may end up in the civilizational collapse. Nevertheless, the underlying commonality among these environmental issues is interrelatedness, complexity, and difficulty in identifying and implementing solutions. The global environmental challenges can be managed by adopting sustainable green technologies which dovetails the principles of environmental sustainability with social and ecological sustainability. Green growth is construed as a new development paradigm that sustains economic growth while at the same time ensuring environmental sustainability.
Author : V. Venkatramanan
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811573212
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)
Download or read book Sustainable Bioeconomy written by V. Venkatramanan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-11-06 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable development is the most important challenge facing humanity in the 21st century. The global economic growth in the recent past has indeed exhibited marked progress in many countries. Nevertheless, the issues of income disparity, poverty, gender gaps, and malnutrition are not uncommon in the global landscape, in spite of the upward growth of the economy and technological advances. This grim picture is further exacerbated by our growing human population, unmindful resource use, ever-increasing consumption trends, and changing climate. In order to protect humanity and preserve the planet, the United Nations issued the “2030 agenda for sustainable development,” which includes but is not limited to sustainable production and consumption practices, e.g. in a sustainable bioeconomy. The hallmark of the sustainable bioeconomy is a paradigm shift from a fossil-fuel-based economy to a biological-based one, which is driven by the virtues of sustainability, efficient utilization of resources, and “circular economy.” As the sustainable bioeconomy is based on the efficient utilization of biological resources and societal transformations, it holds the immense potential to achieve the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. This book shares valuable insights into the linkages between the sustainable bioeconomy and Sustainable Development Goals, making it an essential read for policymakers, researchers and students of environmental studies.
Author : Riccardo Accorsi
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128134127
Total Pages : 394 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)
Download or read book Sustainable Food Supply Chains written by Riccardo Accorsi and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-06-12 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable Food Supply Chains: Planning, Design, and Control through Interdisciplinary Methodologies provides integrated and practicable solutions that aid planners and entrepreneurs in the design and optimization of food production-distribution systems and operations and drives change toward sustainable food ecosystems. With synthesized coverage of the academic literature, this book integrates the quantitative models and tools that address each step of food supply chain operations to provide readers with easy access to support-decision quantitative and practicable methods. Broken into three parts, the book begins with an introduction and problem statement. The second part presents quantitative models and tools as an integrated framework for the food supply chain system and operations design. The book concludes with the presentation of case studies and applications focused on specific food chains. Sustainable Food Supply Chains: Planning, Design, and Control through Interdisciplinary Methodologies will be an indispensable resource for food scientists, practitioners and graduate students studying food systems and other related disciplines. Contains quantitative models and tools that address the interconnected areas of the food supply chain Synthesizes academic literature related to sustainable food supply chains Deals with interdisciplinary fields of research (Industrial Systems Engineering, Food Science, Packaging Science, Decision Science, Logistics and Facility Management, Supply Chain Management, Agriculture and Land-use Planning) that dominate food supply chain systems and operations Includes case studies and applications
Author : Korneel Rabaey
Publisher : IWA Publishing
ISBN 13 : 184339233X
Total Pages : 525 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (433 download)
Download or read book Bioelectrochemical Systems written by Korneel Rabaey and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2009-12-01 with total page 525 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the context of wastewater treatment, Bioelectrochemical Systems (BESs) have gained considerable interest in the past few years, and several BES processes are on the brink of application to this area. This book, written by a large number of world experts in the different sub-topics, describes the different aspects and processes relevant to their development. Bioelectrochemical Systems (BESs) use micro-organisms to catalyze an oxidation and/or reduction reaction at an anodic and cathodic electrode respectively. Briefly, at an anode oxidation of organic and inorganic electron donors can occur. Prime examples of such electron donors are waste organics and sulfides. At the cathode, an electron acceptor such as oxygen or nitrate can be reduced. The anode and the cathode are connected through an electrical circuit. If electrical power is harvested from this circuit, the system is called a Microbial Fuel Cell; if electrical power is invested, the system is called a Microbial Electrolysis Cell. The overall framework of bio-energy and bio-fuels is discussed. A number of chapters discuss the basics – microbiology, microbial ecology, electrochemistry, technology and materials development. The book continues by highlighting the plurality of processes based on BES technology already in existence, going from wastewater based reactors to sediment based bio-batteries. The integration of BESs into existing water or process lines is discussed. Finally, an outlook is provided of how BES will fit within the emerging biorefinery area.
Author : Maulin P Shah
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128218959
Total Pages : 597 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)
Download or read book Wastewater Treatment written by Maulin P Shah and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-01-30 with total page 597 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wastewater Treatment: Cutting-Edge Molecular Tools, Techniques and Applied Aspects reports new findings in existing molecular biology strategies, including their limitations, challenges and potential application to remove environmental pollutants through advancements made in cutting edge tools. In addition, the book introduces new trends and advances in environmental bioremediation with thorough discussions on recent developments in this field. Describes the application of different omics tools in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) Describes the role of microorganisms in WWTPs Points out the reuse of treated wastewater through emerging technologies Includes the recovery of resources from wastewater Emphasizes the need for the use of cutting-edge molecular tools
Author : Inamuddin
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030803341
Total Pages : 460 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)
Download or read book Remediation of Heavy Metals written by Inamuddin and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-11-10 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book presents recent remediation techniques for heavy metal contamination in wastewater, with a focus on recently-developed and sustainable materials such as metal oxides and their composites, two-dimensional materials, organic-inorganic ion exchange materials, nanomaterials, bagasse, and olive-oil waste chelating materials. Chapters also describe the analysis of heavy metals, membranes for water treatment, sources and impact of heavy metals and opportunities and challenges in heavy metal remediation.
Author : Sonia M. Tiquia-Arashiro
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429944993
Total Pages : 497 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (299 download)
Download or read book Microbial Electrochemical Technologies written by Sonia M. Tiquia-Arashiro and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-01-06 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book encompasses the most updated and recent account of research and implementation of Microbial Electrochemical Technologies (METs) from pioneers and experienced researchers in the field who have been working on the interface between electrochemistry and microbiology/biotechnology for many years. It provides a holistic view of the METs, detailing the functional mechanisms, operational configurations, influencing factors governing the reaction process and integration strategies. The book not only provides historical perspectives of the technology and its evolution over the years but also the most recent examples of up-scaling and near future commercialization, making it a must-read for researchers, students, industry practitioners and science enthusiasts. Key Features: Introduces novel technologies that can impact the future infrastructure at the water-energy nexus. Outlines methodologies development and application of microbial electrochemical technologies and details out the illustrations of microbial and electrochemical concepts. Reviews applications across a wide variety of scales, from power generation in the laboratory to approaches. Discusses techniques such as molecular biology and mathematical modeling; the future development of this promising technology; and the role of the system components for the implementation of bioelectrochemical technologies for practical utility. Explores key challenges for implementing these systems and compares them to similar renewable energy technologies, including their efficiency, scalability, system lifetimes, and reliability.
Author : Matheos Santamouris
Publisher : Presses des MINES
ISBN 13 : 2911762541
Total Pages : 61 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (117 download)
Download or read book Cooling the Cities written by Matheos Santamouris and published by Presses des MINES. This book was released on 2004 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Inamuddin
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119724694
Total Pages : 530 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)
Download or read book Biofuel Cells written by Inamuddin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-08-03 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rapid industrialization and urbanization associated with the environment changes calls for reduced pollution and thereby least use of fossil fuels. Biofuel cells are bioenergy resources and biocompatible alternatives to conventional fuel cells. Biofuel cells are one of the new sustainable renewable energy sources that are based on the direct conversion of chemical matters to electricity with the aid of microorganisms or enzymes as biocatalysts. The gradual depletion of fossil fuels, increasing energy needs, and the pressing problem of environmental pollution have stimulated a wide range of research and development efforts for renewable and environmentally friendly energy. Energy generation from biomass resources by employing biofuel cells is crucial for sustainable development. Biofuel cells have attracted considerable attention as micro- or even nano-power sources for implantable biomedical devices, such as cardiac pacemakers, implantable self-powered sensors, and biosensors for monitoring physiological parameters. This book covers the most recent developments and offers a detailed overview of fundamentals, principles, mechanisms, properties, optimizing parameters, analytical characterization tools, various types of biofuel cells, all-category of materials, catalysts, engineering architectures, implantable biofuel cells, applications and novel innovations and challenges in this sector. This book is a reference guide for anyone working in the areas of energy and the environment.
