Strategic Crisis And Risk Management

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Strategic Risk Management

Author : Campbell R. Harvey
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119773911
Total Pages : 262 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Strategic Risk Management by : Campbell R. Harvey

Download or read book Strategic Risk Management written by Campbell R. Harvey and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-05-04 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: STRATEGIC RISK MANAGEMENT Having just experienced a global pandemic that sent equity markets into a tailspin in March 2020, risk management is a more relevant topic than ever. It remains, however, an often poorly understood afterthought. Many portfolios are designed without any thought given to risk management before they are handed off to a dedicated—but separate—risk management team. In Strategic Risk Management: Designing Portfolios and Managing Risk, Campbell R. Harvey, Sandy Rattray, and Otto Van Hemert deliver a reimagining of the risk management process. The book envisions a marriage between the investment and risk processes, an approach that has proven successful at the world’s largest publicly listed hedge fund, Man Group. The authors provide readers with a new framework for portfolio design that includes defensive strategies, drawdown risk controls, volatility targeting, and actively timing rebalancing trades. You will learn about how the book’s new approach to risk management fared during the recent market drawdown at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. You will also discover why the traditional risk weighting approach only works on certain classes of assets. The book shows you how to accurately evaluate the costs of defensive strategies and which ones offer the best and most cost-effective protection against market downturns. Finally, you will learn how to obtain a more balanced return stream by targeting volatility rather than a constant notional exposure and gain a deeper understanding of concepts like portfolio rebalancing. Perfect for people working in the asset management industry and financial policy makers, Strategic Risk Management: Designing Portfolios and Managing Risk will also earn a place in the libraries of economics and finance scholars, as well as casual readers who take an active approach to investing in their savings or pension assets. PRAISE FOR STRATEGIC RISK MANAGEMENT “Strategic Risk Management shows how to fully embed risk management into the portfolio management process as an equal partner to alpha. This should clearly be best practice for all asset managers.” —Jase Auby, Chief Investment Officer, the Teacher Retirement System of Texas “This book shows the power of integrating risk and investment management, rather than applying risk management as an afterthought to satisfy set limits. I was pleased to shepherd some of the key ideas in this book through the publication process at The Journal of Portfolio Management.” —Frank J. Fabozzi, Editor, The Journal of Portfolio Management “Financial markets today are quite different from those of the last century. Understanding leverage, correlations, tails, and other risk parameters of a portfolio is at least as important as work on signals and alpha. In that sense, bringing risk management from ‘control’ to ‘front office’ should be a priority for asset managers. This book explains how to do it.” —Marko Kolanovic, Chief Global Market Strategist, J.P. Morgan A powerful new approach to risk management in volatile and uncertain markets While the COVID-19 pandemic threw the importance of effective risk management into sharp relief, many investment firms hang on to a traditional and outdated model of risk management. Using siloed and independent portfolio management and risk monitoring teams, these firms miss out on the opportunities presented by integrated risk management. Strategic Risk Management: Designing Portfolios and Managing Risk delivers a fresh approach to risk management in difficult market conditions. The accomplished author team advocates for the amalgamation of portfolio design and risk monitoring teams, incorporating risk management into every aspect of portfolio design. The book provides a roadmap for the crucial aspects of portfolio design, including defensive strategies, drawdown risk controls, volatility targeting, and actively timing rebalancing trades. You will discover how these techniques helped the authors achieve remarkable results during the market drawdown in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic and how they can help you protect your assets against unpredictable—but inevitable—future bear markets. Ideal for professionals in the asset management industry, Strategic Risk Management: Designing Portfolios and Managing Risk is a valuable resource for financial policy makers, economics and finance scholars, and anyone with even a passing interest in taking an active role in investing for their future.

Risk, Crisis, and Disaster Management in Small and Medium-Sized Tourism Enterprises

Author : Toubes, Diego R.
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799869989
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

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Book Synopsis Risk, Crisis, and Disaster Management in Small and Medium-Sized Tourism Enterprises by : Toubes, Diego R.

Download or read book Risk, Crisis, and Disaster Management in Small and Medium-Sized Tourism Enterprises written by Toubes, Diego R. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-05-21 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tourism destinations are traditionally dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises that provide a wide range of products to tourists such as accommodation, travel services, transportation, recreation and entertainment, and food and beverage services. New knowledge and global risks have emerged, and small and medium-sized tourism enterprises (SMTEs) are now highly vulnerable. Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has hit the whole world and caused a change in the tourism paradigm. Many SMTEs around the world have been severely affected by the need to completely shut down their activities for months, and expectations for recovery in the medium term are not optimistic. SMTEs do not have the capacity and increased resources—financial, human, operational—of large companies to prepare for crisis contingencies (planning) and respond to the challenges they face. They simply do not have the resources or knowledge for risk analysis and the creation of crisis teams or plans. This is an area of growing importance and concern, both in the public and private sectors, where specific research and more in-depth knowledge are needed. Risk, Crisis, and Disaster Management in Small and Medium-Sized Tourism Enterprises connects research in the field of crisis management with the risks affecting small and medium-sized tourism enterprises. The book presents prevailing research on SME-related planning, response, and recovery during crisis situations, further propelling much-needed literature on these challenges in today’s tourism industry. The chapters cover important topics such as terrorism threats, disaster management, resilient strategies, pandemic management, and risk analysis. The target audience of this book will be composed of professionals working in the tourism and hospitality industries, restaurateurs, travel agencies, hotel executives, directors, managers, crisis and risk planners, policymakers, government officials, researchers, and academicians who are interested in the threats to tourism businesses and how small and medium-sized enterprises can manage and navigate these risks.

Crisis Management Strategy

Author : Simon A. Booth
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317292723
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

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Book Synopsis Crisis Management Strategy by : Simon A. Booth

Download or read book Crisis Management Strategy written by Simon A. Booth and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-09-25 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Crisis Management Strategy, first published in 1993, is an excellent introduction to the theory and practice of crisis management in modern enterprises. Simon Booth examines the conventional approaches followed by many firms in the face of change and crisis. He warns of the dangers of theories which oversimplify the causes of crisis and their possible solutions, and which overlook the individual nature of each firm and its environment. Instead, a dynamic new vision of crisis management is offered, which takes into account different kinds of crisis demanding diverse solutions. The key role of leadership is also evaluated in relation to both internally and externally generated crises. Drawing on case studies of leading firms facing crisis solutions in a variety of environments, this truly international volume will provide valuable insight into the experience of crisis, risk and uncertainty. This title will be of interest to students of business.

Global Business Strategies in Crisis

Author : Ümit Hacioğlu
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 331944591X
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Business Strategies in Crisis by : Ümit Hacioğlu

Download or read book Global Business Strategies in Crisis written by Ümit Hacioğlu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-12-07 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the world is currently in the midst of financial and economic crises, this collection of expert contributions focuses on strategy formation and implementation at various organizational levels to address the challenges ahead. The latest economic turmoil and its ongoing impact on business performance are compelling top managers to develop effective business strategies and redefine the boundaries of their operational and strategic activities. On one hand, tremendous challenges in the competitive business environment have become a source of global threats for many small entrepreneurs. On the other, investors faced with today’s volatile economic conditions demand more gains on their capital investments to counter-balance the growing risk of global threats. This book explores the question as to whether it is possible to efficiently and effectively address these threats and obstacles. Are managers capable of planning and implementing strategic actions? What should the major managerial strategy be in order to overcome fluctuations in a market-oriented society? The strategies and practices recommended here are aimed to design continuous development competencies and contribute to the stability, recovery and sustainability of global business operations under volatile economic conditions. This refreshingly novel book seeks to establish managerial strategies and practices for effectively responding to challenges in the competitive business environment, as global volatility and fluctuations continue to worsen.

Crisis Communication

Author : Peter Anthonissen
Publisher : Kogan Page Publishers
ISBN 13 : 0749455535
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (494 download)

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Book Synopsis Crisis Communication by : Peter Anthonissen

Download or read book Crisis Communication written by Peter Anthonissen and published by Kogan Page Publishers. This book was released on 2008-09-03 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Senior management and leaders within companies embroiled in crisis, have learned the hard way what happens when the unthinkable becomes a reality - an accident results in death or injury; a failed company takeover causes share prices to plummet; or toxic food, medicines and drinks leads to mass hysteria. All attention focuses on the guilty parties - and the media can be expected to make this crisis headline news within a matter of hours. No company or organisation is immune to crisis. Everyday, organisations run the risk of being affected. However, a crisis does not necessarily have to turn into a disaster for the business or organisation involved. Crisis Communication provides readers with advice on how to limit damage effectively by acting quickly and positively. Moreover, it explains how to turn a crisis into an opportunity by communicating efficiently, through the use of successful public relations strategies. Providing information on accountability; crisis communication planning; building your corporate image; natural disasters; accidents; financial crises; legal issues; corporate re-organisation; food crises; dealing with negative press; media training; and risk managers, Crisis Communication is a thorough guide to help prepare your organisation for any future calamities. Including international case studies, crisis communication checklists and sample crisis preparation documents, this book ensures that you are fully prepared for the absolute necessity of proactive crisis communication and proper planning, should you be confronted with a crisis.

Crisis Ready

Author : Melissa Agnes
Publisher : Mascot Books
ISBN 13 : 9781684014132
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (141 download)

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Book Synopsis Crisis Ready by : Melissa Agnes

Download or read book Crisis Ready written by Melissa Agnes and published by Mascot Books. This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Crisis Ready is not about crisis management. Management is what happens after the negative event has occurred. Readiness is what is done to build an INVINCIBLE brand, where negative event has occurred. Readiness is what is done to build an INVINCIBLE brand, where negative situations don't occur--and even if they do, they're instantly overcome in a way that leads to increased organizational trust, credibility, and goodwill. No matter the size, type, or industry of your business, Crisis Ready will provide your team with the insight into how to be perfectly prepared for anything life throws at you.

Crisis Communication Strategies

Author : Amanda Coleman
Publisher : Kogan Page Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1789662915
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Crisis Communication Strategies by : Amanda Coleman

Download or read book Crisis Communication Strategies written by Amanda Coleman and published by Kogan Page Publishers. This book was released on 2020-05-03 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Crisis communication is high stakes work. For communications managers and PR professionals, it's likely to be the most stressful time of their working life. Crisis Communication Strategies is a must-have handbook which covers the whole span of the crisis from preparing and laying the groundwork before it occurs, during the incident, and the aftermath, including the move to recovery. It guides readers through each phase, providing details of what to consider, what should be done, and tips and checklists for improved responses. Crisis Communication Strategies equips readers to deal with any kind of crisis - whether caused by internal error, customer action, natural disasters, terrorism or political upheaval. Supported by case studies and examples from responses to events including the 2011 Norway terror attacks, the 2018 British Airways data breach, the 2017 Pepsi advert and the 2005 Hurricane Katrina New Orleans floods, the book explores the role of leadership in a crisis and developing a crisis communication response that has people at the heart of it. Crisis Communication Strategies is the essential guide for PR and communication professionals to protecting your company and building true, long-term resilience.

Communicating in Risk, Crisis, and High Stress Situations: Evidence-Based Strategies and Practice

Author : Vincent T. Covello
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119081793
Total Pages : 450 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Communicating in Risk, Crisis, and High Stress Situations: Evidence-Based Strategies and Practice by : Vincent T. Covello

Download or read book Communicating in Risk, Crisis, and High Stress Situations: Evidence-Based Strategies and Practice written by Vincent T. Covello and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-12-10 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: COMMUNICATING IN R!SK, CRISIS, AND HIGH STRESS SITUATIONS LEARN THE UNIFYING PRINCIPLES BEHIND RISK, CRISIS, AND HIGH STRESS COMMUNICATION WITH THIS STATE-OF-THE-ART REFERENCE WRITTEN BY A MAJOR LEADER IN THE FIELD Communicating in Risk, Crisis, and High Stress Situations: Evidence-Based Strategies and Practice is about communicating with people in the most challenging circumstances: high stress situations characterized by high risks and high stakes. The ability to communicate effectively in a high stress situation is an essential communication competency for managers, engineers, scientists, and professionals in every field who can be thrust into demanding situations complicated by stress. Whether you are confronting an external crisis, an internal emergency, or leading organizational change, this book was written for you. Communicating in Risk, Crisis, and High Stress Situations brings together in one resource proven scientific research with practical, hands-on guidance from a world leader in the field. The book covers such critical topics as trust, stakeholder engagement, misinformation, messaging, and audience perceptions in the context of stress. This book is uniquely readable, thorough, and useful, thanks to features that include: Evidence-based theories and concepts that underlie and guide practice Tools and guidelines for practical and effective planning and application Experience-based advice for facing challenges posed by mainstream and social media Provocative case studies that bring home the key principles and strategies Illuminating case diaries that use the author’s breadth and depth of experience to create extraordinary learning opportunities The book is a necessity for managers, engineers, scientists, and others who must communicate difficult technical concepts to a concerned public. It also belongs on the bookshelves of leaders and communicators in public and private sector organizations looking for a one-stop reference and evidence-based practical guide for communicating effectively in emotionally charged situations. Written by a highly successful academic, consultant, and trainer, the book is also designed as a resource for training and education.

Risk Management in Crisis

Author : Piotr Jedynak
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000457281
Total Pages : 153 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Risk Management in Crisis by : Piotr Jedynak

Download or read book Risk Management in Crisis written by Piotr Jedynak and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-08-19 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Risk management is a domain of management which comes to the fore in crisis. This book looks at risk management under crisis conditions in the COVID-19 pandemic context. The book synthesizes existing concepts, strategies, approaches and methods of risk management and provides the results of empirical research on risk and risk management during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research outcome was based on the authors’ study on 42 enterprises of different sizes in various sectors, and these firms have either been negatively affected by COVID-19 or have thrived successfully under the new conditions of conducting business activities. The analysis looks at both the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the selected enterprises and the risk management measures these enterprises had taken in response to the emerging global trends. The book puts together key factors which could have determined the enterprises’ failures and successes. The final part of the book reflects on how firms can build resilience in challenging times and suggests a model for business resilience. The comparative analysis will provide useful insights into key strategic approaches of risk management. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-mono/10.4324/9781003131366/ has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

Risk and Crisis Communications

Author : Pamela (Ferrante) Walaski
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118093445
Total Pages : 159 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Risk and Crisis Communications by : Pamela (Ferrante) Walaski

Download or read book Risk and Crisis Communications written by Pamela (Ferrante) Walaski and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-07-07 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The go-to guide for learning what to say and how to say it In this climate of near constant streams of media messages, organizations need to know how to effectively communicate risks to their audiences and what to say when a crisis strikes. Risk and Crisis Communications: Methods and Messages is designed to help organizations understand the essential components of communicating about risks during a crisis, and it carves out a role for safety health and environmental (SH&E) professionals in the process. Covering common theoretical concepts and explaining the positions of noted experts in the field such as Peter Sandman and Vincent Covello, the book provides a fundamental understanding of the process behind crafting effective messages for a variety of different situations and explains the consequences of saying the wrong thing to an emotional audience. Incorporating numerous case studies—including the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and the 2010 H1N1 pandemic—it shows how messages can change the way an audience perceives an event and how they react to it, clearly demonstrating how ineffective messages can create untold difficulties for an organization's public image. Savvy SH&E professionals know that their role in helping to craft risk and crisis messages as well as assisting in the execution of risk communication plans provides a critical path to becoming more valuable members of their organizations. Risk and Crisis Communications: Methods and Messages provides invaluable assistance in helping SH&E professionals add value to their organization.

Communicating in a Crisis

Author : Robert DeMartino
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1437903487
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (379 download)

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Book Synopsis Communicating in a Crisis by : Robert DeMartino

Download or read book Communicating in a Crisis written by Robert DeMartino and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2009-02 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A resource for public officials on the basic tenets of effective communications generally and on working with the news media specifically. Focuses on providing public officials with a brief orientation and perspective on the media and how they think and work, and on the public as the end-recipient of info.; concise presentations of techniques for responding to and cooperating with the media in conveying info. and delivering messages, before, during, and after a public health crisis; a practical guide to the tools of the trade of media relations and public communications; and strategies and tactics for addressing the probable opportunities and the possible challenges that are likely to arise as a consequence of such communication initiatives. Ill.

Crisis Management in a Complex World

Author : Dawn R. Gilpin
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019971648X
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

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Book Synopsis Crisis Management in a Complex World by : Dawn R. Gilpin

Download or read book Crisis Management in a Complex World written by Dawn R. Gilpin and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2008-07-31 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today's managers, business owners, and public relations practitioners grapple daily with a fundamental question about contemporary crisis management: to what extent is it possible to control events and stakeholder responses to them, in order to contain escalating crises or safeguard an organization's reputation? The authors meet the question head-on, departing from other crisis management texts, and arguing that a complexity-based approach is superior to the standard simplification model of organizational learning.

OECD Reviews of Risk Management Policies The Changing Face of Strategic Crisis Management

Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264249125
Total Pages : 138 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (642 download)

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Book Synopsis OECD Reviews of Risk Management Policies The Changing Face of Strategic Crisis Management by : OECD

Download or read book OECD Reviews of Risk Management Policies The Changing Face of Strategic Crisis Management written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2015-12-07 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Strategically managing crises is an essential responsibility of governments. Often critical decisions need to be made swiftly under difficult and complex conditions, as crises’ impacts may spread beyond national borders and can trigger significant economic,...

Crisis Communication

Author : Martin N. Ndlela
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319972561
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Crisis Communication by : Martin N. Ndlela

Download or read book Crisis Communication written by Martin N. Ndlela and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-28 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely book explores crises as an inevitable part of modern society, which causes ramifications not only for organisations, but also for a diverse range of stakeholders. Addressing the need for organisations to be guided by a stakeholder-oriented approach throughout all phases of the crisis communication process, the author draws upon various business disciplines and covers the management of issues, risk, reputation and relationships. Covering all stages of crisis communication, from pre-crisis to post-crisis, stakeholder engagement is analysed through a series of case studies, with a particular focus on the role of social media. Scholars of corporate communications and business strategy will find this new book undoubtedly useful, and it will be of particular interest to those involved in crisis communication and management.

The Routledge Companion to Strategic Risk Management

Author : Torben Andersen
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317703995
Total Pages : 543 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (177 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge Companion to Strategic Risk Management by : Torben Andersen

Download or read book The Routledge Companion to Strategic Risk Management written by Torben Andersen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-12-22 with total page 543 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Managing risk in and across organizations has always been of vital importance, both for individual firms and for the globalized economy more generally. With the global financial crisis, a dramatic lesson was learnt about what happens when risk is underestimated, misinterpreted, or even overlooked. Many possible solutions have been competing for international recognition, yet, there is little empirical evidence to support the purported effectiveness of these regulations and structured control approaches, which leaves the field wide open for further interpretation and conceptual development. This comprehensive book pulls together a team of experts from around the world in a range of key disciplines such as management, economics and accounting, to provide a comprehensive resource detailing everything that needs to be known in this emerging area. With no single text currently available, the book fills a much needed gap in our current understanding of strategic risk management, offering the potential to advance research efforts and enhance our approaches to effective risk management practices. Edited by a globally recognized expert on strategic risk management, this book will be an essential reference for students, researchers, and professionals with an interest in risk management, strategic management and finance.

Emerging Risks in the 21st Century An Agenda for Action

Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9789264101227
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis Emerging Risks in the 21st Century An Agenda for Action by : OECD

Download or read book Emerging Risks in the 21st Century An Agenda for Action written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2003-04-24 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the implications of newly developing risks such as hugely damaging hurricanes, new diseases, terrorist attacks, and disruptions to critical infrastructures.

Risk Issues and Crisis Management in Public Relations

Author : Michael Regester
Publisher : Kogan Page Publishers
ISBN 13 : 0749454431
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (494 download)

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Book Synopsis Risk Issues and Crisis Management in Public Relations by : Michael Regester

Download or read book Risk Issues and Crisis Management in Public Relations written by Michael Regester and published by Kogan Page Publishers. This book was released on 2008-06-03 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The reputation of an organisation influences who we buy from, work for, supply to and invest in. Intangible assets, of which reputation forms an important part, account for well over 50 per cent of the value of the Fortune 500 and even more in the case of the FTSE 100. This fourth edition of Risk Issues and Crisis Management in Public Relations has been completely revised and aims to define reputation, explores how to value it and provides practical guidelines for effective reputation management. This latest edition features new sections on the effects of recent world events, Corporate Social Responsibility, climate change and sustainability, legal revisions and the use of the Internet in a crisis. Featuring new case studies on Oxfam V Starbucks, Sony, Dell, Ribena, BP, Bernard Matthews and the bird flu issue, Northern Rock, Walmart, Celebrity Big Brother 07, the Cadbury Salmonella outbreak, the Virgin train crash and the Buncefield Oil Explosion, the book charts how rapidly the reputation management agenda moves and yet how slowly business learns.