Rough and Ready

Download Rough and Ready PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Sandra Hill Books
ISBN 13 : 1941528945
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (415 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rough and Ready by : Sandra Hill

Download or read book Rough and Ready written by Sandra Hill and published by Sandra Hill Books. This book was released on 2022-11-23 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SHE’S ROUGH… After being terrorized by an evil tyrant, Hilda Berdottir, a no-nonsense Viking woman, established a Dark Age sanctuary for abused women.. And they are not only surviving, but have been thriving for five years now. Everything is perfect, except that the women have begun to yearn for the one thing that is a danger to their lives. Men! Oh, not for their companionship, but for their seed…as in children. They want to bed them, then shed them, not wed them. Holy Thor! Good thing there are no men around. Until… HE’S READY… Torolf Magnusson and his team of Navy SEALs are cruising along a Norwegian fjord like bleepin’ tourists when their reproduction Viking longship wrecks, and they somehow find themselves back in the tenth century outside a medieval version of a woman’s shelter. And the females women there are trying everything in their erotic repertoire to lure the men into their bed furs. Hoo-yah! Except for Hilda who wants nothing to do with Torolf. Until… TOGETHER, THEY’RE A MATCH… After Torolf and his comrades-in-arms rid the old Norse world of the villainous Steinolf, they return to present-day California. But oops! Somehow, Torolf accidentally brings Hilda along for the ride through time and space. What’s a guy to do when suddenly responsible for a reluctant girlfriend who is being stalked by a mad scientist bent on dissecting her thousand-year-old body? Especially when said body is so hot it’s making him think they were meant to be together, ready or not. Booklist Top Ten Romance Novel for 2006!! Winner of the Hughie Award for Best Time Travel Finalist for the PRISM Award in the Time Travel Category ​​​​​​​Finalist for the P.E.A.R.L. Award

Silk and Spurs

Download Silk and Spurs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cheyenne McCray LLC
ISBN 13 : 1939778522
Total Pages : 177 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (397 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Silk and Spurs by : Cheyenne McCray

Download or read book Silk and Spurs written by Cheyenne McCray and published by Cheyenne McCray LLC. This book was released on 2017-09-30 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jessica Porter finds herself in southern Arizona on the Cameron’s Bar C Ranch ready to photograph the ranch and the oldest Cameron’s wedding. When Jessie meets Zane Cameron, she finds herself wishing the tall, dark, and gorgeous cowboy was free. Lately, Zane has had the feeling that things aren’t as they seem with his fiancée. When she shows her true colors, he calls off the wedding. Zane feels it’s too soon to fall for another woman, but when he meets Jessie, he just can’t get enough of being around her. It’s not long before the pair gets together and it grows hotter between them than an Arizona summer. But the black widow won’t go down easily. Zane’s ex-fiancée threatens Jessie and everything takes a dangerous turn…and Zane could lose her forever. cowboy, western, country, rancher, rural, small town, suspense, sexy

Rough and Ready

Download Rough and Ready PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rough and Ready by : Horatio Alger (Jr.)

Download or read book Rough and Ready written by Horatio Alger (Jr.) and published by . This book was released on 1869 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rufus, also known as Rough and Ready, is a newsboy who must protect his sister, Rose, from an alcoholic stepfather, James Martin. Through luck, hard work, and honesty, Rufus finds a home for Rose with a kindly seamstress and prospers in his business of selling newspapers. However, Mr. Martin is lurking in the shadows waiting for an opportunity to reclaim the children and hatches a plot to kidnap Rose.

The Ruins of Rough and Ready

Download The Ruins of Rough and Ready PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781633635272
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (352 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Ruins of Rough and Ready by : Peter Clark Casey

Download or read book The Ruins of Rough and Ready written by Peter Clark Casey and published by . This book was released on 2021-06-15 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: n 1850, the Gold Rush town of Rough & Ready, California, briefly seceded from the United States in order to avoid paying a mining tax. This rollicking, western comedy reimagines the three months when it was a sovereign republic. Sprinkled with the hard-luck tales of pioneers and forgotten tidbits of early American history, this novel shines a light on the quirky characters who fueled the westward expansion. The town drunkard falls asleep in a cave and wakes up during an earthquake to find a giant gold boulder. To get the motherlode to market, he enlists a ragtag group of failed miners and oddball mountain men, including a priest who tends bar and a sheriff who's afraid of guns. The most dangerous bandits in California are poised to tear Rough & Ready apart. What will be the legacy of a forgotten independent nation inside of the United States?

Rough

Download Rough PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bridger Media
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rough by : Vanessa Vale

Download or read book Rough written by Vanessa Vale and published by Bridger Media. This book was released on 2020-10-28 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pack Rule #1: Never reveal to a human. I broke that rule the day I met the beautiful doctor. I might be a rodeo champ, but one look at her, and I lost my concentration. The bull tossed and gored me, and now the sweet female is on to me. When I healed within hours, she knew something wasn’t right. My alpha told me to watch her. Not a problem. I’ll watch her all right. Real close. I’ll stick to her like superglue. And those human men who want to date her? They’d better step back. Because the doctor is all mine. Whether she knows it yet or not. KEYWORDS: romance books, contemporary romance, small town, new adult romance, best friends, cowboy romance, western romance, menage, mfm romance, marriage and family, series starter, first in series, romance series, romance saga, romantic family saga, bestseller romance, steamy, sexy, heartwarming, heart-warming, family, love, love books, kissing books, emotional journey, captivating romance, emotional, healing, hot, hot romance, forbidden love, second chance romance, sparks, loyalty, swoon, funny romance, modern romance, forbidden romance, enemies to lovers, childhood crush, friends to lovers, one night stand, second chance romance, hidden romance, strong alpha, alpha hero, family business, strong female lead, workplace romance, strong heroine, family secrets, top romance reads, best seller, New Adult, Romance books free, romance novels, love story, alpha, angst, American western, Montana, unrequited love, coming of age, adult romance, mature romance, rodeo, sports, heartbreak, tear jerker, first person, breakup, redemption, strong woman, contemporary women, full length, girl power, steamy, banter, angsty, first love, romance series, series, circle of friends, college, found family, mistaken identity, grumpy hero, historical, American historical western, historical cowboy, mail order bride, marriage of convenience, paranormal romance, shifter romance, cowboy shifter, werewolf, fated mates, country westerns. Readers also enjoyed books by: Ann Mayburn, Anna Zaires, B.J. Daniels, Carly Phillips, Carrie Ann Ryan, Cat Johnson, Catherine Cowles, Chelle Bliss, Cherise Sinclair, Cheyenne McCray, Claudia Burgoa, Debra Holt, Devney Perry, Diana Palmer, Esther E. Schmidt, Genevieve Turner, Helen Hardt, Jane Henry, Janet Dailey, Jeanne St. James, Jenna Jacob, Jennifer Ryan, Julia Sykes, Kennedy Fox, Kim Loraine, Lani Lynn Vale, Lauren Blakely, Lauren Landish, Laylah Roberts, Lexi Blake, Linda Lael Miller, Lindsay McKenna, Lorelei James, Lori Wilde, Maisy Yates, Max Monroe, Megan March, Melissa Foster, Nicole Snow, Penelope Ward, Renee Rose, Samantha Madisen, Shayla Black, Sophie Oak, Stephanie Rowe, Susan Stoker, Vi Keeland, Vivian Arend, Willa Nash, Willow Winters

There is Something about Rough and Ready

Download There is Something about Rough and Ready PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Sunbury Press, Incorporated
ISBN 13 : 9781620061206
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (612 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis There is Something about Rough and Ready by : Steve Earl Troutman

Download or read book There is Something about Rough and Ready written by Steve Earl Troutman and published by Sunbury Press, Incorporated. This book was released on 2012-11 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The little village of Rough and Ready in Upper Mahantongo Township, Schuylkill County, PA is set in the center of the Mahantongo Valley, famous for its Pennsylvania Dutch culture -- especially the painted furniture. This book focuses on the social history of the village, anchored by information from the 1850 census and Salem Reformed Church cemetery records. This was the famous Isaac F Stiehly's church and most of the families mentioned were in his congregation. The book contains hundreds of photos, most over 100 years old, of life in the Valley. Table of Contents: The Origins of Rough and Ready The 1850 Census in Upper Mahantongo Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania The Old Man Knorr and Stiely Connections The Monroe and Harvey Stiely Mill Maurers of the Mahantongo Valley Manasses Maurer Family Caroline Gonser, Indian Maiden of Creek Town, Rough and Ready, Upper Mahantongo Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania Steve Rebuck Visits the Mahantongo Valley 24th August, 2010 Daniel A. Maurer Homestead and Stine's Hotel at Rough & Ready, PA The Maurer Blacksmiths of Hepler The Daniel Klinger Ramberger Family Ancestors of the Rambergers Jacob Ramberger (1802-1854) md. Catherine Klinger (1802-1871) A Visit to the Jacob and Clara Ramberger Farm, June 18, 2011 Jacob and Clara Ramberger Farm Painting by Leroy Drumheller Ramberger Anecdotes Rough and Ready Band - 1906 Zerfings School, 1907 Ramberger Photo Gallery Ramberger Conclusion Henry Ramberger of Rough and Ready The Gold Mine in the Leck Bush near Rough and Ready, PA The Herb Family of Rough and Ready Something About Rough and Ready and the Emergency Militia Henry B. Clark - Farmer and Defender of Freedom Indians in Rough and Ready along Beisel's Run Beisel Homestead near Rough and Ready Erdman Family History Indian Incursions in the Mahantongo Valley On the Baums, Herbs and Schlegels Frederick Stein Schwalm: Civil War Veteran, Justice of the Peace, Molly Maguire Jury Member Something about the Heplers Something about the Bensingers Something about the Wolfgangs George and Elizabeth Wolfgang The Story of My Life by Bessie May Schadel Bowman Klingers in the 1850 Census Snyders in the 1850 Census Ray Davis Recalls Rough and Ready of the Past Simmy Court House Records Simmy and Associated Colored Family Vital Records Salem Church Photo Knorr Family Heritage John H. Knorr Land A Winter Market Day Interview with Willard and Joyce Kahler of Old State Road, Rough and Ready, Pa. Klinger Farms, Rough and Ready, Pa. Picture Gallery PA German Fraktur, including a hand drawn, Riderless Horse and a handwritten German Script Prayer Appendix 1: Researching Economic Life in the Mahantango Valley: A 19th Century Pennsylvania German Community Appendix 2: SALEM CHURCH CEMETERY UPPER MAHANTANGO TWP., SCHUYLKILL CO. L.R.53047. JULY 25, 1980 Appendix 3: 1850 Census UPPER MAHANTANGO TWP., SCHUYLKILL CO. Heads of Households Appendix 4: 1850 Census UPPER MAHANTANGO TWP., SCHUYLKILL CO. Most Common Surnames

Rufus and Rose, Or, The Fortunes of Rough and Ready

Download Rufus and Rose, Or, The Fortunes of Rough and Ready PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.A/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rufus and Rose, Or, The Fortunes of Rough and Ready by : Horatio Alger

Download or read book Rufus and Rose, Or, The Fortunes of Rough and Ready written by Horatio Alger and published by . This book was released on 1870 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Rough & Ready

Download Rough & Ready PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Loveswept
ISBN 13 : 1101884908
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rough & Ready by : Tracy Wolff

Download or read book Rough & Ready written by Tracy Wolff and published by Loveswept. This book was released on 2018-10-16 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sparks fly between a football pro and an ex-WNBA player. But he needs to prove that he’s more than a sports hero if he wants it all in this steamy standalone from the New York Times bestselling author of Down & Dirty and Hot & Heavy. Tanner: I may be a baller, but I’ve always tried to do the right thing. Maybe it’s because I’ve been in charge of my four younger sisters for half my life, or because I understand how important it is to be a role model—something I learned from my grandfather, a Southern Baptist preacher who marched with Martin Luther King, Jr. Either way, my pro football career makes it easier to give back, so when a local rec center needs help, I do my best to even the playing field. And not just because Elara Vance, the smoking hot ex-WNBA player who runs the place, has me looking to score off the field. Elara: Before I got sidelined by an injury, my time on the court taught me that pro athletes are all flash and no substance. Sure, Tanner Green talks a good game and wields a big checkbook, but I’m not buying the whole good guy routine. Still, it’s hard to miss all the good he’s doing for my rec center and even harder to ignore the way one look from him makes me tremble in all the best ways. I just wish I knew if he’s for real. Something tells me a little one-on-one might be the only way to find out. . . . Praise for Rough & Ready “Loved it! Finally, a sports romance where the heroine is every bit the unapologetic badass athlete as the hero. Romance needs more female leads like Elara.”—Tricia Lynne, author of Moonlight & Whiskey “Rough & Ready is a spirited story line. The premise is entertaining, engrossing, and stimulating; the characters are confident and animated; the romance is impassioned and seductive.”—The Reading Cafe Look for all of Tracy Wolff’s seductive reads: The Ethan Frost series: RUINED | ADDICTED | EXPOSED | FLAWED The Sebastian Caine series: PLAY ME WILD | PLAY ME HOT | PLAY ME HARD | PLAY ME REAL | PLAY ME RIGHT | PLAY ME: THE COMPLETE STORY The Hotwired series: ACCELERATE The Lightning series: DOWN & DIRTY | HOT & HEAVY | ROUGH & READY The His Royal Hotness series: ROYAL PAIN | ROYAL TREATMENT And her standalone novels: LOVEGAME | FULL EXPOSURE | TIE ME DOWN This ebook includes an excerpt from another Loveswept title.

Devil's Ford

Download Devil's Ford PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 3368430149
Total Pages : 114 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (684 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Devil's Ford by : Bret Harte

Download or read book Devil's Ford written by Bret Harte and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2022-11-20 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reproduction of the original.

Rough & Tumble

Download Rough & Tumble PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 9780312375744
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (757 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rough & Tumble by : Mark Bavaro

Download or read book Rough & Tumble written by Mark Bavaro and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2008-09-02 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by former NFL tight end Bavaro, "Rough & Tumble" is the gritty and dramatic novel of a season in the life of a professional football player as he navigates the brutal world of the NFL.

Rough & Ready

Download Rough & Ready PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781909934108
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (341 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rough & Ready by : Barry Lowe

Download or read book Rough & Ready written by Barry Lowe and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rough as guts, tough as nails - and twice as horny. Alpha males are top of the fantasy fodder food chain. Guys with scars, tattoos and piercings, tough working-class men who aren't afraid to get down and dirty, ex-cons and skinheads who reek of danger and hard, crude sex. These guys are always ready to pop a load: anywhere, anytime, anyhow. In this hot collection of Barry Lowe's hardest erotica you'll meet a cross section of tough guys, such as the former prison inmate who breaks into a young student's room expecting to find his girlfriend who has long since departed. Or the guy, brutally robbed, who runs into his mugger in a supermarket; the intimidating skinhead who lives in the apartment above a frightened gay couple; the razor gang thug who is forced to fight for his life among the debris of the Depression; the graffiti artist who lives by his wits on the streets but whose secret life is discovered by his brother's violent gang; the plumber who is greeted at the door by a writer dressed in ludicrous drag because he works under a woman's name; the top notch businessman who resorts to bondage to wreak his revenge on the co-worker he fancies; the builder who tries subterfuge to seduce his workmate and also the man whose house he is repairing; and, the ex-con who will do anything to turn his sister's boyfriend. Some of these tough guys are the stuff of nightmares, but they'll get you good and hard while you read of their adventures. Rough & Ready was originally published by loveyoudivine Alterotica and includes - Stocks & Shared, Scarface, Ceps Mad about Muscle, The Plumber's Mate, Climbing Up the Wall, Little Red Rides da Hood, The Dex Factor, Jailhouse Cock, and The Skinhead Upstairs, all previously published as individual eBook by loveyoudivine Alterotica. Climbing up the Wall was first published in Hard Hats: Gay Erotic Stories, edited by Neil Plakcy (Cleis Press, 2008) in a slightly shorter version Excerpt: He was demonically handsome. Envy had it that he'd had commissioned a well known artist to paint his portrait and the result was stored in his attic. His thick, burnished russet hair reflected his fiery personality, and his piercing green eyes could see through weakness, scams and bullshit like Superman through brick. To make it even more unfair on the rest of us mere mortals who had to sweat for a living, Mitch Badham was athletic, good at social sports, tennis, golf and squash, aided immeasurably by powerful tanned legs with a dusting of light hair like icing sugar on a cake, and had a package that his tight carefully tailored Armani slacks hugged like cling wrap does to beef in the freezer. Wealth, adoration, and success stalked him. And so did I. What attracted me and got me instantly hard was his incredible sculpted ass. Perfectly round cheeks, full but not flabby, encased tightly enough that you couldn't help but notice them, especially if you were behind him as, inevitably, I was. I could not compete with the fucker, either in looks, physique, or economic ability. I hated the bastard. I believed I had more reason than most. Perhaps I should explain how Mitch came to be at my mercy. Well, my obsession...there I've said it, and I don't feel any great sense of relief in my admission...caused my stocks at the firm to plummet. While Mitch was in ascendancy, I was very definitely in descendency. In fact, I suspected that the meeting called for 11a.m. Monday in the boardroom was to seal my dismissal. Basically, I was past caring. With my dismissal imminent, I was unlikely to find another job in my area of expertise, so why not wreak revenge on my nemesis.

Rough Men Stand Ready

Download Rough Men Stand Ready PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780989597036
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (97 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rough Men Stand Ready by : Stanton S. Coerr

Download or read book Rough Men Stand Ready written by Stanton S. Coerr and published by . This book was released on 2019-09-08 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First-person narrative memoir of war in Iraq: U.S. Marines and British Army

Rough and Ready

Download Rough and Ready PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Litres
ISBN 13 : 5041270457
Total Pages : 247 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (412 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rough and Ready by : Horatio Alger

Download or read book Rough and Ready written by Horatio Alger and published by Litres. This book was released on 2021-12-02 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Brown & Dallison's Nevada, Grass Valley and Rough and Ready Directory ...

Download Brown & Dallison's Nevada, Grass Valley and Rough and Ready Directory ... PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (321 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Brown & Dallison's Nevada, Grass Valley and Rough and Ready Directory ... by :

Download or read book Brown & Dallison's Nevada, Grass Valley and Rough and Ready Directory ... written by and published by . This book was released on 1856 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

125 NCB: Rough and Ready

Download 125 NCB: Rough and Ready PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : U.S. Navy Seabee Museum
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 262 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis 125 NCB: Rough and Ready by :

Download or read book 125 NCB: Rough and Ready written by and published by U.S. Navy Seabee Museum. This book was released on with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Greenhorns

Download Greenhorns PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Storey Publishing, LLC
ISBN 13 : 1603428089
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (34 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Greenhorns by : Zoe Ida Bradbury

Download or read book Greenhorns written by Zoe Ida Bradbury and published by Storey Publishing, LLC. This book was released on 2012-05-08 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Greenhorns are a community of more than 5,000 young farmers and activists committed to producing and advocating for food grown with vision and respect for the earth. This book, edited by three of the group’s leading members, comprises 50 original essays by new farmers who write about their experiences in the field from a wide range of angles, both practical and inspirational. Funny and sad, serious and light-hearted, these essays touch on everything from financing and machinery to family, community building, and social change.

The Besieged City

Download The Besieged City PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : New Directions Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0811226727
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (112 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Besieged City by : Clarice Lispector

Download or read book The Besieged City written by Clarice Lispector and published by New Directions Publishing. This book was released on 2019-04-30 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seven decades after its original publication, Clarice Lispector’s third novel—the story of a girl and the city her gaze reveals—is in English at last Seven decades after its original publication, Clarice Lispector’s third novel—the story of a girl and the city her gaze reveals—is in English at last. Lucrécia Neves is ready to marry. Her suitors—soldierly Felipe, pensive Perseu, dependable Mateus—are attracted to her tawdry not-quite-beauty, which is of a piece with Sao Geraldo, the rough-and-ready township she inhabits. Civilization is on its way to this place, where wild horses still roam. As Lucrécia is tamed by marriage, Sao Geraldo gradually expels its horses; and as the town strives for the highest attainment it can conceive—a viaduct—it takes on the progressively more metropolitan manners that Lucrécia, with her vulgar ambitions, desires too. Yet it is precisely through this woman’s superficiality—her identification with the porcelain knickknacks in her mother’s parlor—that Clarice Lispector creates a profound and enigmatic meditation on “the mystery of the thing.” Written in Europe shortly after Clarice Lispector’s own marriage, The Besieged City is a proving ground for the intricate language and the radical ideas that characterize one of her century’s greatest writers—and an ironic ode to the magnetism of the material.