Religious Revival In The Tibetan Borderlands

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Religious Revival in the Tibetan Borderlands

Author : Koen Wellens
Publisher : University of Washington Press
ISBN 13 : 0295801557
Total Pages : 299 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (958 download)

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Book Synopsis Religious Revival in the Tibetan Borderlands by : Koen Wellens

Download or read book Religious Revival in the Tibetan Borderlands written by Koen Wellens and published by University of Washington Press. This book was released on 2011-04-01 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Revival of religious practices of all sorts in China, after decades of systematic government suppression, is a topic of considerable interest to scholars in disciplines ranging from religious studies to anthropology to political science. This book examines contemporary religious practices among the Premi people of the Sichuan-Yunnan-Tibet area, a group of about 60,000 who speak a language belonging to the Qiang branch of Tibeto-Burman. Koen Wellens's ethnographic research in two Premi communities on opposite sides of the border, and his analysis of available historical documents, find multiple advocates and rationales for the revival of both formal Tibetan Buddhism and the indigenous Premi practices centered on ritual specialists called anji. Wellens argues that the variety in the shape the revitalization process takes--as it affects Premi on the Sichuan side of the border and their counterparts on the Yunnan side--can only be understood in a local cultural context. This full-length study of the Premi, the first in a language other than Chinese, makes a valuable contribution to our ethnographic knowledge of Southwest China, as well as to our understanding of contemporary Chinese religious and cultural politics.

ASIAN HIGHLANDS PERSPECTIVES 21: Collected Essays

Author : Rebecca Clothey
Publisher : ASIAN HIGHLANDS PERSPECTIVES
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 502 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis ASIAN HIGHLANDS PERSPECTIVES 21: Collected Essays by : Rebecca Clothey

Download or read book ASIAN HIGHLANDS PERSPECTIVES 21: Collected Essays written by Rebecca Clothey and published by ASIAN HIGHLANDS PERSPECTIVES. This book was released on with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: · A Space for the Possible: Globalization and English Language Learning for Tibetan Students in China (007-032) by Clothey, Rebecca, and Elena McKinlay · An A mdo Tibetan Pastoralist Family's Lo sar in Stong skor Village by Thurston, Timothy, and Tsering Samdrup · Hail Prevention Rituals and Ritual Practitioners in Northeast Amdo (071-111) by Rdo rje don grub · Pyramid Schemes on the Tibetan Plateau (113-140) by Gonier, Devin, and Rgyal yum sgrol ma · Tibetans and Muslims in Northwest China: Economic and Political Aspects of a Complex Historical Relationship (141-186) by Horlemann, Bianca · Sacred Dairies, Dairymen, and Buffaloes of the Nilgiri Mountains in South India (187-256) by Walker, Anthony · An A mdo Family's Income and Expenditure in 2011 (257-283) by Rdo rje bkra shis, Rta mgrin bkra shis, and Charles Kevin Stuart · Architecture in The bo, 'Brug chu, and Co ne Counties, Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu (285-333) by Chos dbying rdo rje · Change, Reputation, and Hair: A Female Rite of Passage in Mtha' ba Village (335-364) by Blo bzang tshe ring, Don 'grub sgrol ma, Gerald Roche, and Charles Kevin Stuart · A College Student (367-386) by 'Phrin las nyi ma · Set Free by Tragedy (387-395) by G.yang mtsho skyid · Who is to Blame? (397-408) by Klu rgyal 'bum · Young Love (409-419) by Bkra shis rab rten · Silent as a Winter Cuckoo (421-426) by Pad+ma dbang chen · QQ Destiny (427-434) by Pad+ma dbang chen · Review - China's Last Imperial Frontier and The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet (437-442) by Entenmann, Robert · Review - Harnessing Fortune (443-448) by Fischler, Lisa C. · Review - Inter-Ethnic Dynamics in Asia (449-453) by Ramirez, Philippe · Review - Spirits of the Place (455-459) by Noseworthy, William B. · Review - Moving Mountains (461-469) by Noseworthy, William B. · Review - The Complete Works of Zhuang Xueben (471-476) by Holmes-Tagchungdarpa, Amy · Review - Religious Revival in the Tibetan Borderlands (477-480) by Wang, Bo · Review - The Sun Rises (481-485 ) by Bender, Mark · Review - Tibetan Buddhists in the Making of Modern China (Chinese Edition) (487-495) by Yu, Dan Smyer, and Zomkyid Drolma · Review - Labrang Monastery (497-500) by Robinson, Christina Kilby · Asian Highlands Perspectives 21 - All Papers (001-500) by Various

Sunshine and Shadow on the Tibetan Border

Author : Flora Beal Shelton
Publisher : Legare Street Press
ISBN 13 : 9781021384874
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (848 download)

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Book Synopsis Sunshine and Shadow on the Tibetan Border by : Flora Beal Shelton

Download or read book Sunshine and Shadow on the Tibetan Border written by Flora Beal Shelton and published by Legare Street Press. This book was released on 2023-07-18 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this memoir, Flora Beal Shelton recounts her experiences as a Christian missionary in the Tibetan borderlands. She vividly portrays the beauty and complexity of Tibetan culture, as well as the challenges faced by Christian missionaries in this remote and rugged region. Originally published in 1936, this book remains a valuable account of one woman's spiritual and cultural journey. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Tibet

Author : Hattaway
Publisher : William Carey Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1645084345
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (45 download)

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Book Synopsis Tibet by : Hattaway

Download or read book Tibet written by Hattaway and published by William Carey Publishing. This book was released on 2022-08-30 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: God’s Mighty Acts in China This book is believed to be the first attempt to present an overview of all Christian activity in Tibet throughout history. The Tibetan Plateau is mountainous, inaccessible and vast—three times the land area of the UK, but with only one-tenth of the population. Most Tibetans claim to be Buddhists but, for many, Buddhism is a veneer over older, darker beliefs. The spiritual realm is a daily reality in Tibet. There are only tiny numbers of Tibetan Christians, but the “Roof of the World” has a long and remarkable Christian history. Paul Hattaway recounts the stories of the many courageous, tenacious men and women who have attempted to exalt the Name of Jesus Christ in Tibet, against overwhelming odds and in the face of powerful spiritual forces. This is the fourth volume in The China Chronicles, which tell the modern history of the Church in China. The China Chronicles Series: Book 1: Shandong Book 2: Guizhou Book 3: Zhejang Book 4: Tibet Book 5: Henan Book 6: Xinjiang

Religious and Ethnic Revival in a Chinese Minority

Author : Liang Yongjia
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429944039
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (299 download)

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Book Synopsis Religious and Ethnic Revival in a Chinese Minority by : Liang Yongjia

Download or read book Religious and Ethnic Revival in a Chinese Minority written by Liang Yongjia and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-08-06 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is based on anthropological fieldwork among the Bai, an ethnic minority with a population of two million in Dali, southwest China. It explores the religious and ethnic revival in the last two decades against a historical background. It explains why and how religions and ethnic identity are revived in contemporary China, with the revived analytical concept of "alterity", which suggests a world beyond here and now. The book focuses on the particular institutions and ritual technologies that seek for access to the invisible, transcendental other—both spatial and temporal. It covers a variety of topics, including pre-modern kingship, modern utopia, religious alterity, ethnic identity, religious associations, the Intangible Cultural Heritage, and temple restorations.

Medicine and Memory in Tibet

Author : Theresia Hofer
Publisher : University of Washington Press
ISBN 13 : 029574300X
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (957 download)

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Book Synopsis Medicine and Memory in Tibet by : Theresia Hofer

Download or read book Medicine and Memory in Tibet written by Theresia Hofer and published by University of Washington Press. This book was released on 2018-03-15 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Only fifty years ago, Tibetan medicine, now seen in China as a vibrant aspect of Tibetan culture, was considered a feudal vestige to be eliminated through government-led social transformation. Medicine and Memory in Tibet examines medical revivalism on the geographic and sociopolitical margins both of China and of Tibet�s medical establishment in Lhasa, exploring the work of medical practitioners, or amchi, and of Medical Houses in the west-central region of Tsang. Due to difficult research access and the power of state institutions in the writing of history, the perspectives of more marginal amchi have been absent from most accounts of Tibetan medicine. Theresia Hofer breaks new ground both theoretically and ethnographically, in ways that would be impossible in today�s more restrictive political climate that severely limits access for researchers. She illuminates how medical practitioners safeguarded their professional heritage through great adversity and personal hardship.

The Beggar Lama

Author : Tenzin Jinba
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231557892
Total Pages : 185 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis The Beggar Lama by : Tenzin Jinba

Download or read book The Beggar Lama written by Tenzin Jinba and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2023-10-24 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Beggar Lama is the story of the Gyalrong Kuzhap, a Tibetan Buddhist polymath and reincarnated lama who has led a remarkable life through the vicissitudes of the twentieth century. Born in 1930 in Tsanlha, Gyalrong, on the easternmost fringes of the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau, he would go on to become a monk, a Communist official, a professor of Tibetan studies, and a leader in the Tibetan cultural survival movement in China. Drawing on hundreds of hours of in-depth and open-ended conversations over more than a decade, Tenzin Jinba presents the Gyalrong Kuzhap’s life story. The Beggar Lama chronicles his journeys—from Gyalrong to Lhasa, from steadfast Communist to critic of the Chinese regime, from scholar to activist—painting a compelling portrait of an influential and unconventional figure. In so doing, the book shows how the Gyalrong Kuzhap’s tale intertwines with larger social and political developments, providing a wide-ranging history of Tibet, the Sino-Tibetan borderlands, and China over the past century. The Beggar Lama shares the Gyalrong Kuzhap’s insightful and often critical views on Tibetan cultural and religious institutions, the Chinese Communist Party’s social and political agendas, Tibetan studies in China, and the prospects for Tibetan cultural rebirth. Above all, it is a story of hope in dark times, as the Gyalrong Kuzhap seeks with his “last breath” to prevent Tibetan culture and memory from vanishing.

The SAGE Handbook of Contemporary China

Author : Weiping Wu
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 1526455595
Total Pages : 1639 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (264 download)

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Book Synopsis The SAGE Handbook of Contemporary China by : Weiping Wu

Download or read book The SAGE Handbook of Contemporary China written by Weiping Wu and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2018-07-09 with total page 1639 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contemporary China is dynamic and complex. Recent dramatic changes in the Chinese economy, society, and environment pose numerous challenges for scholars of China. This Handbook will define contemporary China Studies for the social sciences: investigating how we can best study China; exploring the transformations of contemporary China that inform how we study China; presenting the breadth and depth of the China Studies field; and identify future directions for China Studies. In two volumes, the Handbook situates China Studies in history and context. Each chapter in Part One provides an overview and historiography of how scholars have conceptualized the Chinese state, nation, economy and environment, and analyzes trends in terms of different research approaches, types of sources, and trends in the study of these broad concepts. The next five parts cover substantive themes in China Studies, including economic transformations; politics and government; China as a global actor; urbanization and urban development; and Chinese society. In conclusion, the Handbook draws together critical discussions of emerging issues of transdisciplinary approaches to China Studies, the future of Chinese historical Studies, and the future of China in comparative contexts.

Buddhism in Contemporary Tibet

Author : Melvyn C. Goldstein
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (918 download)

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Book Synopsis Buddhism in Contemporary Tibet by : Melvyn C. Goldstein

Download or read book Buddhism in Contemporary Tibet written by Melvyn C. Goldstein and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Mapping Shangrila

Author : Emily T. Yeh
Publisher : University of Washington Press
ISBN 13 : 0295805021
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (958 download)

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Book Synopsis Mapping Shangrila by : Emily T. Yeh

Download or read book Mapping Shangrila written by Emily T. Yeh and published by University of Washington Press. This book was released on 2014-07-11 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2001 the Chinese government announced that the precise location of Shangrila�a place that previously had existed only in fiction�had been identified in Zhongdian County, Yunnan. Since then, Sino-Tibetan borderlands in Yunnan, Sichuan, Gansu, Qinghai, and the Tibet Autonomous Region have been the sites of numerous state projects of tourism development and nature conservation, which have in turn attracted throngs of backpackers, environmentalists, and entrepreneurs who seek to experience, protect, and profit from the region�s landscapes. Mapping Shangrila advances a view of landscapes as media of governance, representation, and resistance, examining how they are reshaping cultural economies, political ecologies of resource use, subjectivities, and interethnic relations. Chapters illuminate topics such as the role of Han and Tibetan literary representations of border landscapes in the formation of ethnic identities; the remaking of Chinese national geographic imaginaries through tourism in the Yading Nature Reserve; the role of The Nature Conservancy and other transnational environmental organizations in struggles over culture and environmental governance; the way in which matsutake mushroom and caterpillar fungus commodity chains are reshaping montane landscapes; and contestations over the changing roles of mountain deities and their mediums as both interact with increasingly intensive nature conservation and state-sponsored capitalism.

Morality and Monastic Revival in Post-Mao Tibet

Author : Jane E. Caple
Publisher : University of Hawaii Press
ISBN 13 : 0824878051
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (248 download)

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Book Synopsis Morality and Monastic Revival in Post-Mao Tibet by : Jane E. Caple

Download or read book Morality and Monastic Revival in Post-Mao Tibet written by Jane E. Caple and published by University of Hawaii Press. This book was released on 2019-03-31 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The speed and extent of the Tibetan Buddhist monastic revival make it one of the most extraordinary stories of religious resurgence in post-Mao China. At the end of the 1970s, there were no working monasteries; within a decade, thousands had been reconstructed and repopulated. Most studies have focused on the political challenges facing Tibetan monasteries, emphasizing their relationship to the Chinese state. Yet, in their efforts to revive and develop their institutions, monks have also had to negotiate a rapidly changing society, playing a delicate balancing act fraught with moral dilemma as well as political danger. Drawing on the recent “moral turn” in anthropology, this volume, the first full-length ethnographic study of the subject, explores the social and moral dimensions of monastic revival and reform across a range of Geluk monasteries in northeast Tibet (Amdo/Qinghai Province) from the 1980s on. Author Jane Caple’s analysis shows that ideas and debates about how best to maintain the mundane bases of monastic Buddhism—economy and population—are intermeshed with those concerning the proper role and conduct of monks and the ethics of monastic-lay relations. Facing a shrinking monastic population, monks are grappling with the impacts of secular education, demographic transition, rising living standards, urbanization, and marketization, all of which have driven debates within Buddhism elsewhere and fueled perceptions of monastic decline. Some Tibetans—including monks—are even questioning the “good” of the mass form of monasticism that has been a distinctive feature of Tibetan society for hundreds of years. Given monastic Buddhism’s integral position in Tibetan community life and association with Tibetan identity, Caple argues that its precarity in relation to Tibetan society raises questions about its future that go well beyond the issue of religious freedom.

Social Issues in China

Author : Zhidong Hao
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461422248
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

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Book Synopsis Social Issues in China by : Zhidong Hao

Download or read book Social Issues in China written by Zhidong Hao and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-08-23 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1978, the opening up and reform in China has brought tremendous economic and social changes. While China’s economic progress has been commendable, the social problems that go with economic changes have raised serious concerns. Some of those concerns are related to gender, ethnic, labor, and environmental issues. This book is about what has happened in these arenas in China since the opening up and reform in 1978. The study of gender, ethnicity, labor, and environment touches on some of the fundamental problems of modernization, especially the development of individuals and groups. So even though gender, ethnicity, labor, and environment seem to be separate issues, they are in fact related in some fundamental ways. That’s what this book will explore as well. To understand is one thing and to do is another. This book also incorporates studies of NGO practices to see how NGOs have helped in transforming gender, ethnic, labor, and environment interplay. Our study of NGOs in helping improve such interplay sheds light on how specifically civil society can prod the state to transform social relations for the better. This book is an attempt to assess the changes, both positive and negative, in gender, ethnic, ethnic, and environmental relations in China especially in the past 30 years of opening up and reform, especially regarding national identity formation.

Routledge Handbook of Chinese Culture and Society

Author : Kevin Latham
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351718754
Total Pages : 578 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (517 download)

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Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Chinese Culture and Society by : Kevin Latham

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Chinese Culture and Society written by Kevin Latham and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-02-27 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Culture and Society is an interdisciplinary resource that offers a comprehensive overview of contemporary Chinese social and cultural issues in the twenty-first century. Bringing together experts in their respective fields, this cutting-edge survey of the significant phenomena and directions in China today covers a range of issues including the following: State, privatisation and civil society Family and education Urban and rural life Gender, and sexuality and reproduction Popular culture and the media Religion and ethnicity Forming an accessible and fascinating insight into Chinese culture and society, this handbook will be invaluable to students and scholars across a range of disciplines, including anthropology, sociology, area studies, history, politics and cultural and media studies.

Religion in China

Author : Adam Yuet Chau
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1509535683
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis Religion in China by : Adam Yuet Chau

Download or read book Religion in China written by Adam Yuet Chau and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-07-12 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, there has been an astonishing revival of religious practices in China. Looking beyond numerical counts of religious practitioners, temples, and churches, anthropologist Adam Yuet Chau's vivid study explores how religion is embedded in contemporary Chinese lives and society, from personal devotion to community-wide festivals. Covering Buddhism, Daoism, and folk religion, as well as Christianity and Islam, this ethnographically rich book provides insights into the contemporary relevance of religious traditions in Chinese societies. By considering the ways in which Chinese people ‘do’ religion, Chau reveals how religious practice plays a critical role in establishing and maintaining a wide range of relationships: between people, spirits, and places; ritual service providers and their customers; the state and religious groups. He argues that relationality is the key anchor of religious lifeworlds, and this insight demands an entirely new way of approaching religion everywhere. This lively account will appeal to those studying or curious about Chinese or East Asian religions, and serves as a perfect gateway to understanding religious practices in China today.

The Han

Author : Agnieszka Joniak-Luthi
Publisher : University of Washington Press
ISBN 13 : 0295805978
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (958 download)

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Book Synopsis The Han by : Agnieszka Joniak-Luthi

Download or read book The Han written by Agnieszka Joniak-Luthi and published by University of Washington Press. This book was released on 2015-06-24 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This ethnography explores contemporary narratives of “Han-ness,” revealing the nuances of what Han identity means today in relation to that of the fifty-five officially recognized minority ethnic groups in China, as well as in relation to home place identities and the country’s national identity. Based on research she conducted among native and migrant Han in Shanghai and Beijing, Aqsu (in Xinjiang), and the Sichuan-Yunnan border area, Agnieszka Joniak-Luthi uncovers and discusses these identity topographies. Bringing into focus the Han majority, which has long acted as an unexamined backdrop to ethnic minorities, Joniak-Luthi contributes to the emerging field of critical Han studies as she considers how the Han describe themselves - particularly what unites and divides them - as well as the functions of Han identity and the processes through which it is maintained and reproduced. The Han will appeal to scholars and students of contemporary China, anthropology, and ethnic and cultural studies.

A Landscape of Travel

Author : Jenny T. Chio
Publisher : University of Washington Press
ISBN 13 : 0295805064
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (958 download)

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Book Synopsis A Landscape of Travel by : Jenny T. Chio

Download or read book A Landscape of Travel written by Jenny T. Chio and published by University of Washington Press. This book was released on 2014-03-28 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While the number of domestic leisure travelers has increased dramatically in reform-era China, the persistent gap between urban and rural living standards attests to ongoing social, economic, and political inequalities. The state has widely touted tourism for its potential to bring wealth and modernity to rural ethnic minority communities, but the policies underlying the development of tourism obscure some complicated realities. In tourism, after all, one person’s leisure is another person’s labor. A Landscape of Travel investigates the contested meanings and unintended consequences of tourism for those people whose lives and livelihoods are most at stake in China’s rural ethnic tourism industry: the residents of village destinations. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in Ping’an (a Zhuang village in Guangxi) and Upper Jidao (a Miao village in Guizhou), Jenny Chio analyzes the myriad challenges and possibilities confronted by villagers who are called upon to do the work of tourism. She addresses the shifting significance of migration and rural mobility, the visual politics of tourist photography, and the effects of touristic desires for “exotic difference” on village social relations. In this way, Chio illuminates the contemporary regimes of labor and leisure and the changing imagination of what it means to be rural, ethnic, and modern in China today.

Xinjiang and the Modern Chinese State

Author : Justin M. Jacobs
Publisher : University of Washington Press
ISBN 13 : 0295806575
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (958 download)

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Book Synopsis Xinjiang and the Modern Chinese State by : Justin M. Jacobs

Download or read book Xinjiang and the Modern Chinese State written by Justin M. Jacobs and published by University of Washington Press. This book was released on 2016-04-18 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Xinjiang and the Modern Chinese State views modern Chinese political history from the perspective of Han officials who were tasked with governing Xinjiang. This region, inhabited by Uighurs, Kazaks, Hui, Mongols, Kirgiz, and Tajiks, is also the last significant “colony” of the former Qing empire to remain under continuous Chinese rule throughout the twentieth century. By foregrounding the responses of Chinese and other imperial elites to the growing threat of national determination across Eurasia, Justin Jacobs argues for a reconceptualization of the modern Chinese state as a “national empire.” He shows how strategies for administering this region in the late Qing, Republican, and Communist eras were molded by, and shaped in response to, the rival platforms of ethnic difference characterized by Soviet and other geopolitical competitors across Inner and East Asia. This riveting narrative tracks Xinjiang political history through the Bolshevik revolution, the warlord years, Chinese civil war, and the large-scale Han immigration in the People’s Republic of China, as well as the efforts of the exiled Xinjiang government in Taiwan after 1949 to claim the loyalty of Xinjiang refugees.