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Performances Of High Purity Niobium Cavities With Different Grain Sizes
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Book Synopsis PERFORMANCES OF HIGH PURITY NIOBIUM CAVITIES WITH DIFFERENT GRAIN SIZES. by : Ganapati Myneni
Download or read book PERFORMANCES OF HIGH PURITY NIOBIUM CAVITIES WITH DIFFERENT GRAIN SIZES. written by Ganapati Myneni and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grain boundaries have for some time been suspected of influencing the performance of RF cavities made from high purity niobium by limiting the temperature dependent BCS surface resistance to a residual resistance because of impurity segregation and by causing field limitations due to flux penetration. We have carried out a comparative study of the RF behavior of 2.2 GHz TM{sub 010} cavities of identical shape, fabricated from single crystal niobium, niobium of grain sizes of the order of several cm{sup 2} and standard poly-crystalline material. All the cavities were treated with buffered chemical polishing (BCP), post-purified at 1250?C and?in-situ? baked at 120 C. This contribution reports about the results of the measurements of the temperature dependence of the surface resistance Rs(T) and the Q0 vs. Eacc behavior at 2 K. From the analysis of the Rs(T) data at low RF fields material parameters such as gap value, mean free path and residual resistance could be extracted. The dependence of the Q-value on RF field was analyzed with respect to the medium field Q-slope, Q-drop at high fields and the quench fields. The best performance resulted in a breakdown field of {approx}165 mT, corresponding to an accelerating gradient of E{sub acc} {approx} 38 MV/m.
Book Synopsis PERFORMANCES OF HIGH PURITY NIOBIUM CAVITIES WITH DIFFERENT GRAIN SIZES. by :
Download or read book PERFORMANCES OF HIGH PURITY NIOBIUM CAVITIES WITH DIFFERENT GRAIN SIZES. written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grain boundaries have for some time been suspected of influencing the performance of RF cavities made from high purity niobium by limiting the temperature dependent BCS surface resistance to a residual resistance because of impurity segregation and by causing field limitations due to flux penetration. We have carried out a comparative study of the RF behavior of 2.2 GHz TM010 cavities of identical shape, fabricated from single crystal niobium, niobium of grain sizes of the order of several cm2 and standard poly-crystalline material. All the cavities were treated with buffered chemical polishing (BCP), post-purified at 1250 C and ''in-situ'' baked at 120 C. This contribution reports about the results of the measurements of the temperature dependence of the surface resistance Rs(T) and the Q0 vs. Eacc behavior at 2 K. From the analysis of the Rs(T) data at low RF fields material parameters such as gap value, mean free path and residual resistance could be extracted. The dependence of the Q-value on RF field was analyzed with respect to the medium field Q-slope, ''Q-drop'' at high fields and the ''quench'' fields. The best performance resulted in a breakdown field of (almost equal to) 165 mT, corresponding to an accelerating gradient of Eacc (almost equal to) 38 MV/m.
Book Synopsis Development of Large Grain/Single Crystal Niobium Cavity Technology at Jefferson Lab by : Peter Kneisel
Download or read book Development of Large Grain/Single Crystal Niobium Cavity Technology at Jefferson Lab written by Peter Kneisel and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Approximately two years ago we started to develop high performance niobium accelerating cavities based on large grain or single crystal high purity niobium. We have fabricated and tested 15 single cell cavities of various shapes and frequencies between 1300 MHz and 2300 MHz using material from a total of 9 different very large grain niobium ingots from four niobium suppliers. The materials differed not only in grain sizes, but also in RRR? value and in the amount of Ta contained in the material. In one ingot supplied by CBMM the central grain exceeded 7 inches in diameter and this was used to fabricate two 2.2 GHz cavities. A single crystal 1300 MHz mono-cell cavity was also produced at DESY by rolling out a single crystal to the size required for this cavity. It was sent to Jlab for surface treatment and testing. In addition, we have fabricated three 7-cell cavities: two of the Jlab high gradient (HG) shape and one of the ILC Low Loss shape. Two 9-cell TESLA shape cavities are presently in fabrication at Jlab and are close to completion.
Book Synopsis Mechanical Properties of High Purity Niobium - Novel Measurements by : Ganapati Myneni
Download or read book Mechanical Properties of High Purity Niobium - Novel Measurements written by Ganapati Myneni and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the procedures to improve the performance of superconducting niobium cavities is a heat treatment for several hours in an ultrahigh vacuum at temperatures between 800C and 1400C for hydrogen degassing or post-purification, respectively. However, it was recently observed with Spallation Neutron Source Project (SNS) prototype cavities, that a heat treatment at 800 C for even 1 hour degraded the mechanical properties of RRR niobium, in particular the yield strength. This lower strength resulted in cavity deformations during handling thus affecting both their resonant frequency and field profile. In addition to lowering the yield strength, it was observed in some lots of material that the Young's modulus was also apparently reduced by a factor of 2 as a result of the hydrogen outgassing at 800 C. Surprisingly, material received at other national laboratories exhibited similar anomalous behavior even without any heat treatments in vacuum. Based on these observations a multi-institutional collaborative basic research activity on high RRR niobium (determination of Nb yield strength as a function of grain size, work hardening, chemical composition, and heat treatment temperature) has been initiated by JLAB to gain a better understanding of the material properties affecting the mechanical behavior In this contribution, a brief review of the measurements at JLAB, at the Materials Science and Engineering Department of the University of Virginia, at the Analytical Chemistry and Metallurgy Divisions of the National Institute of Standard and Technology, Gaithersburg and in the Department of Physics, SUNY, Albany are presented. The measurements include yield strength, hardness, ultrasonic velocity, crystallographic structure, microstructure, determination of interstitial contents using internal friction; particular emphasis is placed on determining the hydrogen concentration in the niobium via Cold Neutron Prompt Gamma-Ray Activation Analysis and Neutron Incoherent Scattering and to measure hydrogen depth profiles near surface regions by Nuclear Reactions Analysis.
Book Synopsis Springback in Deep Drawn High Purity Niobium for Superconductor Cavities by : Ganapati Rao Myneni
Download or read book Springback in Deep Drawn High Purity Niobium for Superconductor Cavities written by Ganapati Rao Myneni and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities made from deep drawn high-purity niobium have become a popular approach for the design of particle accelerators. A number of current accelerators use this technology and it is a leading candidate for future designs. The development of this technology has required significant advances in many scientific fields including metallurgy, high vacuum physics, surface science, and forming. Recently proposed modifications to the current process for fabrication of these cavities has resulted in increased concern about the distribution of deformation, residual stress patterns, and springback. This presentation will report on the findings of a recently initiated program to study plastic flow and springback in the fabrication of these cavities and the influence of metallurgical variables including grain size and impurity content.
Book Synopsis Review of Ingot Niobium as a Material for Superconducting Radiofrequency Accelerating Cavities by :
Download or read book Review of Ingot Niobium as a Material for Superconducting Radiofrequency Accelerating Cavities written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a result of collaboration between Jefferson Lab and niobium manufacturer Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração (CBMM), ingot niobium was explored as a possible material for superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavity fabrication. The first single cell cavity from large-grain high purity niobium was fabricated and successfully tested at Jefferson Lab in 2004. This work triggered research activities in other SRF laboratories around the world. The large-grain (LG) niobium became not only an interesting alternative material for cavity builders, but also material scientists and surface scientists were eager to participate in the development of this technology. Many single cell cavities made from material of different suppliers have been tested successfully and several multi-cell cavities have shown performances comparable to the best cavities made from standard fine-grain niobium. Several 9-cell cavities fabricated by Research Instruments and tested at DESY exceeded the best performing fine grain cavities with a record accelerating gradient of Eacc=45.6 MV/m. The quality factor of those cavities was also higher than that of fine-grain (FG) cavities processed with the same methods. Such performance levels push the state-of-the art of SRF technology and are of great interest for future accelerators. This contribution reviews the development of ingot niobium technology and highlights some of the differences compared to standard FG material and opportunities for further developments.
Book Synopsis Methodology for the Characterization of Surface Treated High Purity Niobium by : Santosh Chetri
Download or read book Methodology for the Characterization of Surface Treated High Purity Niobium written by Santosh Chetri and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High-purity niobium is the material of choice for making superconducting radio-frequency cavities for the modern particle accelerator. While making the cavities from the Nb sheet, it goes through a series of processes including chemical and thermal treatments. These treatments affect the microstructural as well as magnetic properties of niobium. In order to optimize the efficiency of Nb cavities, various treatments have been explored. During the last decade, surface modification through impurity diffusion has been extensively explored and found that the quality factor of Nb cavities can be enhanced by impurity diffusion to the niobium surface. The surface treatments that are found to enhance the quality factor include high-temperature nitrogen doping, low-temperature nitrogen infusion, and most recently mid-temperature furnace baking. Even though these treatments have been shown to improve cavity performance, the fundamental understanding of the phenomenon is very limited, and each treatment has its own drawbacks. During the operation of Nb cavities, the oscillating electromagnetic field penetrates the Nb surface only to the 40-200 nm depth. Hence, the cavity performance is dependent largely on the condition of this layer. Thus, a detailed understanding of the effect of different treatments on the Nb surface is essential.Cutting a Nb cavity for the characterization of its surface after different treatments is economically not viable and the characterizing tools are also limited for the cut-out samples. Based on the characterization techniques, the requirements for sample shape and size vary, for example, microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ellipsometry et cetera require flat samples whereas magnetization measurements are best made using cylindrical samples. Hence, using a coupon sample characterization turns out to be a cost-effective way of probing the effect of different processing steps. In this thesis, I have used surface-characterizing tools such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and magnetization to explore the effect of some of the recent cavity treatments on the microstructure, chemistry, and magnetic properties of high purity Nb surface. The goal is to construct a coupon-based methodology to explore the effect of different processing treatments.
Book Synopsis Single Crystal - Large Grain Niobium Technology by : Ganapati Rao Myneni
Download or read book Single Crystal - Large Grain Niobium Technology written by Ganapati Rao Myneni and published by AIP Conference Proceedings / H. This book was released on 2007-08-30 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SRF Technology based accelerators, FEL’s, and ERL’s, are becoming common worldwide. Several new frontier technologies and applications are expected to be evolving in coming years as the cost of SRF technology comes. Terra Hertz (THz) Science could benefit from these advances, and many applications are likely to be developed in the fields of medical imaging, material science, pharmaceuticals, communications etc.
Book Synopsis Influence of Ta Content in High Purity Niobium on Cavity Performance by :
Download or read book Influence of Ta Content in High Purity Niobium on Cavity Performance written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a previous paper [1] a program for reducing the costs of high purity niobium was outlined. This program was based on the fact that niobium prices could be reduced, if a higher content of Ta, which does not significantly affect the RRR-value, could be tolerated for high performance cavities. This contribution reports on the execution of this program and its present status. Four ingots with different Ta contents have been melted and transformed into sheets. In each manufacturing step material quality has been monitored, using chemical analysis, thermal conductivity measurements and evaluation of mechanical properties. The niobium sheets have been scanned for defects by an eddy current device. Two single cell cavities (CEBAF geometry) have been fabricated from each of three ingots, with Ta concentrations of 150, 600 and 1300 wtppm. A series of tests have been performed on each cavity with increasing amount of material removal. This contribution reports on the test results and gives an analysis of the data.
Book Synopsis Performance of Large Grain and Single Crystal Niobium Cavities by :
Download or read book Performance of Large Grain and Single Crystal Niobium Cavities written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 114013 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We have fabricated and tested several single and one multi-cell cavity made from large grain niobium of four different ingots. Two cavities at a frequency of ~ 2.2 GHz were made from single crystal sheets. Large grain material was used for four single cell cavities of the HG â and OC shapes, a 7-cell cavity of the HG â shape â all resonating at 1500 MHz â and an ILC_LL single cell cavity at 1300 MHz. We began to explore also different chemical polishing baths such as a 1:1:1 and a 1:1:2 buffered solution and explored the change of cavity performance as a function of material removal. The results from these preliminary investigations are reported in this contribution.
Book Synopsis Mechanical Properties of Niobium Cavities by :
Download or read book Mechanical Properties of Niobium Cavities written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mechanical stability of bulk Nb cavity is an important aspect to be considered in relation to cavity material, geometry and treatments. Mechanical properties of Nb are typically obtained from uniaxial tensile tests of small samples. In this contribution we report the results of measurements of the resonant frequency and local strain along the contour of single-cell cavities made of ingot and fine-grain Nb of different purity subjected to increasing uniform differential pressure, up to 6 atm. Measurements have been done on cavities subjected to different heat treatments. Good agreement between finite element analysis simulations and experimental data in the elastic regime was obtained with a single set of values of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. The experimental results indicate that the yield strength of medium-purity ingot Nb cavities is higher than that of fine-grain, high-purity Nb.
Book Synopsis Mechanical Properties of Niobium Radio-frequency Cavities by :
Download or read book Mechanical Properties of Niobium Radio-frequency Cavities written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Radio-frequency cavities made of bulk niobium are one of the components used in modern particle accelerators. The mechanical stability is an important aspect of cavity design, which typically relies on finite-element analysis simulations using material properties from tensile tests on sample. This contribution presents the results of strain and resonant frequency measurements as a function of a uniform pressure up to 722 kPa, applied to single-cell niobium cavities with different crystallographic structure, purity and treatments. In addition, burst tests of high-purity multi-cell cavities with different crystallographic structure have been conducted up to the tensile strength of the material. Finite-element analysis of the single-cell cavity geometry is in good agreement with the observed behavior in the elastic regime assuming a Young's modulus value of 88.5 GPa and a Poisson's ratio of 0.4, regardless of crystallographic structure, purity or treatment. However, the measured yield strength and tensile strength depend on crystallographic structure, material purity and treatment. In particular, the results from this study show that the mechanical properties of niobium cavities with large crystals are comparable to those of cavities made of fine-grain niobium.
Book Synopsis Performance of Single Crystal Niobium Cavities by :
Download or read book Performance of Single Crystal Niobium Cavities written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 45205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We have fabricated and tested a total of six single cell niobium cavities, made from single crystal, high purity niobium. Two of the three cavities of the TESLA shape (1300 MHz) were made from Heraeus niobium by extending a smaller single crystal by rolling and annealing steps; the third cavity was made by spinning from CBMM material. The three other cavities of the scaled "Low Loss" (LL) shape (two) and "High Gradient" (HG) shape (one) resonated at 2.3 GHz and were fabricated from "as received" single crystals, both from Heraeus and CBMM niobium. After appropriate surface treatments by buffered chemical polishing and electropolishing most cavities performed quite nicely and peak surface magnetic fields of ~ 160 mT or above corresponding to accelerating gradients between 38 MV/m and 45 MV/m were reached. This paper reports about the performance of these cavities.
Book Synopsis Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology by : Alexander W. Chao
Download or read book Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology written by Alexander W. Chao and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2013-01-28 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is dedicated to superconducting technology and its applications, including superconducting magnets (SC magnets) and superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities.
Book Synopsis PROGRESS ON LARGE GRAIN AND SINGLE GRAIN NIOBIUM by :
Download or read book PROGRESS ON LARGE GRAIN AND SINGLE GRAIN NIOBIUM written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Large grain and single crystal niobium has been proposed several years ago as an alternative material to poly-crystalline niobium for superconducting cavities, exhibiting potential advantages such as ¿stream-lined¿ procedures, reduced costs and better reproducibility in performance. Several major laboratories have investigated the use of large grain and single crystal material in the past years and the niobium producing industry has responded in providing ingot material with enlarged grain sizes. Besides a large number of single cell and multi-cell cavities from large grain niobium, several single crystal cavities have been fabricated and tested with good performances. This contribution will review the progress since the SRF workshop in 2005 in material processing and handling and in cavity performances.
Book Synopsis Reviews Of Accelerator Science And Technology - Volume 5: Applications Of Superconducting Technology To Accelerators by : Alexander Wu Chao
Download or read book Reviews Of Accelerator Science And Technology - Volume 5: Applications Of Superconducting Technology To Accelerators written by Alexander Wu Chao and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2013-01-28 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past several decades major advances in accelerators have resulted from breakthroughs in accelerator science and accelerator technology. After the introduction of a new accelerator physics concept or the implementation of a new technology, a leap in accelerator performance followed. A well-known representation of these advances is the Livingston chart, which shows an exponential growth of accelerator performance over the last seven or eight decades. One of the breakthrough accelerator technologies that support this exponential growth is superconducting technology. Recognizing this major technological advance, we dedicate Volume 5 of Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology (RAST) to superconducting technology and its applications.Two major applications are superconducting magnets (SC magnets) and superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities. SC magnets provide much higher magnetic field than their room-temperature counterparts, thus allowing accelerators to reach higher energies with comparable size as well as much reduced power consumption. SRF technology allows field energy storage for continuous wave applications and energy recovery, in addition to the advantage of tremendous power savings and better particle beam quality. In this volume, we describe both technologies and their applications. We also include discussion of the associated R&D in superconducting materials and the future prospects for these technologies.
Book Synopsis Observation of Q-degradation in Superconducting Niobium Cavities Due to Cooldown Conditions by :
Download or read book Observation of Q-degradation in Superconducting Niobium Cavities Due to Cooldown Conditions written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
