Pathologizing Black Bodies

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Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000875105
Total Pages : 161 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Pathologizing Black Bodies by : Constante González Groba

Download or read book Pathologizing Black Bodies written by Constante González Groba and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-05-18 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pathologizing Black Bodies reconsiders the black body as a site of cultural and corporeal interchange; one involving violence and oppression, leaving memory and trauma sedimented in cultural conventions, political arrangements, social institutions and, most significantly, materially and symbolically engraved upon the body, with “the self” often deprived of agency and sovereignty. Consisting of three parts, this study focuses on works of the twentieth- and twenty-first-century fiction and cultural narratives by mainly African American authors, aiming to highlight the different ways in which race has been pathologized in America and examine how the legacies of plantation ideology have been metaphorically inscribed on black bodies. The variety of analytical approaches and thematic foci with respect to theories and discourses surrounding race and the body allow us to delve into this thorny territory in the hope of gaining perspectives about how African American lives are still shaped and haunted by the legacies of plantation slavery. Furthermore, this volume offers insights into the politics of eugenic corporeality in an illustrative dialogue with the lasting carceral and agricultural effects of life on a plantation. Tracing the degradation and suppression of the black body, both individual and social, this study includes an analysis of the pseudo-scientific discourse of social Darwinism and eugenics; the practice of mass incarceration and the excessive punishment of black bodies; and food apartheid and USDA practices of depriving black farmers of individual autonomy and collective agency. Based on such an interplay of discourses, methodologies and perspectives, this volume aims to use literature to further examine the problematic relationship between race and the body and stress that black lives do indeed matter in the United States.

Recovering the Black Female Body

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Publisher : Rutgers University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780813528397
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (283 download)

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Book Synopsis Recovering the Black Female Body by : Michael Bennett

Download or read book Recovering the Black Female Body written by Michael Bennett and published by Rutgers University Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recovering the Black Female Body recognizes the pressing need to highlight through scholarship the vibrant energy of African American women's attempts to wrest control of the physical and symbolic construction of their bodies away from the distortions of others.

Policing Black Bodies

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Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1538142554
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (381 download)

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Book Synopsis Policing Black Bodies by : Angela J. Hattery

Download or read book Policing Black Bodies written by Angela J. Hattery and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2021-03-01 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "An essential work that advances an acute awareness of our responsibility to make society equitable for all." Library Journal, Starred Review In this provocative book, the authors connect the regulation of African American people in many settings into a powerful narrative. Completely updated throughout, the book now includes a new chapter on policing black athletes’ bodies, and expanded coverage of the Black Lives Matter movement, policing trans bodies, and policing Black women’s bodies.

Queer Battle Fatigue

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Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000952363
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Queer Battle Fatigue by : Boni Wozolek

Download or read book Queer Battle Fatigue written by Boni Wozolek and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-09-06 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book engages with the concept “queer battle fatigue,” which is the everyday exhaustion that LGBTQIA+ people and communities often experience from anti-queer norms and values. Contributors express how this concept is often experienced across spaces and places, from schools to communities. Queer Battle Fatigue is one way to express the everyday exhaustion that LGBTQIA+ people and communities often feel that is a result sociopolitical and cultural anti-queer norms and values. In this volume, contributors think about how queer battle fatigue hits bodies and their multiple ways of being, knowing, and doing. Chapters describe how such violence flows from early childhood experiences to universities and across community spaces. Contributors also describe how people and communities resist and refuse anti-queer norms and values, carving out pathways to live, love, and have joy despite everyday oppressions. From calling on Black queer ancestors, to using STEM education as a safe space, to artistic representations of identities, the chapters in Queer Battle Fatigue ask readers to consider how to disrupt and deconstruct anti-queer norms while also engaging in the many beautiful forms of queer joy as an act of resistance. Queer Battle Fatigue will be a key resource for academics, researchers, and advanced students of Education, Qualitative Research, Queer Theory and Gender Studies, Educational Research and Curiculum Studies. The chapters included in this book were originally published as a special issue of International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education.

Toward Afrodiasporic and Afrofuturist Philosophies of Religion

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Publisher : Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1725252783
Total Pages : 113 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (252 download)

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Book Synopsis Toward Afrodiasporic and Afrofuturist Philosophies of Religion by : Jon Ivan Gill

Download or read book Toward Afrodiasporic and Afrofuturist Philosophies of Religion written by Jon Ivan Gill and published by Wipf and Stock Publishers. This book was released on 2022-04-14 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on the categories of mainstream philosophy of religion, we must ask the question if said categories are adequate to describe the conceptual frameworks of traditions not philosophically dependent on Western theistic understandings, such as religious traditions and philosophies of life emerging from the continent of Africa and appearing in the United States, the Caribbean, North, Central, and South America, and Europe. This book host students from Pomona College and Pitzer College (Claremont Colleges, Claremont, California) who have analyzed the field of philosophy of religion as it stands to determine which of its insights can be applied to Afro-diasporic and Afrofuturist notions of "religion" and which ones cannot. Their reflections in these chapters will ask: how do we define Afro-diasporic religion, what would a robust philosophy of religion of Afro-diasporic and Afrofuturist religions draw from, what categories would/should it contain, how would we construct such a non-Western methodology of philosophy of religion, and what sources would we use to construct such a philosophy of religion? In an attempt to aesthetically experience what Afro-diasporic and Afrofuturist philosophies of religion are/could be, the text will rely heavily on fiction novels, poetry, music, movies, and texts written by Afro-diasporic people from various social locations and perspectives on some African notions of religion, among other centers of reflection.

Black Bodies, White Gazes

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Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781442258341
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (583 download)

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Book Synopsis Black Bodies, White Gazes by : George Yancy

Download or read book Black Bodies, White Gazes written by George Yancy and published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following the deaths of Trayvon Martin and other black youths in recent years, students on campuses across America have joined professors and activists in calling for justice and increased awareness that Black Lives Matter. In this second edition of his trenchant and provocative book, George Yancy offers students the theoretical framework they crave for understanding the violence perpetrated against the Black body. Drawing from the lives of Ossie Davis, Frantz Fanon, Malcolm X, and W. E. B. Du Bois, as well as his own experience, and fully updated to account for what has transpired since the rise of the Black Lives Matter movement, Yancy provides an invaluable resource for students and teachers of courses in African American Studies, African American History, Philosophy of Race, and anyone else who wishes to examine what it means to be Black in America.

Black Sexualities

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Publisher : Rutgers University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780813548166
Total Pages : 474 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (481 download)

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Book Synopsis Black Sexualities by : Juan Battle

Download or read book Black Sexualities written by Juan Battle and published by Rutgers University Press. This book was released on 2009-11-24 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why does society have difficulty discussing sexualities? Where does fear of Black sexualities emerge and how is it manifested? How can varied experiences of Black females and males who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT), or straight help inform dialogue and academic inquiry? From questioning forces that have constrained sexual choices to examining how Blacks have forged healthy sexual identities in an oppressive environment, Black Sexualities acknowledges the diversity of the Black experience and the shared legacy of racism. Contributors seek resolution to Blacks' understanding of their lives as sexual beings through stories of empowerment, healing, self-awareness, victories, and other historic and contemporary life-course panoramas and provide practical information to foster more culturally relative research, tolerance, and acceptance.

African Urban Spaces in Historical Perspective

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Publisher : University Rochester Press
ISBN 13 : 9781580463140
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (631 download)

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Book Synopsis African Urban Spaces in Historical Perspective by : Steven J. Salm

Download or read book African Urban Spaces in Historical Perspective written by Steven J. Salm and published by University Rochester Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents new and interdisciplinary approaches to the study of African urban history and culture. Moving between precolonial, colonial, and contemporary urban spaces, it covers the major regions, religions, and urban societies of sub-Saharan Africa. African Urban Spaces in Historical Perspective presents new and interdisciplinary approaches to the study of African urban history and culture. It presents original research and integrates historical methodologies with those of anthropology, geography, literature, art, and architecture. Moving between precolonial, colonial, and contemporary urban spaces, it covers the major regions, religions, and cultural influences of sub-Saharan Africa. The themes include Islam and Christianity, architecture, migration, globalization, social and physical decay, identity, race relations, politics, and development. This book elaborates on not only what makes the study of African urban spaces unique within urban historiography, it also offers an-encompassing and up-to-date study of the subject and inserts Africa into the growing debate on urban history and culture throughout the world. The opportunities provided by the urban milieu are endless and each study opens new potential avenues of research. This book explores some of those avenues and lays the groundwork on which new studies can build. Contributors: Maurice NyamangaAmutabi, Catherine Coquery Vidrovitch, Mark Dike DeLancey, Thomas Ngomba Ekali, Omar A. Eno, Doug T. Feremenga, Laurent Fourchard, James Genova, Fatima Muller-Friedman, Godwin R. Murunga, Kefa M. Otiso, Michael Ralph, Jeremy Rich, Eric Ross, Corinne Sandwith, Wessel Visser. Toyin Falola is the Jacob and Frances Sanger Mossiker Chair in the Humanities and University Distinguished Teaching Professor at the University of Texas at Austin; Steven J.Salm is Assistant Professor of History, Xavier University of Louisiana.

Scarring the Black Body

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Publisher : University of Missouri Press
ISBN 13 : 0826262899
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (262 download)

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Book Synopsis Scarring the Black Body by : Carol E. Henderson

Download or read book Scarring the Black Body written by Carol E. Henderson and published by University of Missouri Press. This book was released on 2002 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scarring and the act of scarring are recurrent images in African American literature. In Scarring the Black Body, Carol E. Henderson analyzes the cultural and historical implications of scarring in a number of African American texts that feature the trope of the scar, including works by Sherley Anne Williams, Toni Morrison, Ann Petry, Ralph Ellison, and Richard Wright. The first part of Scarring the Black Body, "The Call," traces the process by which African bodies were Americanized through the practice of branding. Henderson incorporates various materials -- from advertisements for the return of runaways to slave narratives -- to examine the cultural practice of "writing" the body. She also considers way in which writers and social activists, including Frederick Douglass, Olaudah Equiano, Harriet Tubman, and Sojourner Truth, developed a "call" centered on the body's scars to demand that people of African descent be given equal rights and protection under the law.

Critical Perspectives on Social Justice in Speech-Language Pathology

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Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799871363
Total Pages : 355 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

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Book Synopsis Critical Perspectives on Social Justice in Speech-Language Pathology by : Horton, RaMonda

Download or read book Critical Perspectives on Social Justice in Speech-Language Pathology written by Horton, RaMonda and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-06-25 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is very little discussion of socially just approaches to speech-language pathology. Within other fields of clinically-oriented practice, social justice is a topic that has received a great deal of attention within the last few years. Pedagogy for addressing social justice has been developed in other disciplines. The field of communication disorders has failed to move forward and do the same. Discussion of social justice is important given the current sociopolitical climate and landscape that clients carry out in their day-to-day functioning. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) have an opportunity to engage in practices that help address and alleviate some of the injustices that contribute to educational and health disparities experienced by communities of color. They may do this through the development and application of a socially just orientation of culturally competent practice that fosters changes beyond the individual level. Adapting such a framework makes it possible for SLPs to effectively advocate for and foster equity and inclusion for the individuals and broader communities impacted by SLP services. Critical Perspectives on Social Justice in Speech-Language Pathology addresses the socio-political contexts of how the field of speech-language pathology and service delivery can impact policy and debates related to social justice issues. It explores social position factors and the experiences of marginalized communities to explore how speech-language pathologists deliver services, train and prepare students, and carry out research in communities of color. It covers topic areas including disproportionality in special education, disability rights and ableism, achievement and opportunity gaps, health disparities, and LGBTQ+ rights with a focus on voice, communication, and gender-diverse populations. This book is essential for speech-language pathologists, administrators, practitioners, researchers, academicians, and students interested in how the SLP profession and discipline can contribute to or develop efforts to help address injustices faced by Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) communities.

Street, Text, and Representation in African American Literature

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Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1040006205
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Street, Text, and Representation in African American Literature by : Mattius Rischard

Download or read book Street, Text, and Representation in African American Literature written by Mattius Rischard and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-05-31 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive and comparative, this volume investigates African American street novelists since the Chicago Black Renaissance and the semiotic strategies they employ in publication, consumption, and depiction of street life. Divided into three chapters, this text analyzes the content, style, and ethics of “street” narrative through a discursive/rhetorical lens, exploring the development of street literature’s formal and contextual concerns to resolve the sociocultural and political questions surrounding cultural work. The book also gives emphasis to “text” or (post)structural literary analysis by answering questions about the genre’s aesthetic and linguistic techniques that respond to the injustices of urban planning. The last chapter, “Representation,” investigates the phenomenological hermeneutics of more recent street literature and its satire, highlighting the political stakes for authorship, credibility, and subjectivity. Through historical and contemporary studies of urban space, Blackness, and adaptations of street literature, this work attempts to network activists, artists, and scholars with the greater reading public by providing a functional ontology of reading the inner city.

Race and the Colour-Line

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Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000925587
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Race and the Colour-Line by : Bolaji Balogun

Download or read book Race and the Colour-Line written by Bolaji Balogun and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-08-11 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Race and the Colour-Line addresses the foundational ideas about race and colonialism in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and reconnects them to the global manifestations that influenced them. Focusing on race and colonialism, this book indicates a shift in the global racial discourse – an understanding of the specificity of Polish racism that can transform and add to our understandings of race in the West. Drawing on archival resources – manuscripts, documents, and records – from Poland and other parts of Europe, the book offers a compelling theoretical and historical context of race-making in the so-called ‘peripheral sphere’, while outlining the ways in which colonialism has been framed specifically within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and its empire in the Atlantic world. Following a race-conscious social analysis, the significance and originality of this work lie in tracing the specificity of blackness in Europe, and the very particular, but often neglected case of black people in CEE. To chart all this commendably, premised on critical race studies, the author uniquely explores the everyday racialized experiences of people of colour from Sub-Saharan African descent living in contemporary Poland and brings to the fore the obscurities of race and racism in the country. Through ethnographic research, the author shows how these particular people perform multiple identities in their daily lives as part of the configuration of a racially complex society. The demonstration of the ‘globality of racism’ in this book examines the phenomenon of race beyond its usual context in the West, and as such will appeal to scholars from a range of disciplines including Sociology, Geography, Anthropology, Postcolonial, Polish, and Slavic Studies.

The Negro Family

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 84 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Negro Family by : United States. Department of Labor. Office of Policy Planning and Research

Download or read book The Negro Family written by United States. Department of Labor. Office of Policy Planning and Research and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The life and times of the thirty-second President who was reelected four times.

The Material Gene

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Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 0814790674
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (147 download)

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Book Synopsis The Material Gene by : Kelly E. Happe

Download or read book The Material Gene written by Kelly E. Happe and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2013-05-06 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2000, the National Human Genome Research Institute announced the completion of a “draft” of the human genome, the sequence information of nearly all 3 billion base pairs of DNA. In the wake of this major scientific accomplishment, the focus on the genetic basis of disease has sparked many controversies as questions are raised about radical preventative therapies, the role of race in research, and the environmental origins of illness. In The Material Gene, Kelly Happe explores the cultural and social dimensions of our understandings of genomics, using this emerging field to examine the physical manifestation of social relations. Situating contemporary genomics medicine and public health within a wider history of eugenics, Happe examines how the relationship between heredity and dominant social and economic interests has shifted along with transformations in gender and racial politics, social movement, and political economy. Happe demonstrates that genomics is a type of social knowledge, relying on cultural values to attach meaning to the body. The Material Gene situates contemporary genomics within a history of genetics research yet is attentive to the new ways in which knowledge claims about heredity, race, and gender emerge and are articulated to present-day social and political agendas. Kelly E. Happe is assistant professor of communication studies and women’s studies at the University of Georgia.

The Dark Posthuman

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Publisher : punctum books
ISBN 13 : 1685710700
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (857 download)

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Book Synopsis The Dark Posthuman by : Stephanie Polsky

Download or read book The Dark Posthuman written by Stephanie Polsky and published by punctum books. This book was released on 2022-09-20 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Dark Posthuman: Dehumanization, Technology, and the Atlantic World explores how liberal humanism first enlivened, racialized, and gendered global cartographies, and how memory, ancestry, expression, and other aspects of social identity founded in its theories and practices made for the advent of the category of the posthuman through the dimensions of cultural, geographic, political, social, and scientific classification. The posthuman is very much the product of world-building narratives that have their beginnings in the commercial franchise and are fundamentally rooted in science, governance, and economics around the hegemonic appropriation of environments and commodification of bodies that initially fuelled white settler life worlds and continue to be operational in the way we conceive of these worlds as continuous ontological formations. The want has always been for ownership of any of these dimensions of being without regard to condition, to not remain stranded as the subsidiary of another's being, to another's claim to humanity, and finally, to escape the suffocating confines of an instrumental ontology that suggests a subcategory of humanity without rights onto itself. The Dark Posthuman distinguishes the posthuman's place within both the liberal and neoliberal imaginary and reveals how its appearance first entrenched itself through the avarice of English settler colonialism, and subsequently, through the paranoia of American slavery. This same figure of the posthuman played a crucial role in the functional adaptation of Cold War behavioural cybernetics, and thereafter, in the fetishization of technology within the era of global financialization. The shadowing of this arrangement during and beyond the long duration of humanity's domination of this world becomes the structural web work of this book. Stephanie Polsky is an interdisciplinary writer and academic working in the areas of Media Studies and Visual Culture. Her work explores the confluence of power around race and gender as technologies of governance. She has lectured widely in media and cultural studies, critical theory, and visual culture at a number of prestigious institutions including Goldsmiths University, Regent's University London, University of Greenwich, and Winchester School of Art. Most recently she has worked at California College of the Arts in Critical Studies and Diversity Studies. She holds a PhD in Visual Cultures from Goldsmiths, University of London and an MA in Media Studies from the University of Sussex. Her books include The End of the Future: Governing Consequence in the Age of Digital Sovereignty (Academica Press, 2019), Ignoble Displacement: Dispossessed Capital in Neo-Dickensian London (Zero Books, 2015), and Walter Benjamin's Transit: A Destructive Tour of Modernity (Academica Press, 2009).

There’s Something In The Water

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Publisher : Fernwood Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1773633740
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (736 download)

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Book Synopsis There’s Something In The Water by : Ingrid R. G. Waldron

Download or read book There’s Something In The Water written by Ingrid R. G. Waldron and published by Fernwood Publishing. This book was released on 2021-03-27T00:00:00Z with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In “There’s Something In The Water”, Ingrid R. G. Waldron examines the legacy of environmental racism and its health impacts in Indigenous and Black communities in Canada, using Nova Scotia as a case study, and the grassroots resistance activities by Indigenous and Black communities against the pollution and poisoning of their communities. Using settler colonialism as the overarching theory, Waldron unpacks how environmental racism operates as a mechanism of erasure enabled by the intersecting dynamics of white supremacy, power, state-sanctioned racial violence, neoliberalism and racial capitalism in white settler societies. By and large, the environmental justice narrative in Nova Scotia fails to make race explicit, obscuring it within discussions on class, and this type of strategic inadvertence mutes the specificity of Mi’kmaq and African Nova Scotian experiences with racism and environmental hazards in Nova Scotia. By redefining the parameters of critique around the environmental justice narrative and movement in Nova Scotia and Canada, Waldron opens a space for a more critical dialogue on how environmental racism manifests itself within this intersectional context. Waldron also illustrates the ways in which the effects of environmental racism are compounded by other forms of oppression to further dehumanize and harm communities already dealing with pre-existing vulnerabilities, such as long-standing social and economic inequality. Finally, Waldron documents the long history of struggle, resistance, and mobilizing in Indigenous and Black communities to address environmental racism.

Disrupting Savagism

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Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 0822380013
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (223 download)

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Book Synopsis Disrupting Savagism by : Arturo J. Aldama

Download or read book Disrupting Savagism written by Arturo J. Aldama and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2001-11-23 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Colonial discourse in the United States has tended to criminalize, pathologize, and depict as savage not only Native Americans but Mexican immigrants, indigenous peoples in Mexico, and Chicanas/os as well. While postcolonial studies of the past few decades have focused on how these ethnicities have been constructed by others, Disrupting Savagism reveals how each group, in turn, has actively attempted to create for itself a social and textual space in which certain negative prevailing discourses are neutralized and rendered ineffective. Arturo J. Aldama begins by presenting a genealogy of the term “savage,” looking in particular at the work of American ethnologist Lewis Henry Morgan and a sixteenth-century debate between Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda and Bartolomé de las Casas. Aldama then turns to more contemporary narratives, examining ethnography, fiction, autobiography, and film to illuminate the historical ideologies and ethnic perspectives that contributed to identity formation over the centuries. These works include anthropologist Manuel Gamio’s The Mexican Immigrant: His Life Story, Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony, Gloria Anzaldúa’s Borderlands/La Frontera, and Miguel Arteta’s film Star Maps. By using these varied genres to investigate the complex politics of racialized, subaltern, feminist, and diasporic identities, Aldama reveals the unique epistemic logic of hybrid and mestiza/o cultural productions. The transcultural perspective of Disrupting Savagism will interest scholars of feminist postcolonial processes in the United States, as well as students of Latin American, Native American, and literary studies.