Osteoporosis In Men

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Osteoporosis in Men

Author : Eric S. Orwoll
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0080923461
Total Pages : 764 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Osteoporosis in Men by : Eric S. Orwoll

Download or read book Osteoporosis in Men written by Eric S. Orwoll and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2009-11-30 with total page 764 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the publication of the first edition, the U.S. Surgeon General released the first-ever report on bone health and osteoporosis in October 2004. This report focuses even more attention on the devastating impact osteoporosis has on millions of lives. According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation, 2 million American men have osteoporosis, and another 12 million are at risk for this disease. Yet despite the large number of men affected, the lack of awareness by doctors and their patients puts men at a higher risk that the condition may go undiagnosed and untreated. It is estimated that one-fifth to one-third of all hip fractures occur in men. This second edition brings on board John Bilezikian and Dirk Vanderschueren as editors with Eric Orwoll. The table of contents is more than doubling with 58 planned chapters. The format is larger – 8.5 x 11. This edition of Osteoporosis in Men brings together even more eminent investigators and clinicians to interpret developments in this growing field, and describe state-of-the-art research as well as practical approaches to diagnosis, prevention and therapy. - Brings together more eminent investigators and clinicians to interpret developments in this growing field - Describes state-of-the-art research as well as practical approaches to diagnosis, prevention and therapy - There is no book on the market that covers osteoporosis in men as comprehensively as this book

Osteoporosis in Men

Author : Eric S. Orwoll
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0080538258
Total Pages : 611 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Osteoporosis in Men by : Eric S. Orwoll

Download or read book Osteoporosis in Men written by Eric S. Orwoll and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1999-07-15 with total page 611 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Osteoporosis in men is an important clinical problem that has received little attention, both in the medical arena and from the general public. Although the condition affects a higher percentage of women, it is estimated that two million men in the U.S. have osteoporosis, and three million more are at risk. The lack of awareness by doctors and their patients puts men at a higher risk that the condition may go undiagnosed and untreated.Osteoporosis in Men is the first book to explore this issue in depth. This groundbreaking text brings together eminent investigators and clinicians who interpret developments in this emerging field, and describe state-of-the-art research as well as practical approaches to diagnosis, prevention and therapy. It is an essential reference for researchers, students, and clinicians in bone-related disciplines.Key Features* Provides the first complete description of osteoporosis in men--epidemiology, clinical character, basic aspects, and research directions* Discusses appropriate diagnostic, prevention, and treatment options* Covers a wide range of topics, including the economic impact of fractures on health care expenses* Includes a description of the roles of androgen and estrogen in men* Discusses bone mass measurements and their clinical utility* Explores the essential role of gender in the manifestations of osteoporosis. How is this disorder different in men, and how can we learn from these differences?

Osteoporosis in Men

Author : Eric S. Orwoll
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 622 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Osteoporosis in Men by : Eric S. Orwoll

Download or read book Osteoporosis in Men written by Eric S. Orwoll and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 622 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Osteoporosis in men is an important clinical problem that has received little attention, both in the medical arena and from the general public. Although the condition affects a higher percentage of women, it is estimated that two million men in the U.S. have osteoporosis, and three million more are at risk. The lack of awareness by doctors and their patients puts men at a higher risk that the condition may go undiagnosed and untreated. Osteoporosis in Men is the first book to explore this issue in depth. This groundbreaking text brings together eminent investigators and clinicians who interpret developments in this emerging field, and describe state-of-the-art research as well as practical approaches to diagnosis, prevention and therapy. It is an essential reference for researchers, students, and clinicians in bone-related disciplines. Key Features * Provides the first complete description of osteoporosis in men--epidemiology, clinical character, basic aspects, and research directions * Discusses appropriate diagnostic, prevention, and treatment options * Covers a wide range of topics, including the economic impact of fractures on health care expenses * Includes a description of the roles of androgen and estrogen in men * Discusses bone mass measurements and their clinical utility * Explores the essential role of gender in the manifestations of osteoporosis. How is this disorder different in men, and how can we learn from these differences?

Male Osteoporosis

Author : Alberto Ferlin
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3319963767
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Male Osteoporosis by : Alberto Ferlin

Download or read book Male Osteoporosis written by Alberto Ferlin and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-09-07 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book represents a comprehensive, clinically oriented text covering all aspects of male osteoporosis, from the basic concepts of bone physiology and regulation of bone remodeling in men, the causes and pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the most frequent causes of osteoporosis, to diagnostic and screening protocols, as well as prevention and treatment approaches. It offers a broad overview of male osteoporosis by specialists involved in research and clinical practice and discusses the practical issues encountered. Filling a gap in the literature, this volume is a valuable resource for general practitioners, clinical endocrinologists, geriatricians and experts in osteoporosis.

The Osteoporosis Manual

Author : Reiner Bartl
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030007316
Total Pages : 518 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis The Osteoporosis Manual by : Reiner Bartl

Download or read book The Osteoporosis Manual written by Reiner Bartl and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-02-06 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive manual covers all aspects of the prevention, diagnosis and management of osteoporosis, offering an upbeat and optimistic assessment of what can be achieved. While scientifically based, the book provides easy-to-follow guidelines for lifelong maintenance of skeletal structure and function. It deals with everything from the basic physiology of bone and mineral metabolism to the diagnostic utility of radiologic imaging and specialized tests and current treatment recommendations, including for fracture management. The relationship of osteoporosis to a variety of other disorders is also thoroughly explored and elucidated. Osteoporosis represents a global threat because every human being is vulnerable to it as time passes. The authors point out the enormous scale of the problem in terms of the human suffering, morbidity, and mortality on the one hand and the associated astronomical national and global costs on the other. Osteoporosis is preventable, and every doctor in every medical discipline can contribute to this goal. And though prevention is better than cure, it is never too late for effective therapy, as outlined in this book. Bone is every doctorʼs and every bodyʼs business!

Osteoporosis

Author : Natalie E. Cusano
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030839516
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis Osteoporosis by : Natalie E. Cusano

Download or read book Osteoporosis written by Natalie E. Cusano and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-11-02 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprised of clinical cases of patients with osteoporosis, this concise, practical casebook will provide clinicians with the best real-world strategies to properly diagnose and treat the various elements of the disorder they may encounter. It presents a detailed cross-section of patients across all age groups, with different etiologies of the disease and possible complications, to present sensible management scenarios to physicians treating patients with osteoporosis. The cases presented include considerations for screening and diagnosis, assessment tools, nutrition and lifestyle choices, medical treatments, specific populations including men, the elderly and athletes, and more. Pragmatic and reader-friendly, Osteoporosis: A Clinical Casebook is an excellent resource for primary care providers, endocrinologists, rheumatologists, and other clinicians caring for patients with this disease.

Bone Health and Osteoporosis

Author : United States Public Health Service
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781410219275
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Bone Health and Osteoporosis by : United States Public Health Service

Download or read book Bone Health and Osteoporosis written by United States Public Health Service and published by . This book was released on 2004-12 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This first-ever Surgeon General's Report on bone health and osteoporosis illustrates the large burden that bone disease places on our Nation and its citizens. Like other chronic diseases that disproportionately affect the elderly, the prevalence of bone disease and fractures is projected to increase markedly as the population ages. If these predictions come true, bone disease and fractures will have a tremendous negative impact on the future well-being of Americans. But as this report makes clear, they need not come true: by working together we can change the picture of aging in America. Osteoporosis, fractures, and other chronic diseases no longer should be thought of as an inevitable part of growing old. By focusing on prevention and lifestyle changes, including physical activity and nutrition, as well as early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, Americans can avoid much of the damaging impact of bone disease and other chronic diseases. This Surgeon General's Report brings together for the first time the scientific evidence related to the prevention, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of bone disease. More importantly, it provides a framework for moving forward. The report will be another effective tool in educating Americans about how they can promote bone health throughout their lives. This first-ever Surgeon General's Report on bone health and osteoporosis provides much needed information on bone health, an often overlooked aspect of physical health. This report follows in the tradition of previous Surgeon Generals' reports by identifying the relevant scientific data, rigorously evaluating and summarizing the evidence, and determining conclusions.

Osteoporosis

Author : Benjamin Z. Leder
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3319692879
Total Pages : 518 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis Osteoporosis by : Benjamin Z. Leder

Download or read book Osteoporosis written by Benjamin Z. Leder and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-31 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Completely revised and updated, and utilizing the most current evidence and practice guidelines for the treatment of osteoporosis, this comprehensive third edition discusses the basic aspects of bone metabolism, the pathophysiology of osteoporosis, current diagnostic techniques and medical treatment strategies. Osteoporosis is a common disorder that is prevalent in over 20 million Americans over the age of 60. One and a half million osteoporotic fractures occur in the United States every year, including 300,000 hip fractures. Mortality rates after hip fracture approach 25%, with another 50% of patients experiencing a major decrease in their prior level of independence and quality of life. Despite the wide prevalence and severe consequences of osteoporosis, it remains a disorder that is severely under-diagnosed and treated. In this context, specialists and primary care physicians alike are having increasing difficulty keeping up with the rapid changes to the field and incorporating these advances to clinical care. In the years since the last edition of this book was published, the osteoporosis field has changed drastically. In addition to revising and updating existing chapters and removing a few that are no longer as relevant, new chapters discuss an advanced understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the disorder, the introduction of new diagnostic imaging techniques, a more nuanced appreciation of the risks and benefits of osteoporosis therapies, and the introduction of two new classes of osteoporosis medications. Following the format of the second edition, and including helpful key points at the opening of each chapter, this text will present a comprehensive overview of both the basic and clinical concepts relating to each topic, when appropriate. Chapter authors were chosen based on their high level of expertise and leadership in the field. Taken together, this text should thus be of great interest to physicians of multiple specialties, allied health professionals, as well as basic and clinical researchers.

New Horizons in Osteoporosis Management

Author : Yasser El Miedany
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303087950X
Total Pages : 903 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis New Horizons in Osteoporosis Management by : Yasser El Miedany

Download or read book New Horizons in Osteoporosis Management written by Yasser El Miedany and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-01-03 with total page 903 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a review of the most recent data on osteoporosis and bone health, presenting a vision of diagnosis and management for the year 2021 and beyond. It covers all pertinent aspects of bone health including diagnosis, fracture prevention, optimized practice, impaired orthostasis, and falls. The book examines recent developments in therapeutics, including goal-directed therapy, individualizing therapy, sequential and combined therapies, pharmaceuticals, and anabolic vs. antiresorptive therapy. In addition, it provides an in-depth overview of osteoporosis and bone health in complex patients, covering Duchene dystrophy, renal failure, periodontal diseases, and steroid-induced osteoporosis as well as considerations for pediatric populations and men. New Horizons in Osteoporosis Management is an essential resource for physicians and related professionals, residents, fellows, graduate students and nurses in rheumatology, endocrinology, radiology, pediatrics, primary care, and internal medicine.

Fragility Fracture Nursing

Author : Karen Hertz
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319766813
Total Pages : 169 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Fragility Fracture Nursing by : Karen Hertz

Download or read book Fragility Fracture Nursing written by Karen Hertz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-15 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book aims to provide a comprehensive but practical overview of the knowledge required for the assessment and management of the older adult with or at risk of fragility fracture. It considers this from the perspectives of all of the settings in which this group of patients receive nursing care. Globally, a fragility fracture is estimated to occur every 3 seconds. This amounts to 25 000 fractures per day or 9 million per year. The financial costs are reported to be: 32 billion EUR per year in Europe and 20 billon USD in the United States. As the population of China ages, the cost of hip fracture care there is likely to reach 1.25 billion USD by 2020 and 265 billion by 2050 (International Osteoporosis Foundation 2016). Consequently, the need for nursing for patients with fragility fracture across the world is immense. Fragility fracture is one of the foremost challenges for health care providers, and the impact of each one of those expected 9 million hip fractures is significant pain, disability, reduced quality of life, loss of independence and decreased life expectancy. There is a need for coordinated, multi-disciplinary models of care for secondary fracture prevention based on the increasing evidence that such models make a difference. There is also a need to promote and facilitate high quality, evidence-based effective care to those who suffer a fragility fracture with a focus on the best outcomes for recovery, rehabilitation and secondary prevention of further fracture. The care community has to understand better the experience of fragility fracture from the perspective of the patient so that direct improvements in care can be based on the perspectives of the users. This book supports these needs by providing a comprehensive approach to nursing practice in fragility fracture care.

Pocket Reference to Osteoporosis

Author : Serge Livio Ferrari
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319267574
Total Pages : 103 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Pocket Reference to Osteoporosis by : Serge Livio Ferrari

Download or read book Pocket Reference to Osteoporosis written by Serge Livio Ferrari and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-12-28 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book responds to the daily needs of all clinicians treating patients with osteoporosis and provides a key reference guide for any challenges that arise in clinical practice. This book also covers the genetics of the disease, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and current and upcoming treatment recommendations in accordance with the latest international guidelines. Osteoporosis is a disease in which the density and quality of bone are greatly reduced, and as bones become more porous and fragile the risk of fracture increases greatly. It is one of the most common metabolic bone diseases globally with one in three women and one in five men at risk of an osteoporotic fracture, and can result in devastating physical, psychosocial, and economic consequences. However, in spite of this osteoporosis can often be overlooked and undertreated, thus there is a real need to raise awareness of this disease.

Glucocorticoid-induced Osteoporosis

Author : Andrea Giustina
Publisher : Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
ISBN 13 : 3805572964
Total Pages : 213 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (55 download)

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Book Synopsis Glucocorticoid-induced Osteoporosis by : Andrea Giustina

Download or read book Glucocorticoid-induced Osteoporosis written by Andrea Giustina and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2002 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Osteoporosis is one of the most clinically relevant disabling chronic disease encountered in clinical practice. A common cause of osteoporosis is glucocorticoid excess, as glucocorticoids may increase bone resorption, inhibit bone formation, have indirect actions on bone by decreasing intestinal calcium absorption and induce hypercalciuria. This book presents a comprehensive overview of the effects of glucocorticoids on bone metabolism and structure and on the diagnosis and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. It aims at providing updated information on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of this often dramatic complication of glucocorticoid excess. Being one of the few publications completely devoted to glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis it will heighten the awareness of specialists who prescribe glucocorticoids of the clinical relevance of this treatment complication. 'Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis' is addressed to clinical experts as well as to general practitioners who will both benefit from the comprehensive and integrative view of the management of patients exposed to glucocorticoids.

Marcus and Feldman's Osteoporosis

Author : David W. Dempster
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128130741
Total Pages : 1950 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Marcus and Feldman's Osteoporosis by : David W. Dempster

Download or read book Marcus and Feldman's Osteoporosis written by David W. Dempster and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-10-08 with total page 1950 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marcus and Feldman's Osteoporosis, Fifth Edition, is the most comprehensive, authoritative reference on this disease. Led by a new editorial team, this fifth edition offers critical information on reproductive and hormonal risk factors, new therapeutics, ethnicity, nutrition, therapeutics, management and economics, comprising a tremendous wealth of knowledge in a single source not found elsewhere. Written by renowned experts in the field, this two-volume reference is a must-have for biomedical researchers, research clinicians, fellows, academic and medical libraries, and any company involved in osteoporosis drug research and development. - Summarizes the latest research in bone biology and translational applications in a range of new therapeutic agents, including essential updates on therapeutic uses of calcium, vitamin D, SERMS, bisphosphonates, parathyroid hormone, and new therapeutic agents - Recognizes the critical importance of new signaling pathways for bone health, including Wnt, OPG and RANK, of interest to both researchers who study bone biology and clinicians who treat osteoporosis - Offers new insights into osteoporosis associated with menopause, pre-menopause, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, HIV and other immune disorders

Clinical Gynecology

Author : Eric J. Bieber
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107040396
Total Pages : 1127 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Clinical Gynecology by : Eric J. Bieber

Download or read book Clinical Gynecology written by Eric J. Bieber and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-04-23 with total page 1127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written with the busy practice in mind, this book delivers clinically focused, evidence-based gynecology guidance in a quick-reference format. It explores etiology, screening, tests, diagnosis, and treatment for a full range of gynecologic health issues. The coverage includes the full range of gynecologic malignancies, reproductive endocrinology and infertility, infectious diseases, urogynecologic problems, gynecologic concerns in children and adolescents, and surgical interventions including minimally invasive surgical procedures. Information is easy to find and absorb owing to the extensive use of full-color diagrams, algorithms, and illustrations. The new edition has been expanded to include aspects of gynecology important in international and resource-poor settings.

100 Questions & Answers About Osteoporosis and Osteopenia

Author : Ivy M. Alexander
Publisher : Jones & Bartlett Publishers
ISBN 13 : 0763789569
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (637 download)

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Book Synopsis 100 Questions & Answers About Osteoporosis and Osteopenia by : Ivy M. Alexander

Download or read book 100 Questions & Answers About Osteoporosis and Osteopenia written by Ivy M. Alexander and published by Jones & Bartlett Publishers. This book was released on 2009-12-09 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Approximately ten million Americans have osteoporosis and thirty-four million have osteopenia (low bone mass) with many more at risk. Whether you suspect you may have these conditions or have a friend or relative with osteoporosis or osteopenia, this informative book offers help for men and women of all ages. 100 Questions & Answers About Osteoporosis and Osteopenia, Second Edition provides authoritative, practical answers to your questions about treatment options, lifestyle decisions to improve bone health, sources of support, comments from men and women with bone loss, and much more. New Topics in the Second Edition include: FRAX® New drug information throughout the book Osteonecrosis of the jaw National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) and bone loss testing

Guidelines for Preclinical Evaluation and Clinical Trials in Osteoporosis

Author : World Health Organization
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789241545228
Total Pages : 68 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (452 download)

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Book Synopsis Guidelines for Preclinical Evaluation and Clinical Trials in Osteoporosis by : World Health Organization

Download or read book Guidelines for Preclinical Evaluation and Clinical Trials in Osteoporosis written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 1998-01-01 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides comprehensive guidelines for the design, implementation, and interpretation of preclinical studies and clinical trials of agents undergoing investigation for the management of osteoporosis. Noting the magnitude of the public health problem caused by osteoporosis and related fractures, the book responds to the urgent need for a cohesive and rational approach to the search for new therapeutic or preventive agents. Recommended principles and methods reflect the consensus reached by a large number of international experts, representatives of the pharmaceutical industry, and drug regulatory authorities. The book opens with a brief discussion of the current and future public health problem caused by osteoporotic fractures, followed by conceptual and operational definitions of osteoporosis and a recommended classification of four intervention categories that facilitate the definition of treatment objectives and the design of targetted studies. Against this background, the next chapter offers a detailed guide to the aims, design, conduct and interpretation of preclinical studies. Specific recommendations are given for the selection of in vitro and animal models, the design of the study, including dose ranges and duration of treatment, and the most appropriate end-points for assessing efficacy. The most extensive chapter provides a comprehensive description of basic principles and methods to follow during clinical trials. Information ranges from a discussion of problems with the use of bone mineral density to predict fracture risk, through advice on the choice of tests and techniques for measuring the effects of interventions, to a discussion of general principles of trial design, including selection of study population, treatment regimen, duration of studies, sample size, and frequency of measurement. Drawing on these detailed principles and methods, subsequent chapters offer concise guidance specific to phase I and phase II studies, phase III studies in severe osteoporosis, phase III studies in osteoporosis without fragility fractures, and phase III studies in osteopenia. The book concludes with chapters outlining principles and methods for phase III clinical trials in subjects with normal bone mass, and for phase IV studies.

Malnutrition in the Elderly

Author : W.O. Seiler
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642470734
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (424 download)

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Book Synopsis Malnutrition in the Elderly by : W.O. Seiler

Download or read book Malnutrition in the Elderly written by W.O. Seiler and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: H. B. Stahelin "Under-or malnutrition is a frequent and serious problem in geriatric patients" (8). Today there is no doubt that malnutrition contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in the aged. The immune function is impaired, the risk for falls and fractures increases, in acute illness, recovery is delayed, and complications are frequent. Acute and chronic illnesses lead to a catabolic metabolism and hence increase the signs and symptoms of malnutrition. Cytokines related to inflamma tion block the synthesis of albumin and shift protein synthesis to acute phase pro teins. The activation of the ubiquitine-proteasome pathway leads to a degradation of muscle protein, which leads to an additional loss of muscle mass which occurs as age-dependent sarcopenia, and adds to the already existing frailty (2, 4). It is often difficult to decide to what extent the metabolic alterations result from malnutrition or concomitant illness. Psychological factors contribute as a circulus vitiosus significantly to anorexia and, thus, aggravate the condition. They are the most important causes of failure to thrive in old age (7). It is evident that next to the therapy of the underlying illness, an adequate support with calorie and nutrient intake over weeks becomes essen tial under these conditions. Clear-cut improvements are often only seen after 6 or more weeks. Besides a clinical, clearly visible malnutrition, selective nutrient deficits are much more frequent. Numerous and highly different mechanisms may lead to a marginal or insufficient supply with micronutrients.