Multifunctionality Of Polymer Composites

Download Multifunctionality Of Polymer Composites full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Multifunctionality Of Polymer Composites ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Multifunctionality of Polymer Composites

Author : Klaus Friedrich
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 0323265030
Total Pages : 996 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (232 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Multifunctionality of Polymer Composites by : Klaus Friedrich

Download or read book Multifunctionality of Polymer Composites written by Klaus Friedrich and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2015-05-21 with total page 996 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multi-Functionality of Polymer Composites: Challenges and New Solutions brings together contributions from experts in the field of multifunctionality, presenting state-of-the-art discussion of this exciting and rapidly developing field, thus key enabling technologies for future applications. The text will enable engineers and materials scientists to achieve multifunctionality in their own products using different types of polymer matrices and various nano- and micro-sized fillers and reinforcements, including, but not limited to, carbon nanotubes and graphene. In addition, technologies for the integration of active materials such as shape memory alloys are discussed. The latest developments in a wide range of applications, including automotive/aerospace, electronics, construction, medical engineering, and future trends are discussed, making this book an essential reference for any researcher or engineer hoping to stay ahead of the curve in this high-potential area. Provides information on composites and their inherent engineering advantages over traditional materials. Presents state-of-the-art information on this exciting and rapidly developing field, enabling engineers and materials scientists to achieve multi-functionality in their own products. Includes the latest developments in a wide range of applications, including automotive/aerospace, electronics, construction, and medical engineering. An essential reference for any researcher or engineer hoping to stay ahead of the curve in this high-potential area.

Shape-Memory Polymers and Multifunctional Composites

Author : Jinsong Leng
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420090208
Total Pages : 386 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Shape-Memory Polymers and Multifunctional Composites by : Jinsong Leng

Download or read book Shape-Memory Polymers and Multifunctional Composites written by Jinsong Leng and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-05-25 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Admired for their extraordinary stimuli-sensitive behavior and shape-changing capabilities, shape-memory polymers (SMPs) and multifunctional composites are among the most important smart materials. They continue to be widely applied in many diverse fields to create things such as self-deployable spacecraft structures, morphing structures, SMP foams

Polymer-Based Multifunctional Nanocomposites and Their Applications

Author : John Zhanhu Guo
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 9780128150672
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (56 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Polymer-Based Multifunctional Nanocomposites and Their Applications by : John Zhanhu Guo

Download or read book Polymer-Based Multifunctional Nanocomposites and Their Applications written by John Zhanhu Guo and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-09-20 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymer-Based Multifunctional Nanocomposites and Their Applications provides an up-to-date review of the latest advances and developments in the field of polymer nanocomposites. It will serve as a one-stop reference resource on important research accomplishments in the area of multifunctional nanocomposites, with a particular emphasis placed on the use of nanofillers and different functionality combinations. Edited and written by an expert team of researchers in the field, the book provides a practical analysis of functional polymers, nanoscience, and nanotechnology in important and developing areas, such as transportation engineering, mechanical systems, aerospace manufacturing, construction materials, and more. The book covers both theory and experimental results regarding the relationships between the effective properties of polymer composites and those of polymer matrices and reinforcements.

Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites

Author : Jinsong Leng
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439816832
Total Pages : 462 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites by : Jinsong Leng

Download or read book Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites written by Jinsong Leng and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-12-21 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The novel properties of multifunctional polymer nanocomposites make them useful for a broad range of applications in fields as diverse as space exploration, bioengineering, car manufacturing, and organic solar cell development, just to name a few. Presenting an overview of polymer nanocomposites, how they compare with traditional composites, and th

Multifunctional Polymeric Nanocomposites Based on Cellulosic Reinforcements

Author : Debora Puglia
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 0323417396
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (234 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Multifunctional Polymeric Nanocomposites Based on Cellulosic Reinforcements by : Debora Puglia

Download or read book Multifunctional Polymeric Nanocomposites Based on Cellulosic Reinforcements written by Debora Puglia and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2016-07-11 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multifunctional Polymeric Nanocomposites Based on Cellulosic Reinforcements introduces the innovative applications of polymeric materials based on nanocellulose, and covers extraction methods, functionalization approaches, and assembly methods to enable these applications. The book presents the state-of-the-art of this novel nano-filler and how it enables new applications in many different sectors, beyond existing products. With a focus on application of nano-cellulose based polymers with multifunctional activity, the book explains the methodology of nano-cellulose extraction and production and shows the potential performance benefits of these particular nanostructured polymers, for applications across different sectors, including food active packaging, energy-photovoltaics, biomedical, and filtration. The book describes how the different methodologies, functionalization, and organization at the nano-scale level could contribute to the design of required properties at macro level. The book studies the interactions between the main nano-filler with other active systems and how this interaction enables multi-functionality in the produced materials. The book is an indispensable resource for the growing number of scientists and engineers interested in the preparation and novel applications of nano-cellulose, and for industrial scientists active in formulation and fabrication of polymer products based on renewable resources. Provides insight into nanostructure formation science, and processing of polymeric materials and their characterization Offers a strong analysis of real industry needs for designing the materials Provides a well-balanced structure, including a light introduction of basic knowledge on extraction methods, functionalization approaches, and assembling focused to applications Describes how different methodologies, functionalization, and organization at the nano-scale level could contribute to the design of required properties at macro level

Multifunctional and Nanoreinforced Polymers for Food Packaging

Author : José-María Lagarón
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0857092782
Total Pages : 729 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (57 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Multifunctional and Nanoreinforced Polymers for Food Packaging by : José-María Lagarón

Download or read book Multifunctional and Nanoreinforced Polymers for Food Packaging written by José-María Lagarón and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-05-09 with total page 729 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent developments in multifunctional and nanoreinforced polymers have provided the opportunity to produce high barrier, active and intelligent food packaging which can help ensure, or even enhance, the quality and safety of packaged foods. Multifunctional and nanoreinforced polymers for food packaging provides a comprehensive review of novel polymers and polymer nanocomposites for use in food packaging. After an introductory chapter, Part one discusses nanofillers for plastics in food packaging. Chapters explore the use of passive and active nanoclays and hidrotalcites, cellulose nanofillers and electrospun nanofibers and nanocapsules. Part two investigates high barrier plastics for food packaging. Chapters assess the transport and high barrier properties of food packaging polymers such as ethylene-norbornene copolymers and advanced single-site polyolefins, nylon-MXD6 resins and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers before going on to explore recent advances in various plastic packaging technologies such as modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), nanoscale inorganic coatings and functional barriers against migration. Part three reviews active and bioactive plastics in food packaging. Chapters investigate silver-based antimicrobial polymers, the incorporation of antimicrobial/antioxidant natural extracts into polymeric films, and biaoctive food packaging strategies. Part four examines nanotechnology in sustainable plastics with chapters examining the food packaging applications of polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposites, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), starch-based polymers, chitosan and carragenan polysaccharides and protein-based resins for packaging gluten (WG)-based materials. The final chapter presents the safety and regulatory aspects of plastics as food packaging materials. With its distinguished editor and international team of expert contributors Multifunctional and nanoreinforced polymers for food packaging proves a valuable resource for researchers in packaging in the food industry and polymer scientists interested in multifunctional and nanoreinforced materials. Provides a comprehensive review of novel polymers and polymer nanocomposites for use in food packaging Discusses nanofillers for plastics in food packaging including the use of passive and active nanoclays and hidrotalcites and electrospun nanofibers Investigates high barrier plastics for food packaging assessing recent advances in various plastic packaging technologies such as modified atmosphere packaging (MAP)

3D and 4D Printing of Polymer Nanocomposite Materials

Author : Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128173025
Total Pages : 592 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis 3D and 4D Printing of Polymer Nanocomposite Materials by : Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni

Download or read book 3D and 4D Printing of Polymer Nanocomposite Materials written by Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-10-11 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 3D and 4D Printing of Polymer Nanocomposite Materials: Processing, Applications, and Challenges covers advanced 3D and 4D printing processes and the latest developments in novel polymer-based printing materials, thus enabling the reader to understand and benefit from the advantages of this groundbreaking technology. The book presents processes, materials selection, and printability issues, along with sections on the preparation of polymer composite materials for 3D and 4D printing. Across the book, advanced printing techniques are covered and discussed thoroughly, including fused deposition modeling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), selective laser melting (SLM), electron beam melting (EBM), inkjet 3D printing (3DP), stereolithography (SLA), and 3D plotting. Finally, major applications areas are discussed, including electronic, aerospace, construction and biomedical applications, with detailed information on the design, fabrication and processing methods required in each case. Provides a thorough, clear understanding of polymer preparation techniques and 3D and 4D printing processes, with a view to specific applications Examines synthesis, formation methodology, the dispersion of fillers, characterization, properties, and performance of polymer nanocomposites Explores the possibilities of 4D printing, covering the usage of stimuli responsive hydrogels and shape memory polymers

Polymer Composites with Functionalized Nanoparticles

Author : Krzysztof Pielichowski
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0128140658
Total Pages : 504 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Polymer Composites with Functionalized Nanoparticles by : Krzysztof Pielichowski

Download or read book Polymer Composites with Functionalized Nanoparticles written by Krzysztof Pielichowski and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2018-09-22 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymer Composites with Functional Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications reviews the latest research in the area of polymer nanocomposites and functionalized nanoparticles, providing an introduction for those new to the field, and supporting further research and development. The book helps researchers and practitioners better understand the key role of nanoparticle functionalization for improving the compatibility of inorganic metallic nanomaterials with organic polymers, and for the fabrication of nanostructured materials with special properties. A range of nanoparticles, such as carbon nanotubes are covered, along with descriptions of the methods of functionalization to support better compatibility with polymer matrices. The book also discusses the various applications of this technology, including uses in electronics and the medical and energy industries. Summarizes the latest research in functionalized nanoparticles for modification of polymer matrices, providing a valuable platform for further research Includes functionalization of a range of nanoparticles for incorporation into nanocomposites, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, gold and silver, silica and clay Provides detailed coverage of application areas, including energy, electronics, biomedical applications, and end-of-life considerations

Design and Manufacture of Plastic Components for Multifunctionality

Author : Vannessa Dr Goodship
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 0323353843
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (233 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Design and Manufacture of Plastic Components for Multifunctionality by : Vannessa Dr Goodship

Download or read book Design and Manufacture of Plastic Components for Multifunctionality written by Vannessa Dr Goodship and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2015-09-08 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Design and Manufacture of Plastic Components for Multifunctionality: Structural Composites, Injection Molding, and 3D Printing presents the latest information on how plastics manufacturers are increasingly being driven towards carbon emission reduction, lightweighting, and cost savings through process integration. These technologies have the potential to revolutionize future products with built-in functionality such as sensors, smart packaging, and damage detection technology for everything from milk bottles and salad packaging to automotive bumpers and plane fuselages. This book introduces the three core manufacturing methods for multifunctional materials, composites, injection molding, and 3D printing, all processes facing challenges for the implementation of new technology. Users will find a book that brings together both process and material advances in this area, giving process engineers, designers, and manufacturers the information they need to choose the appropriate material and process for the product they are developing. Provides an introduction to the latest technologies in the area of multifunctionality, enabling engineers to implement new breakthroughs in their own businesses Gives an understanding of the processes that need to be considered in both design and manufacture of future devices, while using materials from a broader palette than used in existing manufacturing processes Includes best practice guidance and flow charts to aid in material and process selection Covers revolutionary future products with built-in functionality such as sensors, smart packaging, and damage detection technology for everything from milk bottles and salad packaging to automotive bumpers and plane fuselages

Polymer Nanocomposites

Author : Aravind Dasari
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1447168097
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (471 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Polymer Nanocomposites by : Aravind Dasari

Download or read book Polymer Nanocomposites written by Aravind Dasari and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-06-28 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This highlights ongoing research efforts on different aspects of polymer nanocomposites and explores their potentials to exhibit multi-functional properties. In this context, it addresses both fundamental and advanced concepts, while delineating the parameters and mechanisms responsible for these potentials. Aspects considered include embrittlement/toughness; wear/scratch behaviour; thermal stability and flame retardancy; barrier, electrical and thermal conductivity; and optical and magnetic properties. Further, the book was written as a coherent unit rather than a collection of chapters on different topics. As such, the results, analyses and discussions presented herein provide a guide for the development of a new class of multi-functional nanocomposites. Offering an invaluable resource for materials researchers and postgraduate students in the polymer composites field, they will also greatly benefit materials

Electrospun Polymers and Composites

Author : Yu Dong
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0128226722
Total Pages : 836 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Electrospun Polymers and Composites by : Yu Dong

Download or read book Electrospun Polymers and Composites written by Yu Dong and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2020-10-24 with total page 836 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrospun Polymers and Composites: Ultrafine Materials, High Performance Fibres and Wearables reviews the latest technological developments and innovations in electrospun polymers and composites, highlighting the multifunctionality of these ultrafine materials as high performance fibers. The book's chapters investigate a wide range of different electrospinning applications, including drug delivery, tissue scaffolding, fiber reinforcement and nanofiltration, with a particular focus on shape memory effect and the wearable characteristics of electrospun polymers and composites. This will be a valuable reference resource for research and for industrial communities working in the field of electrospinning. Covers two important material systems in electrospun materials, including electrospun polymers and composites Emphasizes areas in shape memory effect and wearable features of electrospun polymers and composites Presents a multidisciplinary work that will attract a wide spectrum of readers in chemical engineering, biomedical engineering, chemistry, pharmacy, environmental science, materials science and engineering, as well as mechanical and electrical engineering

Multifunctional Hybrid Materials Based on Polymers

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783036520346
Total Pages : 214 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (23 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Multifunctional Hybrid Materials Based on Polymers by :

Download or read book Multifunctional Hybrid Materials Based on Polymers written by and published by . This book was released on 2021-10-25 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multifunctional hybrid materials based on polymers have already displayed excellent commitment in addressing and presenting solutions to existing demands in priority areas such as the environment, human health, and energy. These hybrid materials can lead to unique superior multifunction materials with a broad range of envisaged applications. However, their design, performance, and practical applications are still challenging. Thus, it is highly advantageous to provide a breakthrough in state-of-the-art manufacturing and scale-up technology to design and synthesize advanced multifunctional hybrid materials based on polymers with improved performance. The main objective of this interdisciplinary book is to bring together, at an international level, high-quality elegant collection of reviews and original research articles dealing with polymeric hybrid materials within different areas such as the following: - Biomaterials chemistry, physics, engineering, and processing; - Polymer chemistry, physics and engineering; - Organic chemistry; - Composites science; - Colloidal chemistry and physics; - Porous nanomaterials science; - Energy storage; and - Automotive and aerospace manufacturing.

Single-Polymer Composites

Author : Samrat Mukhopadhyay
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351272225
Total Pages : 333 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (512 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Single-Polymer Composites by : Samrat Mukhopadhyay

Download or read book Single-Polymer Composites written by Samrat Mukhopadhyay and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-09-21 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the concept of single polymer composites (SPCs), their preparation, and properties and the main factors which affect the manufacturing of this class of composites. It deals with the leading classes of polymers, chapter wise, which have been majorly explored for manufacturing SPCs – polyolefins, polyesters, polyamides, and LCPs – includes a case study on manufacturing of SPCs, and devotes three chapters to detailed analyses of research on all-cellulose composites. Addressing the concerns of the researchers, it also answers intriguing questions in the field of SPCs with pointers to the right references. Key Features Presents a summary of single polymer composites based on various polymers Includes mechanical and thermal properties of single polymer composites Reviews detailed view of eco-friendly approaches to composites Offers a special focus on all-cellulose composites Supports concepts with figures, schemes, and tables

Polymer-Based Advanced Functional Composites for Optoelectronic and Energy Applications

Author : Nithin Kundachira Subramani
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128185090
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Polymer-Based Advanced Functional Composites for Optoelectronic and Energy Applications by : Nithin Kundachira Subramani

Download or read book Polymer-Based Advanced Functional Composites for Optoelectronic and Energy Applications written by Nithin Kundachira Subramani and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-05-28 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymer-Based Advanced Functional Composites for Optoelectronic and Energy Applications explains how polymer-based smart composites and nanocomposites can be prepared and utilized for novel optical, sensor and energy-related applications. The book begins with an introductory section on the fundamentals of smart polymer composites, including structure-property relationships and conjugated polymers. Other sections examine optical applications, including the use of polymer-based smart composites for luminescent solar concentrators, electro-chromic applications, light conversion applications, ultraviolet shielding applications, LED encapsulation applications, sensor applications, including gas-sensing, strain sensing, robotics and tactile sensors, with final sections covering energy-related applications, including energy harvesting, conversion, storage, vibrational energy harvesting, and more. This is an essential guide for researchers, scientists and advanced students in smart polymers and materials, polymer science, composites, nanocomposites, electronics and materials science. It is also a valuable book for scientists, R&D professionals and engineers working with products that could utilize smart polymer composites. Provides thorough coverage of the latest pioneering research in the field of polymer-based smart composites Offers an applications-oriented approach, enabling the reader to understand state-of-the-art optical, sensor and energy applications Includes an in-depth introductory section, covering important aspects such as structure-property relationships and the role of conjugated polymers

Fundamentals, Properties, and Applications of Polymer Nanocomposites

Author : Joseph H. Koo
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316094413
Total Pages : 719 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (16 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Fundamentals, Properties, and Applications of Polymer Nanocomposites by : Joseph H. Koo

Download or read book Fundamentals, Properties, and Applications of Polymer Nanocomposites written by Joseph H. Koo and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-10-31 with total page 719 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is focused primarily on polymer nanocomposites, based on the author's research experience as well as open literature. The environmental health and safety aspects of nanomaterials and polymer nanocomposites, risk assessment and safety standards, and fire toxicity of polymer nanocomposites, are studied. In the final chapter, a brief overview of opportunities, trends, and challenges of polymer nanocomposites are included. Throughout the book, the theme is developed that polymer nanocomposites are a whole family of polymeric materials whose properties are capable of being tailored to meet specific applications. This volume serves as a general introduction to students and researchers just entering the field and to scholars from other subfields seeking information.

Polymer Composites

Author : Klaus Friedrich
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 038726213X
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (872 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Polymer Composites by : Klaus Friedrich

Download or read book Polymer Composites written by Klaus Friedrich and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-12-06 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of polymer composites in various engineering applications has become state of the art. This multi-author volume provides a useful summary of updated knowledge on polymer composites in general, practically integrating experimental studies, theoretical analyses and computational modeling at different scales, i. e. , from nano- to macroscale. Detailed consideration is given to four major areas: structure and properties of polymer nanocomposites, characterization and modeling, processing and application of macrocomposites, and mechanical performance of macrocomposites. The idea to organize this volume arose from a very impressive workshop - The First International Workshop on Polymers and Composites at IVW Kaiserslautern: Invited Humboldt-Fellows and Distinguished Scientists, which was held on May 22-24,2003 at the University of Kaiserslautern, Germany. The contributing authors were invited to incorporate updated knowledge and developments into their individual chapters within a year after the workshop, which finally led to these excellent contributions. The success of this workshop was mainly sponsored by the German Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through a Sofia Kovalevskaja Award Program, financed by the Federal Ministry for Education and Research within the "Investment in the Future Program" of the German Government. In 2001, the Humboldt Foundation launched this new award program in order to offer outstanding young researchers throughout the world an opportunity to establish their own work-groups and to develop innovative research concepts virtually in Germany. One of the editors, Z.

Materials Research to Meet 21st-Century Defense Needs

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309087007
Total Pages : 660 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Materials Research to Meet 21st-Century Defense Needs by : National Research Council

Download or read book Materials Research to Meet 21st-Century Defense Needs written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-03-25 with total page 660 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to achieve the revolutionary new defense capabilities offered by materials science and engineering, innovative management to reduce the risks associated with translating research results will be needed along with the R&D. While payoff is expected to be high from the promising areas of materials research, many of the benefits are likely to be evolutionary. Nevertheless, failure to invest in more speculative areas of research could lead to undesired technological surprises. Basic research in physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science will provide the seeds for potentially revolutionary technologies later in the 21st century.