Methods For Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines

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Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309071348
Total Pages : 173 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines by : National Research Council

Download or read book Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-11-18 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) maintains an active interest in the environmental conditions associated with living and working in spacecraft and identifying hazards that might adversely affect the health and well-being of crew members. Despite major engineering advances in controlling the spacecraft environment, some water and air contamination appears to be inevitable. Several hundred chemical species are likely to be found in the closed environment of the spacecraft, and as the frequency, complexity, and duration of human space flight increase, identifying and understanding significant health hazards will become more complicated and more critical for the success of the missions. NASA asked the National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Toxicology to develop guidelines, similar to those developed by the NRC in 1992 for airborne substances, for examining the likelihood of adverse effects from water contaminants on the health and performance of spacecraft crews. In this report, the Subcommittee on Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines (SWEGs) examines what is known about water contaminants in spacecraft, the adequacy of current risk assessment methods, and the toxicologic issues of greatest concern.

Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309390818
Total Pages : 65 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2016-04-07 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human spaceflight is inherently risky, with numerous potential hazards posed at each phase of a mission. Potential health risks during spaceflights include short-term health consequences from being in microgravity, as well as long-term health consequences that arise, or continue, months or years after a flight. Additional health considerations are risks posed by exposure to environmental contaminants onboard spacecraft. Because the International Space Station and spacecraft are closed environments that require recirculation of air and water supplies, some contamination of the air and water will occur. Even with onboard air and water purification systems, chemicals will accumulate in the air and water as they recirculate or are recycled onboard. Therefore, it is necessary for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to identify hazardous contaminants and determine exposure levels that are not expected to pose a health risk to astronauts. NASA uses spacecraft maximum allowance concentrations (SMACs) and spacecraft water exposure guidelines (SWEGs) to provide guidance on acceptable exposures to air and water contaminants during normal operations and emergency situations. Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines updates the methods for establishing SMACs and SWEGs and assists NASA with identifying chemicals that need updated SMACs or SWEGs and new chemicals for which these guidelines should be developed.

Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309180074
Total Pages : 534 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants by : National Research Council

Download or read book Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-04-02 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International Space Station is a closed and complex environment, so some contamination of its internal atmosphere and water system is expected. To protect space crews from contaminants in potable and hygiene water, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) requested that the National Research Council (NRC) provide guidance on how to develop water exposure guidelines and review NASA's development of the exposure guidelines for specific chemicals. NASA selects water contaminants for which spacecraft water exposure guidelines (SWEGs) will be established; this involves identifying toxicity effects relevant to astronauts and calculating exposure concentrations on the basis of those end points. SWEGs are established for exposures of 1, 10, 100, and 1,000 days. This report is the second volume in the series, Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Chemicals. SWEG reports for acetone, alkylamines, ammonia, barium, cadmium, caprolactam, formate, formaldehyde, manganese, total organic carbon, and zinc are included in this report. The committee concludes that the SWEGs developed for these chemicals are scientifically valid based on the data reviewed by NASA and are consistent with the NRC (2000) report, Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines. SWEG reports for additional chemicals will be presented in a subsequent volume.

Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309103797
Total Pages : 534 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants by : National Research Council

Download or read book Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-05-02 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International Space Station is a closed and complex environment, so some contamination of its internal atmosphere and water system is expected. To protect space crews from contaminants in potable and hygiene water, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) requested that the National Research Council (NRC) provide guidance on how to develop water exposure guidelines and review NASA's development of the exposure guidelines for specific chemicals. NASA selects water contaminants for which spacecraft water exposure guidelines (SWEGs) will be established; this involves identifying toxicity effects relevant to astronauts and calculating exposure concentrations on the basis of those end points. SWEGs are established for exposures of 1, 10, 100, and 1,000 days. This report is the second volume in the series, Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Chemicals. SWEG reports for acetone, alkylamines, ammonia, barium, cadmium, caprolactam, formate, formaldehyde, manganese, total organic carbon, and zinc are included in this report. The committee concludes that the SWEGs developed for these chemicals are scientifically valid based on the data reviewed by NASA and are consistent with the NRC (2000) report, Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines. SWEG reports for additional chemicals will be presented in a subsequent volume.

Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309128382
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants by : National Research Council

Download or read book Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2008-12-21 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NASA maintains an active interest in the environmental conditions associated with living and working in spacecraft and identifying hazards that might adversely affect the health and well-being of crew members. Despite major engineering advances in controlling the spacecraft environment, some water and air contamination is inevitable. Several hundred chemical species are likely to be found in the closed environment of the spacecraft, and as the frequency, complexity, and duration of human space flight increase, identifying and understanding significant health hazards will become more complicated and more critical for the success of the missions. To protect space crews from contaminants in potable and hygiene water, NASA requested that the National Research Council NRC provide guidance on how to develop water exposure guidelines and subsequently review NASA's development of the exposure guidelines for specific chemicals. This book presents spacecraft water exposure guidelines (SWEGs) for antimony, benzene, ethylene glycol, methanol, methyl ethyl ketone, and propylene glycol.

Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 9780309091664
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (916 download)

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Book Synopsis Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants by : National Research Council

Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309171741
Total Pages : 173 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines by : National Research Council

Download or read book Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-10-18 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) maintains an active interest in the environmental conditions associated with living and working in spacecraft and identifying hazards that might adversely affect the health and well-being of crew members. Despite major engineering advances in controlling the spacecraft environment, some water and air contamination appears to be inevitable. Several hundred chemical species are likely to be found in the closed environment of the spacecraft, and as the frequency, complexity, and duration of human space flight increase, identifying and understanding significant health hazards will become more complicated and more critical for the success of the missions. NASA asked the National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Toxicology to develop guidelines, similar to those developed by the NRC in 1992 for airborne substances, for examining the likelihood of adverse effects from water contaminants on the health and performance of spacecraft crews. In this report, the Subcommittee on Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines (SWEGs) examines what is known about water contaminants in spacecraft, the adequacy of current risk assessment methods, and the toxicologic issues of greatest concern.

Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309177952
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants by : National Research Council

Download or read book Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2008-11-21 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NASA maintains an active interest in the environmental conditions associated with living and working in spacecraft and identifying hazards that might adversely affect the health and well-being of crew members. Despite major engineering advances in controlling the spacecraft environment, some water and air contamination is inevitable. Several hundred chemical species are likely to be found in the closed environment of the spacecraft, and as the frequency, complexity, and duration of human space flight increase, identifying and understanding significant health hazards will become more complicated and more critical for the success of the missions. To protect space crews from contaminants in potable and hygiene water, NASA requested that the National Research Council NRC provide guidance on how to develop water exposure guidelines and subsequently review NASA's development of the exposure guidelines for specific chemicals. This book presents spacecraft water exposure guidelines (SWEGs) for antimony, benzene, ethylene glycol, methanol, methyl ethyl ketone, and propylene glycol.

Safety Design for Space Systems

Author : Gary E. Musgrave Ph.D
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 9780080559223
Total Pages : 992 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (592 download)

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Book Synopsis Safety Design for Space Systems by : Gary E. Musgrave Ph.D

Download or read book Safety Design for Space Systems written by Gary E. Musgrave Ph.D and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2009-03-27 with total page 992 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Progress in space safety lies in the acceptance of safety design and engineering as an integral part of the design and implementation process for new space systems. Safety must be seen as the principle design driver of utmost importance from the outset of the design process, which is only achieved through a culture change that moves all stakeholders toward front-end loaded safety concepts. This approach entails a common understanding and mastering of basic principles of safety design for space systems at all levels of the program organisation. Fully supported by the International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety (IAASS), written by the leading figures in the industry, with frontline experience from projects ranging from the Apollo missions, Skylab, the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station, this book provides a comprehensive reference for aerospace engineers in industry. It addresses each of the key elements that impact on space systems safety, including: the space environment (natural and induced); human physiology in space; human rating factors; emergency capabilities; launch propellants and oxidizer systems; life support systems; battery and fuel cell safety; nuclear power generators (NPG) safety; habitat activities; fire protection; safety-critical software development; collision avoidance systems design; operations and on-orbit maintenance. * The only comprehensive space systems safety reference, its must-have status within space agencies and suppliers, technical and aerospace libraries is practically guaranteed * Written by the leading figures in the industry from NASA, ESA, JAXA, (et cetera), with frontline experience from projects ranging from the Apollo missions, Skylab, the Space Shuttle, small and large satellite systems, and the International Space Station. * Superb quality information for engineers, programme managers, suppliers and aerospace technologists; fully supported by the IAASS (International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety)

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants

Author : Commission on Life Sciences
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants by : Commission on Life Sciences

Download or read book Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants written by Commission on Life Sciences and published by . This book was released on 2000-03-08 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is aware of the potential toxicological hazards to crew members that might be associated with prolonged spacecraft missions. Despite major engineering advances in controlling the atmosphere within spacecraft, some contamination of the air appears inevitable. NASA has measured numerous airborne contaminants during space missions. As the missions increase in duration and complexity, ensuring the health and well-being of astronauts traveling and working in this unique environment becomes increasingly difficult. As part of its efforts to promote safe conditions aboard spacecraft, NASA requested the National Research Council (NRC) to develop guidelines for establishing spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for contaminants, and to review SMACs for various spacecraft contaminants to determine whether NASA's recommended exposure limits are consistent with the guidelines recommended by the subcommittee. In response to this request, the NRC first developed criteria and methods for preparing SMACs for spacecraft contaminants, published in its 1992 report Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. Since then, the NRC's Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations has been reviewing NASA's documentation of chemical-specific SMACs. This report is the fourth volume in the series Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. The first volume was published in 1994 and the second and third in 1996. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4 has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their technical expertise and diverse perspectives in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee for reviewing NRC and Institute of Medicine reports. The purpose of that Independent review was to provide candid and critical comments to assist the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.

Review of DOD's Approach to Deriving an Occupational Exposure Level for Trichloroethylene

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309499240
Total Pages : 77 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Review of DOD's Approach to Deriving an Occupational Exposure Level for Trichloroethylene by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Review of DOD's Approach to Deriving an Occupational Exposure Level for Trichloroethylene written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-01-13 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a solvent that is used as a degreasing agent, a chemical intermediate in refrigerant manufacture, and a component of spot removers and adhesives. It is produced in mass quantities but creates dangerous vapors and is an environmental contaminant at many industrial and government facilities, including facilities run by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). It is important to determine the safe occupational exposure level (OEL) for the solvent in order to protect the health of workers who are exposed to its vapors. However, there are concerns that the current occupational standards insufficiently protect workers from these health threats. Review of DOD's Approach to Deriving an Occupational Exposure Level for Trichloroethylene makes recommendations to improve the DoD's approach to developing an OEL for TCE, strengthen transparency of the process, and improve confidence in the final OEL value. This report reviews the DoD's approach using a literature review, evidence synthesis based on weight of evidence [WOE], point-of-departure derivation, physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling, extrapolation tools, and explores other elements of the process of deriving an OEL for TCE. It examines scientific approaches to developing exposure values and cancer risk levels, defining the scope of the problem, and improving hazard identification.

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 9780585243818
Total Pages : 365 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (438 download)

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Book Synopsis Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants by :

Download or read book Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants written by and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is aware of the potential toxicological hazards to crew members that might be associated with prolonged spacecraft missions. Despite major engineering advances in controlling the atmosphere within spacecraft, some contamination of the air appears inevitable. NASA has measured numerous airborne contaminants during space missions. As the missions increase in duration and complexity, ensuring the health and well-being of astronauts traveling and working in this unique environment becomes increasingly difficult. As part of its efforts to promote safe conditions aboard spacecraft, NASA requested the National Research Council (NRC) to develop guidelines for establishing spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for contaminants, and to review SMACs for various spacecraft contaminants to determine whether NASA's recommended exposure limits are consistent with the guidelines recommended by the subcommittee. In response to this request, the NRC first developed criteria and methods for preparing SMACs for spacecraft contaminants, published in its 1992 report Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. Since then, the NRC's Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations has been reviewing NASA's documentation of chemical-specific SMACs. This report is the fourth volume in the series Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. The first volume was published in 1994 and the second and third in 1996. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4 has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their technical expertise and diverse perspectives in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee for reviewing NRC and Institute of Medicine reports. The purpose of that Independent review was to provide candid and critical comments to assist the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309128447
Total Pages : 406 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants by : National Research Council

Download or read book Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2008-12-24 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NASA is aware of the potential toxicologic hazards to crew that might be associated with prolonged spacecraft missions. Despite major engineering advances in controlling the atmosphere within spacecraft, some contamination of the air appears inevitable. NASA has measured numerous airborne contaminants during space missions. As the missions increase in duration and complexity, ensuring the health and well-being of astronauts traveling and working in this unique environment becomes increasingly difficult. As part of its efforts to promote safe conditions aboard spacecraft, NASA requested the National Research Council to develop guidelines for establishing spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for contaminants and to review SMACs for various spacecraft contaminants to determine whether NASA's recommended exposure limits are consistent with the guidelines recommended by the committee. This book is the fifth volume in the series Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants, and presents SMACs for acrolein, C3 to C8 aliphatic saturated aldehydes, C2 to C9 alkanes, ammonia, benzene, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, 1,2-dichloroethane, dimethylhydrazine, ethanol, formaldehyde, limonene, methanol, methylene dichloride, n-butanol, propylene glycol, toluene, trimethylsilanol, and xylenes.

Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309162661
Total Pages : 463 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals by : National Research Council

Download or read book Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-09-30 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the ninth volume in the series Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, and reviews AEGLs for bromine, ethylene oxide, furan, hydrogen sulfide, propylene oxide, and xylenes.

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309175127
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants by : National Research Council

Review of the Department of Defense Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program Report

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309154138
Total Pages : 106 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Review of the Department of Defense Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program Report by : National Research Council

Download or read book Review of the Department of Defense Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program Report written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-08-23 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soldiers deployed during the 1991 Persian Gulf War were exposed to high concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and other airborne pollutants. Their exposures were largely the result of daily windblown dust, dust storms, and smoke from oil fires. On returning from deployment, many veterans complained of persistent respiratory symptoms. With the renewed activity in the Middle East over the last few years, deployed military personnel are again exposed to dust storms and daily windblown dust in addition to other types of PM, such as diesel exhaust and particles from open-pit burning. On the basis of the high concentrations observed and concerns about the potential health effects, DOD designed and implemented a study to characterize and quantify the PM in the ambient environment at 15 sites in the Middle East. The endeavor is known as the DOD Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program (EPMSP). The U.S. Army asked the National Research Council to review the EPMSP report. In response, the present evaluation considers the potential acute and chronic health implications on the basis of information presented in the report. It also considers epidemiologic and health-surveillance data collected by the USACHPPM, to assess potential health implications for deployed personnel, and recommends methods for reducing or characterizing health risks.

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants

Author : Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentration
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309556740
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants by : Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentration

Download or read book Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants written by Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentration and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-02-08 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has developed spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for contaminants that might be found in the atmosphere within spacecraft during space missions to ensure the health and well-being of astronauts traveling and working in this unique environment. In volume 1 of this series, NASA developed SMACs for 11 compounds: acetaldehyde, ammonia, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, Freon 113, hydrogen, methane, methanol, octamethyltrisiloxane, trimethylsilanol, and vinyl chloride. Volume 2 includes SMACs for 12 more airborne contaminants: acrolein, benzene, carbon dioxide, 2-ethoxyethanol, hydrazine, indole, mercury, methylene chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, nitromethane, 2-propoanol, and toluene. In developing SMACs from the toxicological literature, NASA followed the Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants published in 1992 by the National Research Council.