Mestizo Nations

Download Mestizo Nations PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Arizona Press
ISBN 13 : 9780816521920
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (219 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mestizo Nations by : Juan E. De Castro

Download or read book Mestizo Nations written by Juan E. De Castro and published by University of Arizona Press. This book was released on 2002-05 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nationality in Latin America has long been entwined with questions of racial identity. Just as American-born colonial elites grounded their struggle for independence from Spain and Portugal in the history of Amerindian resistance, constructions of nationality were based on the notion of the fusion of populations heterogeneous in culture, race, and language. But this rhetorical celebration of difference was framed by a real-life pressure to assimilate into cultures always defined by Iberian American elites. In Mestizo Nations, Juan De Castro explores the construction of nationality in Latin American and Chicano literature and thought during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Focusing on the discourse of mestizajeÑwhich proposes the creation of a homogenous culture out of American Indian, black, and Iberian elementsÑhe examines a selection of texts that represent the entire history and regional landscape of Latin American culture in its Western, indigenous, and neo-African traditions from Independence to the present. Through them, he delineates some of the ambiguities and contradictions that have beset this discourse. Among texts considered are the Indianist novel Iracema by the nineteenth-century Brazilian author JosŽ de Alencar; the Tradiciones peruanas, Peruvian Ricardo Palma's fictionalizations of national difference; and historical and sociological essays by the Peruvian Marxist JosŽ Carlos Mari‡tegui and the Brazilian intellectual Gilberto Freyre. And because questions raised by this discourse are equally relevant to postmodern concerns with national and transnational heterogeneity, De Castro also analyzes such recent examples as the Cuban dance band Los Van Van's use of Afrocentric lyrics; Richard Rodriguez's interpretations of North American reality; and points of contact and divergence between JosŽ Mar’a Arguedas's novel The Fox from Up Above and the Fox from Down Below and writings of Gloria Anzaldœa and Julia Kristeva. By updating the concept of mestizaje as a critical tool for analyzing literary text and cultural trendsÑincorporating not only race, culture, and nationality but also gender, language, and politicsÑDe Castro shows the implications of this Latin American discursive tradition for current critical debates in cultural and area studies. Mestizo Nations contains important insights for all Latin Americanists as a tool for understanding racial relations and cultural hybridization, creating not only an important commentary on Latin America but also a critique of American life in the age of multiculturalism.

The United States of Mestizo

Download The United States of Mestizo PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : NewSouth Books
ISBN 13 : 1588382885
Total Pages : 50 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (883 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The United States of Mestizo by : Ilan Stavans

Download or read book The United States of Mestizo written by Ilan Stavans and published by NewSouth Books. This book was released on 2013-01-01 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States of Mestizo is a powerful manifesto attesting to the fundamental changes the nation has undergone in the last half-century. Writer Ilan Stavans meditates on how the cross-fertilizing process that defined the Americas during the colonial period--the racial melding of Europeans and indigenous peoples--foretells the miscegenation that is the most salient profile of America today. If, as W.E.B. DuBois once argued, the twentieth century was defined by a color fracture at its core, Stavans believes the twenty-first will be shaped by a multi-color line that will make us all a sum of parts.

Mestizo Nations

Download Mestizo Nations PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Arizona Press
ISBN 13 : 0816551014
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (165 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mestizo Nations by : Juan E. De Castro

Download or read book Mestizo Nations written by Juan E. De Castro and published by University of Arizona Press. This book was released on 2022-08-30 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nationality in Latin America has long been entwined with questions of racial identity. Just as American-born colonial elites grounded their struggle for independence from Spain and Portugal in the history of Amerindian resistance, constructions of nationality were based on the notion of the fusion of populations heterogeneous in culture, race, and language. But this rhetorical celebration of difference was framed by a real-life pressure to assimilate into cultures always defined by Iberian American elites. In Mestizo Nations, Juan De Castro explores the construction of nationality in Latin American and Chicano literature and thought during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Focusing on the discourse of mestizaje—which proposes the creation of a homogenous culture out of American Indian, black, and Iberian elements—he examines a selection of texts that represent the entire history and regional landscape of Latin American culture in its Western, indigenous, and neo-African traditions from Independence to the present. Through them, he delineates some of the ambiguities and contradictions that have beset this discourse. Among texts considered are the Indianist novel Iracema by the nineteenth-century Brazilian author José de Alencar; the Tradiciones peruanas, Peruvian Ricardo Palma's fictionalizations of national difference; and historical and sociological essays by the Peruvian Marxist José Carlos Mariátegui and the Brazilian intellectual Gilberto Freyre. And because questions raised by this discourse are equally relevant to postmodern concerns with national and transnational heterogeneity, De Castro also analyzes such recent examples as the Cuban dance band Los Van Van's use of Afrocentric lyrics; Richard Rodriguez's interpretations of North American reality; and points of contact and divergence between José María Arguedas's novel The Fox from Up Above and the Fox from Down Below and writings of Gloria Anzaldúa and Julia Kristeva. By updating the concept of mestizaje as a critical tool for analyzing literary text and cultural trends—incorporating not only race, culture, and nationality but also gender, language, and politics—De Castro shows the implications of this Latin American discursive tradition for current critical debates in cultural and area studies. Mestizo Nations contains important insights for all Latin Americanists as a tool for understanding racial relations and cultural hybridization, creating not only an important commentary on Latin America but also a critique of American life in the age of multiculturalism.

Mestizo Modernity

Download Mestizo Modernity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University Press of Florida
ISBN 13 : 1683403223
Total Pages : 187 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (834 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mestizo Modernity by : David S. Dalton

Download or read book Mestizo Modernity written by David S. Dalton and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 2021-11-02 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Honorable Mention, Latin American Studies Association Mexico Section Best Book in the Humanities After the end of the Mexican Revolution in 1917, postrevolutionary leaders hoped to assimilate the country’s racially diverse population into one official mixed-race identity—the mestizo. This book shows that as part of this vision, the Mexican government believed it could modernize “primitive” Indigenous peoples through technology in the form of education, modern medicine, industrial agriculture, and factory work. David Dalton takes a close look at how authors, artists, and thinkers—some state-funded, some independent—engaged with official views of Mexican racial identity from the 1920s to the 1970s. Dalton surveys essays, plays, novels, murals, and films that portray indigenous bodies being fused, or hybridized, with technology. He examines José Vasconcelos’s essay “The Cosmic Race” and the influence of its ideologies on mural artists such as Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco. He discusses the theme of introducing Amerindians to medical hygiene and immunizations in the films of Emilio “El Indio” Fernández. He analyzes the portrayal of indigenous monsters in the films of El Santo, as well as Carlos Olvera’s critique of postrevolutionary worldviews in the novel Mejicanos en el espacio. Incorporating the perspectives of posthumanism and cyborg studies, Dalton shows that technology played a key role in race formation in Mexico throughout the twentieth century. This cutting-edge study offers fascinating new insights into the culture of mestizaje, illuminating the attitudes that inform Mexican race relations in the present day. A volume in the series Reframing Media, Technology, and Culture in Latin/o America, edited by Hector Fernandez L'Hoeste and Juan Carlos Rodriguez

The Mestizo State

Download The Mestizo State PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 0816656363
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (166 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Mestizo State by : Joshua Lund

Download or read book The Mestizo State written by Joshua Lund and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The wide-ranging relations between race and cultural production in modern Mexico

Chicano Nations

Download Chicano Nations PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 0814752624
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (147 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Chicano Nations by : Marissa K. Lopez

Download or read book Chicano Nations written by Marissa K. Lopez and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2011-10-01 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Are Japanese women happy with their roles as wives and mothers, content to leave the stress of fourteen-hour days in offices and commuter trains to men? Or are they frustrated by the limitations of this traditional arrangement? Why are Japanese women actively discouraged from pursuing careers when they have one of the highest levels of education in the world? Will a new generation of women be able gain equality at home and at work? With elegant prose, noted biographer and critic Patricia Morley tackles these questions as she explores the daily lives and the hopes and aspirations of dynamic Japanese women. Based on hundreds of interviews, The Mountain is Moving looks at the many facets of women's lives, including education, marriage and child rearing, the workplace, eldercare, the political arena, and volunteerism. The interviews are complemented by readings of a diverse and compelling range of stories and novels by and about Japanese women.

Mestizo Modernism

Download Mestizo Modernism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rutgers University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780813532172
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (321 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mestizo Modernism by : Tace Hedrick

Download or read book Mestizo Modernism written by Tace Hedrick and published by Rutgers University Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on four key artists who represent Latin-American modernism: Cesar Vallejo; Gabriela Mistral; Diego Rivera; and Frida Kahlo, Tace Hendrick examines what being 'modern' and 'American' meant for them and illuminates the cultural contexts within which they worked.

The Disappearing Mestizo

Download The Disappearing Mestizo PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 0822376857
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (223 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Disappearing Mestizo by : Joanne Rappaport

Download or read book The Disappearing Mestizo written by Joanne Rappaport and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2014-03-19 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Much of the scholarship on difference in colonial Spanish America has been based on the "racial" categorizations of indigeneity, Africanness, and the eighteenth-century Mexican castas system. Adopting an alternative approach to the question of difference, Joanne Rappaport examines what it meant to be mestizo (of mixed parentage) in the early colonial era. She draws on lively vignettes culled from the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century archives of the New Kingdom of Granada (modern-day Colombia) to show that individuals classified as "mixed" were not members of coherent sociological groups. Rather, they slipped in and out of the mestizo category. Sometimes they were identified as mestizos, sometimes as Indians or Spaniards. In other instances, they identified themselves by attributes such as their status, the language that they spoke, or the place where they lived. The Disappearing Mestizo suggests that processes of identification in early colonial Spanish America were fluid and rooted in an epistemology entirely distinct from modern racial discourses.

Mestizo International Law

Download Mestizo International Law PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316194051
Total Pages : 591 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (161 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mestizo International Law by : Arnulf Becker Lorca

Download or read book Mestizo International Law written by Arnulf Becker Lorca and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-01-01 with total page 591 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of international law is conventionally understood as a history in which the main characters (states and international lawyers) and events (wars and peace conferences) are European. Arnulf Becker Lorca demonstrates how non-Western states and lawyers appropriated nineteenth-century classical thinking in order to defend new and better rules governing non-Western states' international relations. By internalizing the standard of civilization, for example, they argued for the abrogation of unequal treaties. These appropriations contributed to the globalization of international law. With the rise of modern legal thinking and a stronger international community governed by law, peripheral lawyers seized the opportunity and used the new discourse and institutions such as the League of Nations to dissolve the standard of civilization and codify non-intervention and self-determination. These stories suggest that the history of our contemporary international legal order is not purely European; instead they suggest a history of a mestizo international law.

Indians and Mestizos in the "Lettered City"

Download Indians and Mestizos in the

Author :
Publisher : University Press of Colorado
ISBN 13 : 1607320193
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (73 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Indians and Mestizos in the "Lettered City" by : Alcira Duenas

Download or read book Indians and Mestizos in the "Lettered City" written by Alcira Duenas and published by University Press of Colorado. This book was released on 2010-06-15 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through newly unearthed texts virtually unknown in Andean studies, Indians and Mestizos in the "Lettered City" highlights the Andean intellectual tradition of writing in their long-term struggle for social empowerment and questions the previous understanding of the "lettered city" as a privileged space populated solely by colonial elites. Rarely acknowledged in studies of resistance to colonial rule, these writings challenged colonial hierarchies and ethnic discrimination in attempts to redefine the Andean role in colonial society. Scholars have long assumed that Spanish rule remained largely undisputed in Peru between the 1570s and 1780s, but educated elite Indians and mestizos challenged the legitimacy of Spanish rule, criticized colonial injustice and exclusion, and articulated the ideas that would later be embraced in the Great Rebellion in 1781. Their movement extended across the Atlantic as the scholars visited the seat of the Spanish empire to negotiate with the king and his advisors for social reform, lobbied diverse networks of supporters in Madrid and Peru, and struggled for admission to religious orders, schools and universities, and positions in ecclesiastic and civil administration. Indians and Mestizos in the "Lettered City" explores how scholars contributed to social change and transformation of colonial culture through legal, cultural, and political activism, and how, ultimately, their significant colonial critiques and campaigns redefined colonial public life and discourse. It will be of interest to scholars and students of colonial history, colonial literature, Hispanic studies, and Latin American studies.

Indigenous Mestizos

Download Indigenous Mestizos PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780822324201
Total Pages : 430 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (242 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Indigenous Mestizos by : Marisol de la Cadena

Download or read book Indigenous Mestizos written by Marisol de la Cadena and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2000 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study of how Cuzco's indigenous people have transformed the terms "Indian" and "mestizo" from racial categories to social ones, thus creating a de-stigmatized version of Andean heritage.

Mestizo Genomics

Download Mestizo Genomics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Duke University Press Books
ISBN 13 : 9780822356486
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (564 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mestizo Genomics by : Peter Wade

Download or read book Mestizo Genomics written by Peter Wade and published by Duke University Press Books. This book was released on 2014-04-04 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In genetics laboratories in Latin America, scientists have been mapping the genomes of local populations, seeking to locate the genetic basis of complex diseases and to trace population histories. As part of their work, geneticists often calculate the European, African, and Amerindian genetic ancestry of populations. Some researchers explicitly connect their findings to questions of national identity and racial and ethnic difference, bringing their research to bear on issues of politics and identity. Drawing on ethnographic research in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico, the contributors to Mestizo Genomics explore how the concepts of race, ethnicity, nation, and gender enter into and are affected by genomic research. In Latin America, national identities are often based on ideas about mestizaje (race mixture), rather than racial division. Since mestizaje is said to involve relations between European men and indigenous or African women, gender is a key factor in Latin American genomics and in the analyses in this book. Also important are links between contemporary genomics and recent moves toward official multiculturalism in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico. One of the first studies of its kind, Mestizo Genomics sheds new light on the interrelations between "race," identity, and genomics in Latin America. Contributors. Adriana Díaz del Castillo H., Roosbelinda Cárdenas, Vivette García Deister, Verlan Valle Gaspar Neto, Michael Kent, Carlos López Beltrán, María Fernanda Olarte Sierra, Eduardo Restrepo, Mariana Rios Sandoval, Ernesto Schwartz-Marín, Ricardo Ventura Santos, Peter Wade

The Mestizo Mind

Download The Mestizo Mind PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136697330
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (366 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Mestizo Mind by : Serge Gruzinski

Download or read book The Mestizo Mind written by Serge Gruzinski and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-10-18 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mestizo: a person of mixed blood; specifically, a person of mixed European and American Indian ancestry. Serge Gruzinski, the renowned historian of Latin America, offers a brilliant, original critique of colonization and globalization in The Mestizo Mind. Looking at the fifteenth-century colonization of Latin America, Gruzinski documents the mélange that resulted: colonized mating with colonizers; Indians joining the Catholic Church and colonial government; and Amerindian visualizations of Jesus and Perseus. These physical and cultural encounters created a new culture, a new individual, and a phenomenon we now call globalization. Revealing globalization's early origins, Gruzinski then fast forwards to the contemporary mélange seen in the films of Peter Greenaway and Wong Kar-Wai to argue that over 500 years of intermingling has produced the mestizo mind, a state of mixed thinking that we all possess. A masterful alchemy of history, anthropology, philosophy and visual analysis, The Mestizo Mind definitively conceptualizes the clash of civilizations in the style of Homi Bhabha, Gayatri Spivak and Anne McClintock.

EL MESTIZO.

Download EL MESTIZO. PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781781086575
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (865 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis EL MESTIZO. by : ALAN. EZQUERRA HEBDEN (CARLOS.)

Download or read book EL MESTIZO. written by ALAN. EZQUERRA HEBDEN (CARLOS.) and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

A Companion to Latina/o Studies

Download A Companion to Latina/o Studies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470766026
Total Pages : 560 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (77 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Companion to Latina/o Studies by : Juan Flores

Download or read book A Companion to Latina/o Studies written by Juan Flores and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-02-09 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Companion to Latina/o Studies is a collection of 40 original essays written by leading scholars in the field, dedicated to exploring the question of what 'Latino/a' is. Brings together in one volume a diverse range of original essays by established and emerging scholars in the field of Latina/o Studies Offers a timely reference to the issues, topics, and approaches to the study of US Latinos - now the largest minority population in the United States Explores the depth of creative scholarship in this field, including theories of latinisimo, immigration, political and economic perspectives, education, race/class/gender and sexuality, language, and religion Considers areas of broader concern, including history, identity, public representations, cultural expression and racialization (including African and Native American heritage).

Mestizos Come Home!

Download Mestizos Come Home! PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806158069
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mestizos Come Home! by : Robert Con Davis-Undiano

Download or read book Mestizos Come Home! written by Robert Con Davis-Undiano and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2017-03-30 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Uruguayan writer Eduardo Galeano has described U.S. and Latin American culture as continually hobbled by amnesia—unable, or unwilling, to remember the influence of mestizos and indigenous populations. In Mestizos Come Home! author Robert Con Davis-Undiano documents the great awakening of Mexican American and Latino culture since the 1960s that has challenged this omission in collective memory. He maps a new awareness of the United States as intrinsically connected to the broader context of the Americas. At once native and new to the American Southwest, Mexican Americans have “come home” in a profound sense: they have reasserted their right to claim that land and U.S. culture as their own. Mestizos Come Home! explores key areas of change that Mexican Americans have brought to the United States. These areas include the recognition of mestizo identity, especially its historical development across the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; the re-emergence of indigenous relationships to land; and the promotion of Mesoamerican conceptions of the human body. Clarifying and bridging critical gaps in cultural history, Davis-Undiano considers important artifacts from the past and present, connecting the casta (caste) paintings of eighteenth-century Mexico to modern-day artists including John Valadez, Alma López, and Luis A. Jiménez Jr. He also examines such community celebrations as Day of the Dead, Cinco de Mayo, and lowrider car culture as examples of mestizo influence on mainstream American culture. Woven throughout is the search for meaning and understanding of mestizo identity. A large-scale landmark account of Mexican American culture, Mestizos Come Home! shows that mestizos are essential to U.S. national culture. As an argument for social justice and a renewal of America’s democratic ideals, this book marks a historic cultural homecoming.

Mestizo America

Download Mestizo America PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789589393871
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (938 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mestizo America by : William Ospina

Download or read book Mestizo America written by William Ospina and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mestizo America, the country of the future offers a general panorama of what it calls Our America, that is, Latin America as seen by one of its outstanding writers. It provides detailed analysis of its development, transformations, history and defining social forces. But it is also the evocation of a utopia, of the possibility of creating a supra-national society that ignores the restrictions of frontiers and, thanks to its millenary traditions, creates a common space with a privileged identity that may change the future of the continent. A shared heritage, historical links and a pat that creates solidarity among its nations are the keys to this visionary ideal. Original and wide-ranging, poetical yet scrupulously accurate, the book demonstrantes, with a wealth of detail, that the countries of Latin America have a common identity strong enough to redefine the destiny of the region, above all, because they share a profound and all-embracing culture whose influence is now being felt throughout the world. This culture couold be the basis for creating a coordinated and balanced economic community, a federated political body and a commonwealth of nations with a dynamic social interchange. The great challenge for the next century, argues the author, revolves around getting the continent to formulate and establish a political and economic order that is in harmony with the global trends of the modern world. And while the many provinces of Latin America should not lose sight of their peoples' roots and local cultures, the continent must also create optimum strategies for the development of its competitiveness, an indispensable condition for achieving prosperity in a world heading towards integration--an integration that not only requires institutional reforms but also a commitment to Latin American culture as a whole. This book approaches its subject matter from different angles but all of them converge on a single purpose: to create and strengthen our awareness of the possibilities of a Latin America that is mestizo, that is "ours." It does this through a rigorous and panoramic description of the history of Latin America which not only covers poltics and economics but also its natural setting and geography, literature and art, social and intellectual movements, ethnic groups and local traditions, as well as the achievements of its great men. From the multiple examples given by the author, it is easy to understand that the conditions which may lead to the unification of Latin America do exist and reflect its potential and wealth: there is a new awareness that its inhabitants belong to an authentic world. One of the key arguments, developed in the final chapter, is that any unification of Latin America must be based on an equilibrium between material prosperity and humanism, which, in turn, depends on obtaining a higher level of education and greater degree of democracy for its people, as well as a recognition of their innate dignity.