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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780158006185
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (61 download)
Download or read book Resiliency Scales for Adolescents written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Daniel H. Pink
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1101524383
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (15 download)
Download or read book Drive written by Daniel H. Pink and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2011-04-05 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The New York Times bestseller that gives readers a paradigm-shattering new way to think about motivation from the author of When: The Scientific Secrets of Perfect Timing Most people believe that the best way to motivate is with rewards like money—the carrot-and-stick approach. That's a mistake, says Daniel H. Pink (author of To Sell Is Human: The Surprising Truth About Motivating Others). In this provocative and persuasive new book, he asserts that the secret to high performance and satisfaction-at work, at school, and at home—is the deeply human need to direct our own lives, to learn and create new things, and to do better by ourselves and our world. Drawing on four decades of scientific research on human motivation, Pink exposes the mismatch between what science knows and what business does—and how that affects every aspect of life. He examines the three elements of true motivation—autonomy, mastery, and purpose-and offers smart and surprising techniques for putting these into action in a unique book that will change how we think and transform how we live.
Author : Edward L. Deci
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461344468
Total Pages : 325 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (613 download)
Download or read book Intrinsic Motivation written by Edward L. Deci and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As I begin to write this Preface, I feel a rush of excitement. I have now finished the book; my gestalt is coming into completion. Throughout the months that I have been writing this, I have, indeed, been intrinsically motivated. Now that it is finished I feel quite competent and self-determining (see Chapter 2). Whether or not those who read the book will perceive me that way is also a concern of mine (an extrinsic one), but it is a wholly separate issue from the intrinsic rewards I have been experiencing. This book presents a theoretical perspective. It reviews an enormous amount of research which establishes unequivocally that intrinsic motivation exists. Also considered herein are various approaches to the conceptualizing of intrinsic motivation. The book concentrates on the approach which has developed out of the work of Robert White (1959), namely, that intrinsically motivated behaviors are ones which a person engages in so that he may feel competent and self-determining in relation to his environment. The book then considers the development of intrinsic motiva tion, how behaviors are motivated intrinsically, how they relate to and how intrinsic motivation is extrinsically motivated behaviors, affected by extrinsic rewards and controls. It also considers how changes in intrinsic motivation relate to changes in attitudes, how people attribute motivation to each other, how the attribution process is motivated, and how the process of perceiving motivation (and other internal states) in oneself relates to perceiving them in others.
Author : Sandra Prince-Embury
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461449391
Total Pages : 357 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)
Download or read book Resilience in Children, Adolescents, and Adults written by Sandra Prince-Embury and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-11-06 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Resilience in Children, Adolescents, and Adults: Translating Research into Practice recognizes the growing need to strengthen the links between theory, assessment, interventions, and outcomes to give resilience a stronger empirical base, resulting in more effective interventions and strength-enhancing practice. This comprehensive volume clarifies core constructs of resilience and links these definitions to effective assessment. Leading researchers and clinicians examine effective scales, questionnaires, and other evaluative tools as well as instructive studies on cultural considerations in resilience, resilience in the context of disaster, and age-appropriate interventions. Key coverage addresses diverse approaches and applications in multiple areas across the lifespan. Among the subject areas covered are: - Perceived self-efficacy and its relationship to resilience. - Resilience and mental health promotion in the schools. - Resilience in childhood disorders. - Critical resources for recovering from stress. - Diversity, ecological, and lifespan issues in resilience. - Exploring resilience through the lens of core self-evaluation. Resilience in Children, Adolescents, and Adults is an important resource for researchers, clinicians and allied professionals, and graduate students in such fields as clinical child, school, and developmental psychology, child and adolescent psychiatry, education, counseling psychology, social work, and pediatrics.
Author : Updesh Kumar
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317355946
Total Pages : 520 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)
Download or read book The Routledge International Handbook of Psychosocial Resilience written by Updesh Kumar and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-08-05 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Psychological resilience has emerged as a highly significant area of research and practice in recent years, finding applications with a broad range of different groups in many settings. Contemporary discourse is not limited to ways of effective coping with adversity but also introduces mechanisms that can lead to enhanced capacity after dealing with difficult circumstances and recognises the importance of enriching the field with varied perspectives. The Routledge International Handbook of Psychosocial Resilience is a comprehensive compendium of writings of international contributors that takes stock of the state-of-the-art in resilience theory, research and practice. The Routledge International Handbook of Psychosocial Resilience covers the many different trajectories that resilience research has taken in four parts. Part One delineates the ‘Conceptual Arena’ by providing an overview of the current state of theory and research, exploring biological, psychological, and socio-ecological perspectives and discussing various theoretical models of personal and social resilience. The ‘Psychosocial Correlates’ of resilience are discussed further in Part Two, from personal and personality correlates, socio-environmental factors and the contextual and cultural conditions conducive to resilient behaviour. In Part Three, ‘Applied Evidences’ are introduced in order to build upon the theoretical foundations in the form of several case studies drawn from varied contexts. Examples of resilient behaviour range from post-disaster scenarios to special operation groups, orphaned children, and violent extremism. Finally, Part Four, ‘Proposed Implications and Resilience Building’, sums up the issues involved in discussing post-traumatic growth, wellbeing and positive adaptation in the varied contexts of personal, familial, organizational and societal resilience. The volume provides a comprehensive overview of resilience theory, practice and research across disciplines and cultures, from varied perspectives and different populations. It will be a key reference for psychiatrists, psychologists, psychotherapists and psychiatric social workers in practice and in training as well as researchers and students of psychology, sociology, human development, family studies and disaster management.
Author : Anastasiya A Lipnevich
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319286064
Total Pages : 413 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)
Download or read book Psychosocial Skills and School Systems in the 21st Century written by Anastasiya A Lipnevich and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-04-02 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview and in-depth analysis of research on psychosocial skills, examining both theory and areas of application. It discusses students’ psychosocial skills both as components of academic success and desired educational outcomes in grades K through 12. The book describes an organizing framework for psychosocial skills and examines a range of specific constructs that includes achievement, motivation, self-efficacy, creativity, emotional intelligence, resilience, and the need for cognition. In addition, it reviews specific school-based interventions and examines issues that concern the malleability of psychosocial skills. It addresses issues relating to the integration of psychosocial skills into school curriculum as well as large-scale assessment policies. Topics featured in this book include: Development of psychosocial skills in grades K-12. Assessment of psychosocial skills. Conscientiousness in education and its relation to meaningful educational outcomes. Creativity in schools, including theory, assessment, and interventions. Academic emotions and their regulation through emotional intelligence. Resilience and school-based programs aimed at enhancing it. Psychosocial Skills and School Systems in the 21st Century is a must-have resource for researchers, graduate students, clinicians, mental health professionals, and policymakers in child and school psychology, educational policy and politics, public health, social work, developmental psychology, and educational psychology.
Author : Sam Goldstein
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031147286
Total Pages : 594 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (311 download)
Download or read book Handbook of Resilience in Children written by Sam Goldstein and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-03-09 with total page 594 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The third edition of this handbook addresses not only the concept of resilience in children who overcome adversity, but it also explores the development of children not considered at risk addressing recent challenges as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. The new edition reviews the scientific literature that supports findings that stress-hardiness and resilience in all children leads to happier and healthier lives as well as improved functionality across the lifespan. In this edition, expert contributors examine resilience in relation to environmental stressors as phenomena in child and adolescent disorders and as a means toward positive adaptation into adulthood. The significantly expanded third edition includes new and significantly revised chapters that explore strategies for developing resilience in families, clinical practice, and educational settings as well as its nurturance in caregivers and teachers. Key areas of coverage include: Exploration of the four waves of resilience research. Resilience in gene-environment transactions. Resilience in boys and girls. Resilience in family processes. Asset building as an essential component of intervention. Assessment of social and emotional competencies related to resilience. Building resilience through school bullying prevention. Resilience in positive youth development. Enhancing resilience through effective thinking. The Handbook of Resilience in Children, Third Edition, is an essential reference for researchers, clinicians and allied practitioners, and graduate students across such interrelated disciplines as child and school psychology, social work, public health as well as developmental psychology, special and general education, child and adolescent psychiatry, family studies, and pediatrics.
Author : Dean Tjosvold
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139478664
Total Pages : 393 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)
Download or read book Power and Interdependence in Organizations written by Dean Tjosvold and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009-02-26 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Power is an inescapable feature of human existence. It plays a role in all social contexts and is particularly important in the functioning of organizations and work groups. Organizational researchers have certainly recognised the importance of power but have traditionally focused on its negative aspects. Yet power can also have very positive effects. Power and Interdependence in Organizations capitalizes on significant developments in social science over the past twenty years to show how managers and employees can manage power in order to make it a constructive force in organizations. Written by a team of international academics, the book explores both the positive and negative aspects of power, identifying opportunities and threats. It shows that harnessing the positive aspects of power, as well as controlling its more destructive effects, has the potential to revolutionise the way that organizations function, making them both more humane and productive.
Author : Sandra Prince-Embury
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1493905422
Total Pages : 481 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (939 download)
Download or read book Resilience Interventions for Youth in Diverse Populations written by Sandra Prince-Embury and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-05-09 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our uncertain times are hard enough for adults to navigate. For all too many young people—even many who appear to possess good coping skills—the challenges may seem overwhelming. More and more, resilience stands as an integral component in prevention programs geared to children and adolescents, whether at risk or not. Resilience Interventions for Youth in Diverse Populations details successful programs used with children and teens in a wide range of circumstances and conditions, both clinical and non-clinical. New strength-based models clarify the core aspects of resilience and translate them into positive social, health, educational, and emotional outcomes. Program descriptions and case examples cover diverse groups from homeless preschoolers to transgender youth to children with autism spectrum disorders, while interventions are carried out in settings as varied as the classroom and the clinic, the parent group and the playground. This unique collection of studies moves the field toward more consistent and developmentally appropriate application of the science of resilience building. Among the empirically supported programs featured: Promoting resilience in the foster care system. Developing social competence through a resilience model. Building resilience in young children the Sesame Street way. School-based intervention for resilience in ADHD. Girls Leading Outward: promoting resilience in at-risk middle school girls. Resiliency in youth who have been exposed to violence. Resilience Interventions for Youth in Diverse Populations is an essential resource for researchers, professionals/practitioners, and graduate students in clinical child and school psychology, social work, educational psychology, child and adolescent psychiatry, developmental psychology, and pediatrics.
Author : Marié P. Wissing
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400763689
Total Pages : 634 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)
Download or read book Well-Being Research in South Africa written by Marié P. Wissing and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first book to bring together examples of research in positive psychology / psychofortology conducted in the multi-cultural South African context with its diverse populations and settings. The volume reflects basic as well as applied well-being research in the multicultural South African context, as conducted in various contexts and with a variety of methods and foci. Theoretical, review, and empirical research contributions are made, reflecting positivist to constructivist approaches, and include quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method approaches. Some findings support universality assumptions, but others uncovered unique cultural patterns. Chapters report on well-being research conducted in the domains of education, work, health, and family, and in clinical, urban vs. rural, and unicultural vs. multicultural contexts. Studies span the well-being of adolescents, adults, and older people, and topics include resilience in individuals, families, and groups, measurement issues and coping processes, the role of personal and contextual variables, and facets such as hope, spirituality, self-regulation, and interventions.
Author : Richard M. Ryan
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0190666455
Total Pages : 561 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation written by Richard M. Ryan and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2019 with total page 561 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation, Second Edition contains contributions by the top psychologists and researchers within the field of motivation, covering the most influential theories, the cognitive, emotional and biological underpinnings of motivation, and applications to schools, organizations, health care, sport, psychotherapy, and relationships. These 28 chapters thus span the science of human motivation and offer an invaluable resource for both researchers and practitioners, as well as any student of human nature.
Author : Richard Ryan
Publisher : Guilford Publications
ISBN 13 : 1462538967
Total Pages : 770 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (625 download)
Download or read book Self-Determination Theory written by Richard Ryan and published by Guilford Publications. This book was released on 2018-11-06 with total page 770 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Among the most influential models in contemporary behavioral science, self-determination theory (SDT) offers a broad framework for understanding the factors that promote human motivation and psychological flourishing. In this authoritative work, SDT cofounders Richard M. Ryan and Edward L. Deci systematically review the theory's conceptual underpinnings, empirical evidence base, and practical applications across the lifespan. Ryan and Deci demonstrate that supporting people's basic needs for competence, relatedness, and autonomy is critically important for virtually all aspects of individual and societal functioning."--Jacket.
Author : Jia Zhou
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030220125
Total Pages : 591 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)
Download or read book Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population. Design for the Elderly and Technology Acceptance written by Jia Zhou and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-07-10 with total page 591 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This two-volume set LNCS 11592 and 11593 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population, ITAP 2019, held in July 2019 as part of HCI International 2019 in Orlando, FL, USA. HCII 2019 received a total of 5029 submissions, of which 1275 papers and 209 posters were accepted for publication after a careful reviewing process. The 86 papers presented in these two volumes are organized in topical sections named: Design with and for the Elderly, Aging and Technology Acceptance, Aging and the User Experience, Elderly-Specific Web Design, Aging and Social Media, Games and Exergames for the Elderly, Ambient Assisted Living, Aging, Motion, Cognition, Emotion and Learning.
Author : Gregory J. Boyle
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0123869587
Total Pages : 825 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (238 download)
Download or read book Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs written by Gregory J. Boyle and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-09-04 with total page 825 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs assists researchers and practitioners by identifying and reviewing the best scales/measures for a variety of constructs. Each chapter discusses test validity, reliability, and utility. Authors have focused on the most often used and cited scales/measures, with a particular emphasis on those published in recent years. Each scale is identified and described, the sample on which it was developed is summarized, and reliability and validity data are presented, followed by presentation of the scale, in full or in part, where such permission has been obtained. Measures fall into five broad groups. The emotional disposition section reviews measures of general affective tendencies, and/or cognitive dispositions closely linked to emotion. These measures include hope and optimism, anger and hostility, life satisfaction, self-esteem, confidence, and affect dimensions. Emotion regulation scales go beyond general dispositions to measure factors that may contribute to understanding and managing emotions. These measures include alexithymia, empathy, resiliency, coping, sensation seeking, and ability and trait emotional intelligence. The interpersonal styles section introduces some traditional social–psychological themes in the context of personality assessment. These measures include adult attachment, concerns with public image and social evaluation, and forgiveness. The vices and virtues section reflects adherence to moral standards as an individual characteristic shaped by sociocultural influences and personality. These measures include values and moral personality, religiosity, dark personalities (Machiavellianism,narcissism, and subclinical psychopathy), and perfectionism. The sociocultural interaction and conflict section addresses relationships between different groups and associated attitudes. These measures include cross-cultural values, personality and beliefs, intergroup contact, stereotyping and prejudice, attitudes towards sexual orientation, and personality across cultures. - Encompasses 25 different areas of psychology research - Each scale has validity, reliability info, info on test bias, etc - Multiple scales discussed for each construct - Discussion of which scales are appropriate in which circumstances and to what populations - Examples of scales included
Author : Elspeth McInnes
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004397574
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (43 download)
Download or read book Where To From Here? Examining Conflict-Related and Relational Interaction Trauma written by Elspeth McInnes and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2019-05-07 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work provides an inter-disciplinary exploration of the aftermath of trauma arising from social conflict and the wounds dealt through interpersonal relations of loss, abuse and torture. Contributing authors examine how individuals and societies come to terms with traumatic injuries and disruption. Disciplinary perspectives cross the boundaries of textual analysis, sociology and psychology to offer pathways of perception and recovery. From the conflicts in Rwanda and Lebanon to the ethical challenges of journalism and trauma, loss and dementia, domestic violence and child sexual abuse, as well as the contributions of literary texts to rendering conflict, this volume enables readers to find their own resonance with the rupture and recovery of trauma. Contributors are Kim M. Anderson, Lyn Barnes, Catherine Ann Collins, Fran S. Danis, Stefanie Dinkelbach, Lyda Eleftheriou, Kirsten Havig, Anka D. Mason, Elspeth McInnes, Joan Simalchik, Stephanie Tam and Rana Tayara.
Author : Nicholas Mag
Publisher : Nicholas Mag
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 784 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)
Download or read book Actual Utterances (1882 +) to Master Conversations, Approach Strangers and Be Confident in Casual Conversational Skills written by Nicholas Mag and published by Nicholas Mag. This book was released on with total page 784 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Miracle! In this book Nicholas presents you a practical, unique, subliminal, very simple, detailed method of how to Master Conversations, Approach Strangers and Be Confident in Casual Conversational Skills. You will feel the effects immediately and the results will appear very quickly! So it was in my case. You will not achieve fulfillment and happiness until YOU become the architect of your own reality. Imagine that with a few moments each day, you could begin the powerful transformation toward complete control of your own life and well being through this unique, subliminal method combined with positive affirmations. The order of words is extremely important for every book written by Nicholas. These are arranged to be traversed in a certain way so as to eliminate certain blockages in the human being, blockages that are bringing disease or failure on various plans. You don't need a big chunk of your time or expensive programs. Everything is extremely simple! Health, money, prosperity, abundance, safety, stability, sociability, charisma, sexual vitality, erotic attraction, will, optimism, perseverance, self-confidence, tenacity, courage, love, loving relationships, self-control, self-esteem, enthusiasm , refinement, intuition, detachment, intelligence, mental calm, power of concentration, exceptional memory, aspiration, transcendence, wisdom, compassion. You have the ability to unlock your full inner-potential and achieve your ultimate goals. This is the age-old secret of the financial elite, world class scholars, and Olympic champions. For example, when you watch the Olympics, you'll find one consistency in all of the champions. Each one closes their eyes for a moment and clearly affirms & visualizes themselves completing the event flawlessly just before starting. Then they win gold medals and become champions. That's merely one example of how the real power of mind can elevate you above any of life's challenges. By reading this book, you will feel totally that life deserves to be lived and enjoyed every moment and that everything that you propose for yourself becomes easy for you to fulfill. Nicholas will guide you to touch your longed-for dream and will make you see life from a new perspective, full of freshness and success. This book helps you step by step, in a natural way, in just 3 minutes a day, to change your misguided way of thinking and to Master Conversations, Approach Strangers and Be Confident in Casual Conversational Skills. (NOTE: For good, Nicholas keep the price of the book as lower as he can, even if is a hard work behind this project. A significant portion of the earnings from the sale of the book are used for these purposes: for charity, volunteer projects, nature restoration, and other inspired ideas to do good where it is needed. If you can not afford to buy the book please contact Nicholas and he will give you a free copy.) You, also have a bonus in the pages of the book that makes you live your success by doing a seemingly trivial thing. You will feel the difference. Yes. The Miracle is possible! Get Your Copy Now!
Author : Yasser Khazaal
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889454967
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (894 download)
Download or read book Computers and Games for Mental Health and Well-Being written by Yasser Khazaal and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-07-12 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent years have seen important developments in the computer and game industry, including the emergence of the concept of serious games. It is hypothesized that tools such as games, virtual reality, or applications for smartphones may foster learning, enhance motivation, promote behavioral change, support psychotherapy, favor empowerment, and improve some cognitive functions. Computers and games may create supports for training or help people with cognitive, emotional, or behavioral change. Games take various formats, from board games to informatics to games with interactive rules of play. Similarly, computer tools may vary widely in format, from self-help or assisted computerized training to virtual reality or applications for smartphones. Some tools that may be helpful for mental health were specifically designed for that goal, whereas others were not. Gamification of computer-related products and games with a numeric format tend to reduce the gap between games and computers tools and increase the conceptual synergy in such fields. Games and computer design share an opportunity for creativity and innovation to help create, specifically design, and assess preventive or therapeutic tools. Computers and games share a design conception that allows innovative approaches to overcome barriers of the real world by creating their own rules. Yet, despite the potential interest in such tools to improve treatment of mental disorders and to help prevent them, the field remains understudied and information is under-disseminated in clinical practice. Some studies have shown, however, that there is potential interest and acceptability of tools that support various vehicles, rationales, objectives, and formats. These tools include traditional games (e.g., chess games), popular electronic games, board games, computer-based interventions specifically designed for psychotherapy or cognitive training, virtual reality, apps for smartphones, and so forth. Computers and games may offer a true opportunity to develop, assess, and disseminate new prevention and treatment tools for mental health and well-being. Currently, there is a strong need for state-of-the-art information to answer questions such as the following: Why develop such tools for mental health and well-being? What are the potential additions to traditional treatments? What are the best strategies or formats to improve the possible impact of these tools? Are such tools useful as a first treatment step? What is the potential of a hybrid model of care that combines traditional approaches with games and/or computers as tools? What games and applications have already been designed and studied? What is the evidence from previous studies? How can such tools be successfully designed for mental health and well-being? What is rewarding or attractive for patients in using such treatments? What are the worldwide developments in the field? Are some protocols under development? What are the barriers and challenges related to such developments? How can these tools be assessed, and how can the way that they work, and for whom, be measured? Are the potential benefits of such products specific, or can these additions be attributed to nonspecific factors? What are the users’ views on such tools? What are the possible links between such tools and social networks? Is there a gap between evidence-based results and market development? Are there any quality challenges? What future developments and studies are needed in the field?
