Laboratory Study To Identify The Impact Of Fracture Design Parameters Over The Final Fracture Conductivity Using The Dynamic Fracture Conductivity Test Procedure

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Laboratory Study to Identify the Impact of Fracture Design Parameters Over the Final Fracture Conductivity Using the Dynamic Fracture Conductivity Test Procedure

Author : Andres Eduardo Pieve La Rosa
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (747 download)

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Book Synopsis Laboratory Study to Identify the Impact of Fracture Design Parameters Over the Final Fracture Conductivity Using the Dynamic Fracture Conductivity Test Procedure by : Andres Eduardo Pieve La Rosa

Download or read book Laboratory Study to Identify the Impact of Fracture Design Parameters Over the Final Fracture Conductivity Using the Dynamic Fracture Conductivity Test Procedure written by Andres Eduardo Pieve La Rosa and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This investigation carried out the analysis of fracture conductivity in a tight reservoir using laboratory experiments, by applying the procedure known as the dynamic fracture conductivity test. Considering the large number of experiments necessary to evaluate the effect of each parameter and the possible interaction of their combinations, the schedules of experiments were planned using a fractional factorial design. This design is used during the initial stage of studies to identify and discharge those factors that have little or no effect. Finally, the most important factors can then be studied in more detail during subsequent experiments. The objectives of this investigation were focused on identifying the effect of formation parameters such as closure stress, and temperature and fracture fluid parameters such as proppant loading over the final conductivity of a hydraulic fracture treatment. With the purpose of estimating the relation between fracture conductivity and the design parameters, two series of experiments were performed. The first set of experiments estimated the effects of the aliases parameters. The isolated effect of each independent parameter was obtained after the culmination of the second set of experiments. The preliminary test results indicated that the parameters with major negative effect over the final conductivity were closure stress and temperature. Some additional results show that proppant distribution had a considerable role over the final fracture conductivity when a low proppant concentration was used. Channels and void spaces in the proppant pack were detected on these cases improving the conductivity of the fracture, by creating paths of high permeability. It was observed that with experiments at temperatures around 250 degrees F, the unbroken gel dried up creating permeable scales that resulted in a significant loss in conductivity. The results of this investigation demonstrated that dynamic fracture conductivity test procedure is an excellent tool to more accurately represent the effects of design parameters over the fracture conductivity. These results are also the first step in the development of a statistical model that can be used to predict dynamic fracture conductivity.

Experimental Investigation of Propped Fracture Conductivity in Tight Gas Reservoirs Using The Dynamic Conductivity Test

Author : Jose Domingo Romero Lugo
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (865 download)

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Book Synopsis Experimental Investigation of Propped Fracture Conductivity in Tight Gas Reservoirs Using The Dynamic Conductivity Test by : Jose Domingo Romero Lugo

Download or read book Experimental Investigation of Propped Fracture Conductivity in Tight Gas Reservoirs Using The Dynamic Conductivity Test written by Jose Domingo Romero Lugo and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydraulic Fracturing stimulation technology is used to increase the amount of oil and gas produced from low permeability reservoirs. The primary objective of the process is to increase the conductivity of the reservoir by the creation of fractures deep into the formation, changing the flow pattern from radial to linear flow. The dynamic conductivity test was used for this research to evaluate the effect of closure stress, temperature, proppant concentration, and flow back rates on fracture conductivity. The objective of performing a dynamic conductivity test is to be able to mimic actual field conditions by pumping fracturing fluid/proppant slurry fluid into a conductivity cell, and applying closure stress afterwards. In addition, a factorial design was implemented in order to determine the main effect of each of the investigated factors and to minimize the number of experimental runs. Due to the stochastic nature of the dynamic conductivity test, each experiment was repeated several times to evaluate the consistency of the results. Experimental results indicate that the increase in closure stress has a detrimental effect on fracture conductivity. This effect can be attributed to the reduction in fracture width as closure stress was increased. Moreover, the formation of channels at low proppant concentration plays a significant role in determining the final conductivity of a fracture. The presence of these channels created an additional flow path for nitrogen, resulting in a significant increase in the conductivity of the fracture. In addition, experiments performed at high temperatures and stresses exhibited a reduction in fracture conductivity. The formation of a polymer cake due to unbroken gel dried up at high temperatures further impeded the propped conductivity. The effect of nitrogen rate was observed to be inversely proportional to fracture conductivity. The significant reduction in fracture conductivity could possibly be due to the effect of polymer dehydration at higher flow rates and temperatures. However, there is no certainty from experimental results that this conductivity reduction is an effect that occurs in real fractures or whether it is an effect that is only significant in laboratory conditions. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148364

Development, Setup and Testing of a Dynamic Hydraulic Fracture Conductivity Apparatus

Author : Potcharaporn Pongthunya
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (69 download)

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Book Synopsis Development, Setup and Testing of a Dynamic Hydraulic Fracture Conductivity Apparatus by : Potcharaporn Pongthunya

Download or read book Development, Setup and Testing of a Dynamic Hydraulic Fracture Conductivity Apparatus written by Potcharaporn Pongthunya and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the most critical parameters in the success of a hydraulic fracturing treatment is to have sufficiently high fracture conductivity. Unbroken polymers can cause permeability impairment in the proppant pack and/or in the matrix along the fracture face. The objectives of this research project were to design and set up an experimental apparatus for dynamic fracture conductivity testing and to create a fracture conductivity test workflow standard. This entirely new dynamic fracture conductivity measurement will be used to perform extensive experiments to study fracturing fluid cleanup characteristics and investigate damage resulting from unbroken polymer gel in the proppant pack. The dynamic fracture conductivity experiment comprises two parts: pumping fracturing fluid into the cell and measuring proppant pack conductivity. I carefully designed the hydraulic fracturing laboratory to provide appropriate scaling of the field conditions experimentally. The specifications for each apparatus were carefully considered with flexibility for further studies and the capability of each apparatus was defined. I generated comprehensive experimental procedures for each experiment stage. By following the procedure, the experiment can run smoothly. Most of dry runs and experiments performed with sandstone were successful.

Investigation of the Effect of Gel Residue on Hydraulic Fracture Conductivity Using Dynamic Fracture Conductivity Test

Author : Fivman Marpaung
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (37 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigation of the Effect of Gel Residue on Hydraulic Fracture Conductivity Using Dynamic Fracture Conductivity Test by : Fivman Marpaung

Download or read book Investigation of the Effect of Gel Residue on Hydraulic Fracture Conductivity Using Dynamic Fracture Conductivity Test written by Fivman Marpaung and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The key to producing gas from tight gas reservoirs is to create a long, highly conductive flow path, via the placement of a hydraulic fracture, to stimulate flow from the reservoir to the wellbore. Viscous fluid is used to transport proppant into the fracture. However, these same viscous fluids need to break to a thin fluid after the treatment is over so that the fracture fluid can be cleaned up. In shallower, lower temperature (less than 250°F) reservoirs, the choice of a fracture fluid is very critical to the success of the treatment. Current hydraulic fracturing methods in unconventional tight gas reservoirs have been developed largely through ad-hoc application of low-cost water fracs, with little optimization of the process. It seems clear that some of the standard tests and models are missing some of the physics of the fracturing process in low-permeability environments. A series of the extensive laboratory "dynamic fracture conductivity" tests have been conducted. Dynamic fracture conductivity is created when proppant slurry is pumped into a hydraulic fracture in low permeability rock. Unlike conventional fracture conductivity tests in which proppant is loaded into the fracture artificially, we pump proppant/ fracturing fluid slurries into a fracture cell, dynamically placing the proppant just as it occurs in the field. Test results indicate that increasing gel concentration decreases retained fracture conductivity for a constant gas flow rate and decreasing gas flow rate decreases retained fracture conductivity. Without breaker, the damaging effect of viscous hydraulic fracturing fluids on the conductivity of proppant packs is significant at temperature of 150°F. Static conductivity testing results in higher retained fracture conductivity when compared to dynamic conductivity testing.

Evaluation and Effect of Fracturing Fluids on Fracture Conductivity in Tight Gas Reservoirs Using Dynamic Fracture Conductivity Test

Download Evaluation and Effect of Fracturing Fluids on Fracture Conductivity in Tight Gas Reservoirs Using Dynamic Fracture Conductivity Test PDF Online Free

Author : Juan Correa Castro
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (747 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluation and Effect of Fracturing Fluids on Fracture Conductivity in Tight Gas Reservoirs Using Dynamic Fracture Conductivity Test by : Juan Correa Castro

Download or read book Evaluation and Effect of Fracturing Fluids on Fracture Conductivity in Tight Gas Reservoirs Using Dynamic Fracture Conductivity Test written by Juan Correa Castro and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unconventional gas has become an important resource to help meet our future energy demands. Although plentiful, it is difficult to produce this resource, when locked in a massive sedimentary formation. Among all unconventional gas resources, tight gas sands represent a big fraction and are often characterized by very low porosity and permeability associated with their producing formations, resulting in extremely low production rate. The low flow properties and the recovery factors of these sands make necessary continuous efforts to reduce costs and improve efficiency in all aspects of drilling, completion and production techniques. Many of the recent improvements have been in well completions and hydraulic fracturing. Thus, the main goal of a hydraulic fracture is to create a long, highly conductive fracture to facilitate the gas flow from the reservoir to the wellbore to obtain commercial production rates. Fracture conductivity depends on several factors, such as like the damage created by the gel during the treatment and the gel clean-up after the treatment. This research is focused on predicting more accurately the fracture conductivity, the gel damage created in fractures, and the fracture cleanup after a hydraulic fracture treatment under certain pressure and temperature conditions. Parameters that alter fracture conductivity, such as polymer concentration, breaker concentration and gas flow rate, are also examined in this study. A series of experiments, using a procedure of "dynamical fracture conductivity test," were carried out. This procedure simulates the proppant/frac fluid slurries flow into the fractures in a low-permeability rock, as it occurs in the field, using different combinations of polymer and breaker concentrations under reservoirs conditions. The result of this study provides the basis to optimize the fracturing fluids and the polymer loading at different reservoir conditions, which may result in a clean and conductive fracture. Success in improving this process will help to decrease capital expenditures and increase the production in unconventional tight gas reservoirs.

Dynamic Fracture Conductivity --An Experimental Investigation Based on Factorial Analysis

Author : Obadare O Awoleke
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (869 download)

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Book Synopsis Dynamic Fracture Conductivity --An Experimental Investigation Based on Factorial Analysis by : Obadare O Awoleke

Download or read book Dynamic Fracture Conductivity --An Experimental Investigation Based on Factorial Analysis written by Obadare O Awoleke and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work is about fracture conductivity; how to measure and model it based on experimental data. It is also about how to determine the relative importance of the factors that affect its magnitude and how to predict its magnitude based on these factors. We dynamically placed the slurry hereby simulating the slurry placement procedure in a field-scale fracture. We also used factorial and fractional factorial designs as the basis of our experimental investigation. The analysis and interpretation of experimental results take into account the stochastic nature of the process. We found that the relative importance of the investigated factors is dependent on the presence of outliers and how they are handled. Based on our investigation we concluded that the investigated factors arranged in order of decreasing impact on conductivity are: closure stress, polymer loading, flow back rate, presence of breaker, temperature and proppant concentration. In particular, we find that at high temperatures, fracture conductivity was severely reduced due to the formation of a dense proppant-polymer cake. Also, dehydration of the residual gel in the fracture at high flow back rates appears to cause severe damage to conductivity at higher temperatures. This represents a new way of thinking about the fracture cleanup process; not only as a displacement process, but also as a displacement and evaporative process. In engineering practice, this implies that aggressive flow back schemes are not necessarily beneficial for conductivity development. Also, we find that at low proppant concentrations, there is the increased likelihood of the formation of channels and high porosity fractures resulting in high fracture conductivities. The uniqueness of this work is a focus on the development of a conductivity model using regression analysis and also the illustration of a procedure that can be used to develop a conductivity model using dimensional analysis. We reviewed both methodologies and applied them to the challenge of modeling fracture conductivity from experimental studies. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/149287

Fossil Energy Update

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 842 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Fossil Energy Update by :

Download or read book Fossil Energy Update written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 842 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Effects of Initial Condition of Fracture Surfaces, Acid Spending, and Type on Conductivity of Acid Fracture

Author : Ali Mansour A. Almomen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 92 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (874 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effects of Initial Condition of Fracture Surfaces, Acid Spending, and Type on Conductivity of Acid Fracture by : Ali Mansour A. Almomen

Download or read book The Effects of Initial Condition of Fracture Surfaces, Acid Spending, and Type on Conductivity of Acid Fracture written by Ali Mansour A. Almomen and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fracture conductivity and the effects of treatment variables can be studied in the laboratory. We conducted experiments based on scaling down the field conditions to laboratory scale by matching Reynold's and Peclet numbers. Experiments conducted were comprised of three stages: dynamic etching, surface characterization of etched cores, and conductivity measurement. The effect of initial condition of fracture surfaces on the etching pattern and conductivity were investigated in this study. Another area of interest is the variation of conductivity along the fracture due to acid spending. We also investigated the contact time, acid system type, and treatment temperature effects on conductivity using San Andres dolomite cores. The results from these studies showed that rough-surface fractures generate higher conductivity by an order of magnitude compared with a smooth-surface fracture at low-closure stress. Also, conductivity generated on rough-surface fractures by smoothing peaks and deepening valleys which widen the gap between the fracture surfaces after closure and acid creates conductivity on smooth-surface fractures by differential etching that creates asperities. The results suggest that an increase in acid spending does not automatically result in lower conductivity; and etched volume alone is not adequate to predicate the conductivity. Conductivity results from a combination of etching pattern, etched volume, and rock compressive strength after etching. In-situ crosslinked acid was found to be more effective in etching rock and controlling acid leakoff compared with linear-gelled acid. Also, crosslinked acid reduces the number of pits and the pit diameters. Based on conductivity tests, linear-gelled acid is more favorable at higher temperatures while in-situ crosslinked acid showed higher conductivity at lower temperatures. For a rough-surface fracture, shorter contact time created high conductivity compared to longer contact while injecting the same volume of acid, suggesting the existence of an optimum contact time. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/151186

Rock Fractures and Fluid Flow

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309049962
Total Pages : 568 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Rock Fractures and Fluid Flow by : National Research Council

Download or read book Rock Fractures and Fluid Flow written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-08-27 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientific understanding of fluid flow in rock fracturesâ€"a process underlying contemporary earth science problems from the search for petroleum to the controversy over nuclear waste storageâ€"has grown significantly in the past 20 years. This volume presents a comprehensive report on the state of the field, with an interdisciplinary viewpoint, case studies of fracture sites, illustrations, conclusions, and research recommendations. The book addresses these questions: How can fractures that are significant hydraulic conductors be identified, located, and characterized? How do flow and transport occur in fracture systems? How can changes in fracture systems be predicted and controlled? Among other topics, the committee provides a geomechanical understanding of fracture formation, reviews methods for detecting subsurface fractures, and looks at the use of hydraulic and tracer tests to investigate fluid flow. The volume examines the state of conceptual and mathematical modeling, and it provides a useful framework for understanding the complexity of fracture changes that occur during fluid pumping and other engineering practices. With a practical and multidisciplinary outlook, this volume will be welcomed by geologists, petroleum geologists, geoengineers, geophysicists, hydrologists, researchers, educators and students in these fields, and public officials involved in geological projects.

Meta-analysis of Hydraulic Fracture Conductivity Data

Author : Mohammed Rashnur Rahman
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Meta-analysis of Hydraulic Fracture Conductivity Data by : Mohammed Rashnur Rahman

Download or read book Meta-analysis of Hydraulic Fracture Conductivity Data written by Mohammed Rashnur Rahman and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Previous empirical models of propped fracture conductivity are based either on data sourced from single investigations or on data not in the public domain. In this work, statistically rigorous models of propped fracture conductivity are developed using a database of fracture conductivity experiments reported in technical literature over the last 40 years. The database contains the results from about 2700 experimental runs. Propped fracture conductivity is the dependent variable and proppant types, mesh size, proppant concentration, formation hardness, closure stress, formation temperature, and polymer concentration are the independent variables. The mother database is partitioned into subsets; that is different databases with each daughter database having complete information in relation to the dependent and independent variables. As a result, the number of independent variables included in the daughter databases varied from three to six. Seventy percent of the data was used to develop the models while 30% of the data was used to validate them. First, fixed effect models were developed using regression analysis. Afterwards, three, four and five factor models were compared for two types of proppant: sand and ceramic proppant. The five factor model appeared to be the most prominent one. The analysis was further carried out using five factors of these two types of proppant. Mixed effect modeling was employed because of the disparate sources of the data and also the temporal diversity of the dataset. The mixed effect model appeared to be the better than the fixed effect model while compared the error terms. Also, because the mother database contained some missing values, two statistical imputation approaches were employed to predict the missing values which are categorical imputation and multiple imputation using chained equations. Imputations are employed because it is speculated that a model developed using a large number of data points should provide better predictions. Generally, the mean squared error (MSE) is less in the mixed effect model for sand and in the categorical imputation model for ceramic proppant. But, to be more precise on the performance of the models, model predictions were compared with an existing propped fracture conductivity model and different case histories published in literature. Subsequently, the models of this research can be arranged in order of predictive performance: multiple imputation model, mixed effect model, fixed effect/categorical imputation model. The results also indicate that mesh size, closure stress, formation hardness, and proppant concentration significantly affect fracture conductivity from a statistical point of view. Formation temperature and polymer concentration affect conductivity negatively but they were not statistically significant. Engineers will have access to a propped fracture conductivity database based on experiments reported over the past 40 years in technical literature. Engineers can use the models developed based on this database to generate statistical distributions of propped fracture conductivity for a variety of proppant characteristics and formation conditions. The models presented here are based on data from experimental investigations in different laboratories thereby reducing the bias that may be present in single laboratory investigations.

Laboratory-scale Fracture Conductivity Created by Acid Etching

Author : Maysam Pournik
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis Laboratory-scale Fracture Conductivity Created by Acid Etching by : Maysam Pournik

Download or read book Laboratory-scale Fracture Conductivity Created by Acid Etching written by Maysam Pournik and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Success of acid fracturing treatment depends greatly on the created conductivity under closure stress. In order to have sufficient conductivity, the fracture face must be non-uniformly etched while the fracture strength maintained to withstand the closure stress. While there have been several experimental studies conducted on acid fracturing, most of these have not scaled experiments to field conditions and did not account for the effect of rock weakening and etching pattern. Hence, acid fracture conductivity predictions based on the above works have not been able to match actual results. In order to develop a more appropriate and accurate prediction of acid fracturing treatment outcome, a laboratory facility was developed that is properly scaled to field conditions and enables analysis of etching pattern and rock strength. A systematic experimental study that covered a variety of formations, acid types, and acid contact times was conducted. An acid fracture conductivity correlation was developed based on etched volume, etched pattern, and fracture strength under closure stress. Results suggested that there is an optimal time of acid exposure resulting in maximum fracture conductivity. There were large differences in the conductivity created with the different acid systems tested due to different etching patterns and degree of rock strength weakening. There was an optimal acid system depending on formation type, contact time and overburden stress. The acid fracture conductivities measured did not agree with the predictions of the Nierode-Kruk correlation. The newly developed correlation predicts conductivity much closer as it includes the effect of rock strength and surface etching pattern on resulting conductivity.

Acid Fracture and Fracture Conductivity Study of Field Rock Samples

Author : Jarrod Thomas Underwood
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (881 download)

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Book Synopsis Acid Fracture and Fracture Conductivity Study of Field Rock Samples by : Jarrod Thomas Underwood

Download or read book Acid Fracture and Fracture Conductivity Study of Field Rock Samples written by Jarrod Thomas Underwood and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acid fracturing is a well stimulation strategy designed to increase the productivity of a producing well. The parameters of acid fracturing and the effects of acid interaction on specific rock samples can be studied experimentally. Acid injection data and fracture conductivity measurements obtained in the research presented in this thesis yielded results that qualified and quantified the impact of a specific acid system on rock samples of varying acid solubility. Six rock samples from a carbonate reservoir were labeled A through F to protect proprietary information included in this research. A 2% potassium chloride solution was used for the acid system and fracture conductivity measurements to prevent clay swelling. Injection temperature, contact time, and injection rate were designed to simulate field treatment conditions. The effects of a chelating agent on fracture conductivity were also studied. Before and after images of the rock samples indicated that the effect of 15% hydrochloric acid on the samples was limited but correlated with the rock acid solubility. Samples E and F had a greater value of acid solubility and showed noticeable surface etching. Samples A, B, and C had lower values of acid solubility and did not show signs of surface etching. Sample D was of moderate acid solubility and showed minimal signs of surface etching. Fracture conductivity did not correlate directly with acid solubility, but likely was a function of inherent matrix permeability based on leak-off measurements and fracture conductivity measurements. Finally, the fracture conductivity of Sample D increased after exposure to a chelating agent. Commonly, acid fracture experimental studies are carried out with outcrop rock samples. The samples have more homogenous properties and without hydrocarbon content. In this study, cores from downhole formation were used. The original condition was preserved as much as possible to simulate real field situations. However, using field rock samples does present challenges not generally associated with outcrop rock samples. Based on the information gathered from the work presented in this thesis, conclusions were drawn concerning the effectiveness of a 15% hydrochloric acid treatment in this formation and the challenges of using field rock samples. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/151691

Energy Research Abstracts

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 486 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Research Abstracts by :

Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1994-11 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Effects of Fracture Orientation and Anisotropy on Hydraulic Fracture Conductivity in the Marcellus Shale

Author : Mark John McGinley
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (942 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effects of Fracture Orientation and Anisotropy on Hydraulic Fracture Conductivity in the Marcellus Shale by : Mark John McGinley

Download or read book The Effects of Fracture Orientation and Anisotropy on Hydraulic Fracture Conductivity in the Marcellus Shale written by Mark John McGinley and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Production of hydrocarbons from low-permeability shale reservoirs has become economically feasible thanks in part to advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Together, these two techniques help to create a network of highly-permeable fractures, which act as fluid conduits from the reservoir to the wellbore. The efficacy of a fracturing treatment can best be determined through fracture conductivity analysis. Fracture conductivity is defined as the product of fracture permeability and fracture width, and describes both how much and how easily fluid can flow through fractures. It is therefore directly related to well performance. The goal of this work is to explore fracture conductivity of Marcellus shale samples fractured in both horizontal and vertical orientations. The Marcellus shale, located primarily in Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, New York, and Maryland, is the largest gas-bearing shale formation in North America, and its development has significant implications on regional economies, the northeast United States' energy infrastructure, and the availability of petrochemical plant feedstock. In this work, a series of experiments was conducted to determine the propped fracture conductivity of 23 different samples from Elimsport and Allenwood, Pennsylvania. Before conductivity measurements were taken, the pedigree of samples was verified through XRD analysis, elastic rock properties were measured and compared against literature values, and fracture surface contours were mapped and measured. Fracture conductivity of both horizontally and vertically-fracture samples was determined by measuring the pressure drop of nitrogen gas through a modified API conductivity cell. Results show that fracture conductivity varies as a function of fracture orientation only when anisotropy of the rock's mechanical properties is pronounced. It is hypothesized that the anisotropy of Young's Modulus and Poisson's Ratio play a significant role in fracture mechanics, and therefore in the width of hydraulically-induced fractures. Ultimately, the experiments conducted as part of this work show that fracture conductivity trends are strongly tied to both proppant concentration and the rock's mechanical properties. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/155300

Evaluation of the Relationship Between Fracture Conductivity, Fracture Fluid Production, and Effective Fracture Length

Author : Elyezer P. Lolon
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (796 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluation of the Relationship Between Fracture Conductivity, Fracture Fluid Production, and Effective Fracture Length by : Elyezer P. Lolon

Download or read book Evaluation of the Relationship Between Fracture Conductivity, Fracture Fluid Production, and Effective Fracture Length written by Elyezer P. Lolon and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Low-permeability gas wells often produce less than predicted after a fracture treatment. One of the reasons for this is that fracture lengths calculated after stimulation are often less than designed lengths. While actual fracture lengths may be shorter due to fracture growth out of zone, improper proppant settling, or proppant flowback, short calculated fracture lengths can also result from incorrect analysis techniques. It is known that fracturing fluid that remains in the fracture and formation after a hydraulic fracture treatment can decrease the productivity of a gas well by reducing the relative permeability to gas in the region invaded by this fluid. However, the relationships between fracture fluid cleanup, effective fracture length, and well productivity are not fully understood. In this work I used reservoir simulation to determine the relationship between fracture conductivity, fracture fluid production, effective fracture length, and well productivity. I simulated water saturation and pressure profiles around a propped fracture, tracked gas production along the length of the propped fracture, and quantified the effective fracture length (i.e., the fracture length under single-phase flow conditions that gives similar performance as for multiphase flow conditions), the "cleanup" fracture length (i.e., the fracture length corresponding to 90% cumulative gas flow rate into the fracture), and the"apparent" fracture length (i.e., the fracture length where the ratio of multiphase to single-phase gas entry rate profiles is unity). This study shows that the proppant pack is generally cleaned up and the cleanup lengths are close to designed lengths in relatively short times. Although gas is entering along entire fracture, fracturing fluid remains in the formation near the fracture. The water saturation distribution affects the gas entry rate profile, which determines the effective fracture length. Subtle changes in the gas rate entry profile can result in significant changes in effective fracture length. The results I derived from this work are consistent with prior work, namely that greater fracture conductivity results in more effective well cleanup and longer effective fracture lengths versus time. This study provides better explanation of mechanisms that affect fracturing fluid cleanup, effective fracture length, and well productivity than previous work.

Petroleum Abstracts

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1752 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Petroleum Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 1752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Experimental Study of the Effect of Stress and Fluid Sensitivity on Propped and Un-propped Fracture Conductivity in Preserved Reservoir Shale

Download Experimental Study of the Effect of Stress and Fluid Sensitivity on Propped and Un-propped Fracture Conductivity in Preserved Reservoir Shale PDF Online Free

Author : Pratik Kakkar
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Experimental Study of the Effect of Stress and Fluid Sensitivity on Propped and Un-propped Fracture Conductivity in Preserved Reservoir Shale by : Pratik Kakkar

Download or read book Experimental Study of the Effect of Stress and Fluid Sensitivity on Propped and Un-propped Fracture Conductivity in Preserved Reservoir Shale written by Pratik Kakkar and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A good amount of work has been done on analyzing the effect of stress and fluid sensitivity on fracture conductivity in sandstones. This thesis tries to answer similar questions with regard to shale formations. Shales are very sensitive to aqueous fluids and their mechanical properties change when exposed to it. This mechanical property change in shale is mainly caused due to clay swelling. Some of the previous researchers working on shale fluid sensitivity failed to use preserved reservoir cores for their experiments and allowed them to dry out. This study has been conducted on preserved Utica and Eagle Ford core samples. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of effective stress on propped and un-propped fracture conductivity. These experiments were conducted at reservoir temperature and pressure conditions to mimic field conditions. Different fluids were flowed through the fracture to compare the effect of different fluids on fracture conductivity. To prevent clay swelling various clay stabilizers are used in the field during drilling and fracturing operations. Experiments were conducted to test the effectiveness of different clay stabilizers in preventing fracture conductivity reduction. Some of the clay stabilizers were more effective than others but all of them were unable to prevent fracture conductivity reduction when fracture was flowed with a high pH fluid.