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Immigration Offshoring And American Jobs
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Book Synopsis Immigration, Offshoring and American Jobs by : Gianmarco I. P. Ottaviano
Download or read book Immigration, Offshoring and American Jobs written by Gianmarco I. P. Ottaviano and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: How many "American jobs" have U.S.-born workers lost due to immigration and offshoring? Or, alternatively, is it possible that immigration and offshoring, by promoting cost-savings and enhanced efficiency in firms, have spurred the creation of jobs for U.S. natives? We consider a multi-sector version of the Grossman and Rossi-Hansberg (2008) model with a continuum of tasks in each sector and we augment it to include immigrants with heterogeneous productivity in tasks. We use this model to jointly analyze the impact of a reduction in the costs of offshoring and of the costs of immigrating to the U.S. The model predicts that while cheaper offshoring reduces the share of natives among less skilled workers, cheaper immigration does not, but rather reduces the share of offshored jobs instead. Moreover, since both phenomena have a positive "cost-savings" effect they may leave unaffected, or even increase, total native employment of less skilled workers. Our model also predicts that offshoring will push natives toward jobs that are more intensive in communication-interactive skills and away from those that are manual and routine intensive. We test the predictions of the model on data for 58 U.S. manufacturing industries over the period 2000-2007 and find evidence in favor of a positive productivity effect such that immigration has a positive net effect on native employment while offshoring has no effect on it. We also find some evidence that offshoring has pushed natives toward more communication-intensive tasks while it has pushed immigrants away from them
Book Synopsis The Gift of Global Talent by : William R. Kerr
Download or read book The Gift of Global Talent written by William R. Kerr and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2018-10-02 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global race for talent is on, with countries and businesses competing for the best and brightest. Talented individuals migrate much more frequently than the general population, and the United States has received exceptional inflows of human capital. This foreign talent has transformed U.S. science and engineering, reshaped the economy, and influenced society at large. But America is bogged down in thorny debates on immigration policy, and the world around the United States is rapidly catching up, especially China and India. The future is quite uncertain, and the global talent puzzle deserves close examination. To do this, William R. Kerr uniquely combines insights and lessons from business practice, government policy, and individual decision making. Examining popular ideas that have taken hold and synthesizing rigorous research across fields such as entrepreneurship and innovation, regional advantage, and economic policy, Kerr gives voice to data and ideas that should drive the next wave of policy and business practice. The Gift of Global Talent deftly transports readers from joyous celebrations at the Nobel Prize ceremony to angry airport protests against the Trump administration's travel ban. It explores why talented migration drives the knowledge economy, describes how universities and firms govern skilled admissions, explains the controversies of the H-1B visa used by firms like Google and Apple, and discusses the economic inequalities and superstar firms that global talent flows produce. The United States has been the steward of a global gift, and this book explains the huge leadership decision it now faces and how it can become even more competitive for attracting tomorrow's talent. Please visit www.hbs.edu/managing-the-future-of-work/research/Pages/default.aspx to learn more about the book.
Book Synopsis Up 2 Cents a Share Down 8 Million Jobs by : Dan Geoffrey
Download or read book Up 2 Cents a Share Down 8 Million Jobs written by Dan Geoffrey and published by iUniverse. This book was released on 2004-09 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the recession (1999-2004), the United States allowed a million people to enter the country to fill highly skilled positions for which, it was said, no skilled American workers could be found. These positions included motel managers, teachers, even an assistant women's volleyball coach! With over 8 million American citizens looking for work, employers felt that they had to go outside the United States to find workers with the skills and qualifications to fill these and dozens of other positions. Did you know that if someone is caught trying to enter the United States with a phony or stolen passport, the passport is returned to that person, who is then released? In Up 2 Cents a Share Down 8 Million Jobs, Dan Geoffrey takes you along on his journey of discovery to learn how immigration has affected not only our nation's jobs, but also our national security.
Download or read book Outsourcing America written by Ron Hira and published by AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. This book was released on 2008-04-30 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the most controversial topics in the news is the outsourcing of American jobs to other countries. Outsourced jobs have extended well beyond the manufacturing sector to include white-collar professionals, particularly in information technology, financial services, and customer service. Outsourcing America reveals just how much outsourcing is taking place, what its impact has been and will continue to be, and what can be done about the loss of jobs. More than an exposé, Outsourcing America shows how offshoring is part of the historical economic shift toward globalism and free trade, and demonstrates its impact on individual lives and communities. In addition, the book now features a new chapter on immigration policies and outsourcing, and advice on how individuals can avoid becoming victims of outsourcing. The authors discuss policies that countries like India and China use to attract U.S. industries, and they offer frank recommendations that business and political leaders must consider in order to confront this crisis—and bring more high-paying jobs back to the U.S.A.
Book Synopsis Offshoring, Low-Skilled Immigration, and Labor Market Polarization by : Federico Mandelman
Download or read book Offshoring, Low-Skilled Immigration, and Labor Market Polarization written by Federico Mandelman and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last three decades, the U.S. labor market has been characterized by its employment polarization. As jobs in the middle of the skill distribution have shrunk, employment has expanded in high- and low-skill occupations. Real wages have not followed the same pattern. While earnings for high-skill occupations have risen robustly, wages for both low- and middle-skill workers have remained subdued. We attribute this outcome to the rise in offshoring and low-skilled immigration, and develop a three-country stochastic growth model to rationalize their asymmetric effect on employment and wages, as well as their implications for U.S. welfare. In the model, the increase in offshoring negatively affects middle-skill occupations but benefits the high-skill ones, which in turn boosts aggregate productivity. As the income of high-skill occupations rises, so does the demand for complementary services provided by low-skill workers. However, low-skill wages remain depressed due to the rise in low-skilled immigration. Native workers react to immigration by investing in training. Offshoring and low-skilled immigration improve aggregate welfare in the U.S. economy, notwithstanding their asymmetric impact on native workers of different skill levels. The model is estimated using data on real GDP, U.S. employment by skill group, and enforcement at the U.S.-Mexico border.
Book Synopsis The Economics of International Migration by : Giovanni Peri
Download or read book The Economics of International Migration written by Giovanni Peri and published by World Scientific Publishing Company. This book was released on 2016-01-07 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Economics of International Migration is a collection of the fundamental articles written by Giovanni Peri on the economic determinants and consequences of international migration. These papers have provided the theoretical framework and empirical analysis for a rethinking of the economics of migration, going beyond the Canonical model of labor demand and supply used until the 1990s. Beginning with a simple model that recognizes the differences between immigrants and natives as workers, the articles develop the analysis of complementarity, specialization and productivity effect of immigrants in developed economies. The book then presents a series of papers analyzing and testing the economic motivation for international migration. Finally, the focus is shifted to the effect of immigration policies and their consequences on immigration and the economy.
Book Synopsis The Economics of Immigration by : Cynthia Bansak
Download or read book The Economics of Immigration written by Cynthia Bansak and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-04-24 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economics of Immigration provides students with the tools needed to examine the economic impact of immigration and immigration policies over the past century. Students will develop an understanding of why and how people migrate across borders and will learn how to analyze the economic causes and effects of immigration. The main objectives of the book are for students to understand the decision to migrate; to understand the impact of immigration on markets and government budgets; and to understand the consequences of immigration policies in a global context. From the first chapter, students will develop an appreciation of the importance of immigration as a separate academic field within labor economics and international economics. Topics covered include the effect of immigration on labor markets, housing markets, international trade, tax revenues, human capital accumulation, and government fiscal balances. The book also considers the impact of immigration on what firms choose to produce, and even on the ethnic diversity of restaurants and on financial markets, as well as the theory and evidence on immigrants’ economic assimilation. The textbook includes a comparative study of immigration policies in a number of immigrant-receiving and sending countries, beginning with the history of immigration policy in the United States. Finally, the book explores immigration topics that directly affect developing countries, such as remittances, brain drain, human trafficking, and rural-urban internal migration. Readers will also be fully equipped with the tools needed to understand and contribute to policy debates on this controversial topic. This is the first textbook to comprehensively cover the economics of immigration, and it is suitable both for economics students and for students studying migration in other disciplines, such as sociology and politics.
Book Synopsis Essays on International Trade and Factor Movements by : Greg C. Wright
Download or read book Essays on International Trade and Factor Movements written by Greg C. Wright and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The following collection of papers explores the increasing global mobility of production factors, with a particular focus on the impact of this mobility on U.S. workers. Each of the papers exploits detailed information on the types of production activities that U.S. workers engage in and investigates the relative vulnerability of workers to global forces due to the features of these activities. The first paper explores the impact of offshoring on U.S. workers. It is motivated by the fact that the potential for significant and ever-increasing productivity gains due to the offshoring of production tasks has recently been noted in the theoretical trade literature. In order to estimate the impact of offshoring on U.S. employment while accounting for these potential gains, the paper first extends the model of tasks offshoring introduced in Grossman and Rossi-Hansberg (2008) to a continuum of sectors with sector-level heterogeneity in the intensity of use of offshorable tasks. The model demonstrates that the effect of offshoring depends on the intensity of use of these tasks and, ultimately, impacts domestic employment through three channels: a direct employment effect, which negatively impacts employment; an output effect generated by the productivity gain from offshoring, which reorganizes and increases aggregate production in the economy and impacts domestic employment positively; and a substitution effect among factors and tasks, which has an ambiguous effect. In addition, the model predicts that the output effect may be increasing in the extent of previous offshoring under given conditions suggesting that, if these conditions hold, offshoring may be employment-enhancing in the long run. Using the model's structure as a roadmap and applying it to U.S. manufacturing sector data over 1997-2007, results from GMM 3SLS regressions provide overall support for the structure and predictions of the tasks model of offshoring. The second paper, joint with Giovanni Peri and Gianmarco Ottaviano, asks: how many "American jobs" have U.S.-born workers lost due to immigration and offshoring? Or, alternatively, is it possible that immigration and offshoring, by promoting cost-savings and enhanced efficiency in firms, have spurred the creation of jobs for U.S. natives? Again we consider a multi-sector version of the Grossman and Rossi-Hansberg (2008) model and we augment it to include immigrants with heterogeneous productivity in tasks. The model predicts that while cheaper offshoring reduces the share of natives among less skilled workers, cheaper immigration does not, but rather reduces the share of offshored jobs instead. Moreover, since both phenomena have a positive "cost-savings" effect they may leave unaffected, or even increase, total native employment of less skilled workers. Our model also predicts that offshoring will push natives toward jobs that are more intensive in communication-interactive skills and away from those that are manual and routine intensive. We test the predictions of the model and find evidence in favor of a positive productivity effect such that immigration has a positive net effect on native employment while offshoring has no effect on it. We also find some evidence that offshoring has pushed natives toward more communication-intensive tasks while it has pushed immigrants away from them. Lastly, the third paper explores the impact of domestic outsourcing in generating geographic concentration of production activities. This is motivated, first, by the fact that improvements in information and communications technologies increasingly facilitate the outsourcing of tasks by firms. Since the firm's choice of suppliers will depend on cost considerations, any task-specific productivity advantage in a location may lead to agglomeration, as firms choose to outsource their performance of that task to the most efficient workers. The paper focuses specifically on labor market spillovers as one such productivity advantage, and assesses empirically the importance of the search for spillovers in the outsourcing decisions of firms. The empirics are motivated via a probabilistic model of the firm's task location decision and are implemented with data on workers, tasks and domestic outsourcing by U.S. firms. The results suggest that increased outsourcing is associated with agglomeration, particularly of the most routine production tasks as well as those requiring minimal human interaction.
Book Synopsis Offshoring of American Jobs by : Jagdish N. Bhagwati
Download or read book Offshoring of American Jobs written by Jagdish N. Bhagwati and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2009-08-07 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two leading economists discuss a range of issues relating to the “offshoring” of American jobs, from free trade to unemployment levels. It is no surprise that many fearful American workers see the call center operator in Bangalore or the factory worker in Guangzhou as a threat to their jobs. The emergence of China and India (along with other, smaller developing countries) as economic powers has doubled the supply of labor to the integrated world economy. Economic theory suggests that such a dramatic increase in the supply of labor without an accompanying increase in the supply of capital is likely to exert downward pressure on wages for workers already in the integrated world economy, and wages for most workers in the United States have indeed stagnated or declined. In this book, leading economists Jagdish Bhagwati and Alan S. Blinder offer their perspectives on how the outsourcing of labor and the shifting of jobs to lower-wage countries affect the U.S. economy and what, if any, policy responses are required. Bhagwati, in his colorful and pithy style, focuses on globalization and free trade, while Blinder, erudite and witty, addresses the significance of labor market adjustment caused by trade. Bhagwati's and Blinder's contributions are followed by comments from economists Richard Freedman, Douglas A. Irwin, Lori G. Kletzer, and Robert Z. Lawrence. Bhagwati and Blinder then respond separately to the issues raised. Benjamin Friedman, who edited this volume (and organized the symposium that inspired it), provides an introduction.
Book Synopsis Immigrant, Inc. by : Richard T. Herman
Download or read book Immigrant, Inc. written by Richard T. Herman and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-10-23 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A provocative look at the remarkable contributions of high-skill immigrant entrepreneurs in America Both a revelation and a call-to-action, Immigrant, Inc. explores the uncommon skill and drive of America's new immigrants and their knack for innovation and entrepreneurship. From the techies who created icons of the new economy-Intel, Google, eBay and Sun Microsystems-to the young engineers tinkering with solar power and next-generation car batteries, immigrants have proven themselves to be America's competitive advantage. With a focus on legal immigrants and their odyssey from homeland to start-up, this unique book Explores the psyche, cultural nuances, skills, and business strategies that help immigrants achieve remarkable success Explains how immigrants will create the American jobs of the future-if we let them Whether you are a CEO, a civic leader, or an entrepreneur yourself, Immigrant, Inc. warns of the peril of anti-immigrant attitudes and a hostile immigration process. It also explains how any American can tap their "inner immigrant" to transform their lives and their companies. Written by an immigration lawyer who represents immigrant entrepreneurs and a journalist who specializes in international culture, the authors have a front-row seat to this phenomenon, offering a fascinating glimpse into the mindset of the most persistent entrepreneurs of the era.
Book Synopsis Offshoring and Immigrant Employment by : Giorgio Barba Navaretti
Download or read book Offshoring and Immigrant Employment written by Giorgio Barba Navaretti and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309444454 Total Pages :643 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (94 download)
Book Synopsis The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-07-13 with total page 643 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration finds that the long-term impact of immigration on the wages and employment of native-born workers overall is very small, and that any negative impacts are most likely to be found for prior immigrants or native-born high school dropouts. First-generation immigrants are more costly to governments than are the native-born, but the second generation are among the strongest fiscal and economic contributors in the U.S. This report concludes that immigration has an overall positive impact on long-run economic growth in the U.S. More than 40 million people living in the United States were born in other countries, and almost an equal number have at least one foreign-born parent. Together, the first generation (foreign-born) and second generation (children of the foreign-born) comprise almost one in four Americans. It comes as little surprise, then, that many U.S. residents view immigration as a major policy issue facing the nation. Not only does immigration affect the environment in which everyone lives, learns, and works, but it also interacts with nearly every policy area of concern, from jobs and the economy, education, and health care, to federal, state, and local government budgets. The changing patterns of immigration and the evolving consequences for American society, institutions, and the economy continue to fuel public policy debate that plays out at the national, state, and local levels. The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration assesses the impact of dynamic immigration processes on economic and fiscal outcomes for the United States, a major destination of world population movements. This report will be a fundamental resource for policy makers and law makers at the federal, state, and local levels but extends to the general public, nongovernmental organizations, the business community, educational institutions, and the research community.
Book Synopsis How Do Restrictions on High-skilled Immigration Affect Offshoring? by : Britta Glennon
Download or read book How Do Restrictions on High-skilled Immigration Affect Offshoring? written by Britta Glennon and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Highly-skilled workers are not only a crucial and relatively scarce inputs into firms' productive and innovative processes, but are also a critical resource determining competitive advantage. An increasingly high proportion of these workers in the US were born abroad and permitted to work on skilled worker visas. How do multinational firms respond when artificial constraints, namely policies restricting skilled immigration, are placed on their ability to hire scarce human capital? This paper combines visa microdata and comprehensive data on US multinational firm activity to demonstrate that firms respond to restrictions on H-1B immigration by increasing foreign affiliate employment at the intensive and extensive margins, particularly in China, India, and Canada. The most impacted jobs were R&D-intensive ones, but there is some evidence that non-R&D employment was also affected. The paper highlights a means by which firms can circumvent constraining policies and mitigate country-level risk, but it also suggests that, for the average MNC, this means is imperfect; for every visa rejection, they hire 0.4 employees abroad. The most globalized MNCs are the most likely to respond to these restrictions by offshoring, highlighting that firm capabilities--in the form of prior internationalization--shape the decision and ability to offshore in response to skilled immigration restrictions; indeed, these firms hire 0.9 employees abroad for every visa rejection. More broadly, the paper provides evidence of a push factor for internationalizing knowledge activity: artificial constraints on resources result in firms circumventing restrictive policies in ways that may not be anticipated by policy makers.
Book Synopsis Balancing Interests by : Demetrios G. Papademetriou
Download or read book Balancing Interests written by Demetrios G. Papademetriou and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SCOTT (Copy 1): From the John Holmes Library Collection.
Book Synopsis U.S. High-Skilled Immigration, Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Empirical Approaches and Evidence by : World Intellectual Property Organization
Download or read book U.S. High-Skilled Immigration, Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Empirical Approaches and Evidence written by World Intellectual Property Organization and published by WIPO. This book was released on 2013 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High-skilled immigrants are a very important component of U.S. innovation and entrepreneurship. Studies regarding the impact of immigrants on natives tend to find limited consequences in the short-run, while the results in the long-run are more varied and much less certain. Immigrants in the United States aid business and technology exchanges with their home countries, but the overall effect that the migration has on the home country remains unclear. Little is known about return migration of workers engaged in innovation and entrepreneurship, except that it is rapidly growing in importance.
Book Synopsis Immigration Economics by : George J. Borjas
Download or read book Immigration Economics written by George J. Borjas and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2014-06-09 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Millions of people—nearly 3 percent of the world’s population—no longer live in the country where they were born. Every day, migrants enter not only the United States but also developed countries without much of a history of immigration. Some of these nations have switched in a short span of time from being the source of immigrants to being a destination for them. International migration is today a central subject of research in modern labor economics, which seeks to put into perspective and explain this historic demographic transformation. Immigration Economics synthesizes the theories, models, and econometric methods used to identify the causes and consequences of international labor flows. Economist George Borjas lays out with clarity and rigor a full spectrum of topics, including migrant worker selection and assimilation, the impact of immigration on labor markets and worker wages, and the economic benefits and losses that result from immigration. Two important themes emerge: First, immigration has distributional consequences: some people gain, but some people lose. Second, immigrants are rational economic agents who attempt to do the best they can with the resources they have, and the same holds true for native workers of the countries that receive migrants. This straightforward behavioral proposition, Borjas argues, has crucial implications for how economists and policymakers should frame contemporary debates over immigration.
Book Synopsis Operating Instructions Handbook for Labor Certification Program for Immigrant Workers by : United States. Employment and Training Administration
Download or read book Operating Instructions Handbook for Labor Certification Program for Immigrant Workers written by United States. Employment and Training Administration and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
